经静脉入路栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘(附8例报告)

目的探讨经静脉入路栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的方法及效果。方法 8例海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者,分别经股静脉-岩下窦、股静脉-面静脉-眼上静脉、直接开放眼上静脉入路到达病变侧海绵窦,用GDC可控微弹簧圈和ONXY胶等多种栓塞材料填塞海绵窦,同时闭塞瘘口。结果 7例治疗后即刻造影显示海绵窦和瘘口完全闭塞,临床症状消失。1例虽将海绵窦闭塞,但仍残留翼丛引流,临床症状明显缓解,术后行压颈治疗后症状消失。栓塞术后最常见并发症为头痛伴呕吐及外展神经麻痹,1周后缓解。5例患者术后随访3～26个月症状未见复发,其中4例均于术后3月复查DSA未见异常,1例残留瘘口的患者术后6月行脑血管造影复查,显示残留瘘口消失。结论经静脉入路栓塞是治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘安全、有效的方法。     

经静脉入路栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的 探讨经静脉入路栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的效果、面临的问题及相应的处理。方法 经股静脉-岩下窦入路和经股静脉-面静脉-眼上静脉入路到达病变侧海绵窦，用GDC、EDC、游离弹簧圈和丝线等多种栓塞材料填塞海绵窦，同时闭塞瘘口。结果 应用两种静脉入路对13例病人的17侧海绵窦进行了栓塞治疗。10例治疗后即刻造影显示海绵窦和瘘口完全闭塞。3例虽将海绵窦闭塞，但仍残留岩下窦的引流(1例)和翼丛引流(2例)。栓塞术后最常见症状为头痛伴呕吐。1例伴有动眼神经麻痹的病例在栓塞治疗后其它眼部症状消失，但动眼神经功能仍未恢复。随访3个月到26个月未见复发。3例残留瘘口的病例均于术后3个月行脑血管造影复查：2例残留瘘口消失，1例仍有翼丛引流。其他病例未行脑血管造影复查。结论 经静脉途径栓塞治疗是海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的有效方法，应作为首选治疗方法。     

静脉入路栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的总结经静脉入路栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的手术经验。方法回顾性分析15例海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床资料,均采用Onyx或联合可脱性弹簧圈填塞病变侧海绵窦,同时闭塞瘘口。经股静脉-岩下窦入路11例,经股静脉-面静脉-眼上静脉入路4例。结果治疗后即刻造影显示海绵窦和瘘口完全闭塞14例,残留少量眼上静脉引流1例(术后6个月复查造影显示残留瘘口消失)。术后眼部症状加重1例,经对症治疗术后6d症状逐渐改善;展神经麻痹1例,自行恢复。随访3～28个月,未见复发病例。结论 Onyx经静脉入路栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘是安全有效的。     

Onyx结合微弹簧圈经静脉入路治疗硬脑膜动-静脉瘘

研究背景采取单纯微弹簧圈栓塞供血动脉姑息治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘的方法,在栓塞血管巢近端供血动脉后,可出现新的供血动脉并可能改变静脉引流途径,从而增加颅内出血风险。闭塞引流静脉是一种十分有效的治疗方法,且经静脉途径闭塞引流静脉成功率较高,本研究尝试经静脉入路注射液体栓塞剂Onyx结合微弹簧圈栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘,并探讨其疗效。方法经静脉入路栓塞治疗12例硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者(海绵窦区8例、横窦乙状窦区4例),通过脑血管造影检查及临床随访评价疗效。结果术后即刻全脑血管造影检查瘘口完全闭塞者11例、瘘口处血流速度明显减慢者1例。随访3个月至3年,临床症状完全消失者11例、明显缓解者1例。结论应用液体栓塞剂Onyx结合微弹簧圈经静脉入路栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘安全有效。     

经静脉途径栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘（附14例报告）

目的 评估经静脉途径栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘（DAVF）的有效性。方法 14例DAVF病人,其中海绵窦区8例,横窦、乙状窦区5例,Galen静脉1例,均经静脉途径栓塞。结果 随访时间1个月－4年,临床治愈10例,症状缓解4例。影像学：瘘口完全消失8例;部分消失6例,但血流明显缓慢。结论 经静脉途径栓塞是治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘安全有效的方法。     

复合手术治疗侧窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘1例

目的 探讨复合手术治疗侧窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘(dural arteriovenous fistula,DAVF)并静脉窦闭塞的安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析1例被误诊为高血压脑出血的侧窦区DAVF伴静脉窦闭塞的病例资料,因供血动脉极度弯曲和乙状窦两端均闭塞,目标血管超选困难,最终采取复合手术治疗。结果 瘘口完全闭塞,颅内异常引流静脉消失,病人临床症状得到改善。结论 复合手术是治疗DAVF伴静脉窦闭塞的安全有效方法,能够使瘘口能达到永久性闭合,病人预后较好。     

经岩下窦静脉入路治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘

目的探讨经岩下窦静脉入路治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)的疗效。方法经股静脉-岩下窦入路到达病变侧海绵窦，用各种弹簧圈如GDC、EDC、Matrix、FreeCoil和丝线等多种材料填塞海绵窦，同时闭塞瘘口。结果经股静脉-岩下窦入路对18例、21侧海绵窦进行了栓塞治疗。16例治疗后造影显示海绵窦和瘘口完全闭塞，无静脉引流；2例虽将海绵窦瘘口密实填塞，但仍有低流量翼丛引流，术后临床症状减轻，压颈1周后症状消失。栓塞术后病人主要表现为头痛和呕吐。2例术前伴有动眼神经麻痹病人，栓塞治疗后其他症状消失，但动眼神经功能未恢复。1例栓塞术后出现一过性外展神经麻痹，后自行恢复。有7例为外伤性，经动脉途径球囊栓塞后复发，或经弹簧圈治疗未成功。有11例为自发性，除3例岩下窦引流不明显，经硬导丝努力打通该通路，余者岩下窦均引流明显，导丝较易通过。随访3个月至24个月，6例病人术后3个月回医院行全脑血管造影检查，未发现复发；余者因术后无症状未回医院复查。结论经岩下窦静脉入路治疗CCF安全有效，对于外伤性CCF，为经动脉入路失败后治疗该病的主要治疗方法，而对于自发性CCF，应作为首选治疗。     

面静脉-眼上静脉入路填塞海绵窦

目的评价经面静脉-眼上静脉入路填塞海绵窦治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘（CCF）的有效性。方法经股静脉-面静脉-眼上静脉入路到达患侧海绵窦，用GDC或EDC，游离弹簧圈，真丝线段等多种栓塞材料填塞海绵窦，同时闭塞瘘口。面静脉插管困难者，在下颌角附近切开皮肤显露面静脉，直视下穿刺面静脉放置相应导管，再经眼上静脉到达患侧海绵窦并将其填塞。结果经面静脉-跟上静脉入路对14例，16侧海绵窦进行了栓塞治疗，其中5例为外伤性、直接CCF（A型），经动脉途径球囊栓塞后复发，或微弹簧圈栓塞未能成功，或经岩下窦入路未能成功，9例为自发性、间接CCF（D型8例，C型1例）。13例经股静脉-面静脉-眼上静脉途径，1例通过直视下面静脉穿刺。11例栓塞治疗后即刻造影显示瘘消失，2例残留低流量的岩下窦引流，另有1例在微导管进入面静脉后，而静脉痉挛闭塞，未能继续进行栓塞治疗，造影仍见瘘存在，但眼静脉出现明显的造影剂滞留。1例A型CCF在球囊栓塞后出现外展神经麻痹，经面静脉-眼上静脉栓塞后亦无改善。因面静脉痉挛闭塞未能栓塞成功者，于术后即感眼部症状加重，但第2天感症状缓解，术后第21天症状明显改善，造影检查发现瘘门已经消失，术后1个月病人眼部症状完全消失。其他病例在栓塞术后眼部症状明显改善，最后消失。随访3个月至21个月未见复发。2例残留瘘口者，1例于3个月和12个月进行2次造影复查，另1例于3个月造影复查，瘘的流量均无明显变化，因无临床症状未再进行治疗。其他病例未进行造影复查。结论经面静脉-眼上静脉栓塞治疗CCF安全有效，对于A型CCF，可作为经动脉途径治疗失败后的补救措施，而对于B、C、D型CCF，应作为首选治疗。     

Onyx胶栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘的初步体会

目的 总结应用Onyx胶栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘的初步结果 及经验.方法 采用Onyx胶经血管内栓塞治疗18例影像学证实的硬脑膜动静脉瘘.对所有患者的临床特征及血管内治疗过程进行同顾性分析.结果 15例采用动脉入路、1例采用动静脉联合入路、2例采用静脉入路进行栓塞治疗.13例患者经栓塞后瘘口完全闭塞,3例大部分柃塞,2例部分栓塞,死亡1例.17例患者随访3～24个月,症状完全消失或无加重.造影显示病变1例复发.结论 Onyx胶是血管内栓塞治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘的理想材料,通过动脉入路对大多数患者能较好的弥散并栓塞瘘口,短期疗效满意.对于动脉入路难以到达瘘口而静脉窦通畅者,可行动静脉入路或静脉入路进行.其长期效果有待进一步的随访评价.     

血管内栓塞治疗侧窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘 （附10例报道）

目的 探讨侧窦（横窦-乙状窦）区硬脑膜动静脉瘘（LSDAVF）的血管内栓塞治疗的方法及有效性。方法 回顾性分析2011年7月至2016年6 月血管内栓塞治疗的10例LADAVF的临床资料,经右侧股动脉-颈外动脉-脑膜中动脉Onyx胶栓塞8例,经左侧股静脉-下腔静脉-颈内静脉球囊保护下 Onyx胶栓塞2例。结果 术后即刻造影完全栓塞8例,大部分栓塞2例,未出现并发症。术后随访6个月~2年,8例无加重及复发,2例异位复发。结论 血 管内栓塞治疗LSDAVF是一种相对安全、简单、有效的治疗方法,必要时需配合静脉窦球囊保护下进行;闭塞瘘口同时闭塞部分无功能静脉窦存在短期 内异位复发可能。     

Usefulness of 3-Dimensional CT Angiograms Obtained by 64-Section Multidetector Row CT Scanner for Dural Arteriovenous Fistula

The authors reported a case of a dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) in the left transverse-sigmoid sinus, in which 3-dimensional computed tomography (CT) angiograms (3D-CTAs) by a 64-section multidetector row CT scanner were useful for its diagnosis and treatment. The DAVF in the left transverse-sigmoid sinus appeared on the digital subtraction angiogram. 3D-CTAs were obtained by a 64-section multidetector row CT scanner before an endovascular treatment. The feeders and draining veins of the DAVF were clearly demonstrated on the 3D-CTAs, which clarified the relationship between the normal dural sinuses and DAVF. The DAVF was successfully treated with endovascular surgery, a transvenous embolization through the mastoid emissary vein, which was easily detected by using the 3D-CTA, showing both the subcutaneous vein and calvalium. 3D-CTAs by a 64-section multidetector row CT scanner are useful for both diagnosis and treatment of DAVFs.     

Clinical characteristics of dural arteriovenous fistula.

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) is an uncommon neurosurgical condition; in particular, it has been infrequently reported in Korea. To understand the general clinical characteristics of DAVFs, the authors reviewed 53 cases and analyzed factors affecting DAVF hemorrhage of and treatment outcome. Since 1980 we have encountered 480 pial and 53 DAVFs, a ratio of 9.1 to 1. The age of these patients ranged from 1 month to 71 years, the most common being in the 6th decade, and females exceeded males by 1.65 to 1. All lesions except three were single, and symptoms were related to location and the venous drainage pattern. The most common location was the cavernous sinus, accounting for about 64% of cases, with the result that the most common clinical symptoms of DAVFs were ocular, namely proptosis and chemosis. The next was tinnitus also found in transverse-sigmoid sinus DAVFs. Intracranial hemorrhage was seen in eight cases,(15%) the primary cause of hemorrhage was retrograde intracranial venous drainage (P=0.017), and one hemorrhage was observed in cases with no intracranial venous drainage. Intracranial hemorrhage was more frequently in transverse-sigmoid than cavernous sinus DAVFs (P=0.049), and this proved to be so even where there was intracranial venous drainage. However, two of 34 patients with cavernous DAVFs became blind in one eye, demonstrating that in such patients, the clinical course could be aggressive. Thirteen patients were treated conservatively. The conservative treatment group was comprised of 13 patients, two of three patients with transverse-sigmoid sinus DAVF expired, and 7 of 10 with cavernous sinus DAVF experienced a clinical improvement or cure. Surgical excision was performed in only two patients. A total of 39 patients underwent embolization; clinical cure was achieved in 13, improvement of symptoms in 12, an unchanged or aggravated result occurred in 9, one died, and four were lost to follow up. During intervention, there was one hemorrhagic complication, owing to obstruction of the venous outflow with embolic materials.In this study, the most common location of DAVFs was the cavernous sinus. The cortical venous drainage remains the primary determinant of intracranial hemorrhage. Common indications for treatment include hemorrhage and neurological deficit. Endovascular treatment is preferred in the majority of cases except tentorial DAVF. The goal of embolization in cavernous DAVF is the alleviation of symptoms, not angiographic cure. But transverse-sigmoid sinus DAVF with venous restriction and leptomeningeal drainage should be treated aggressively.     

Angioplasty and stent deployment in acute sinus thrombosis following endovascular treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulae

We report on the successful treatment of acute sinus thrombosis associated with endovascular treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) by sinus angioplasty with stent deployment. A 76-year-old man presented with intracerebral hemorrhage, Cognard type IIa+b DAVF of the left sigmoid sinus, and type IIa DAVF of the torcular herophili. During transvenous sinus embolization, acute thrombosis of the stenotic lesion in the left transverse sinus occurred. The thrombosis caused isolated sinus and cortical venous reflux (CVR). The patient was treated by stent-supported sinus angioplasty, which led to an immediate improvement of the sinus thrombosis and associated CVR.     

Surgical management of dural arteriovenous fistulas of the transverse–sigmoid sinus in 42 patients

A retrospective study was performed to analyse a prospectively collected database from a single surgeon (M.K.M.) of transverse–sigmoid sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF) between 1991 and August 2011. During the study period, 144 patients with 160 DAVF were managed. Sixty-five of the DAVF were located in the transverse-sigmoid sinus and 42 were treated with surgery, or embolisation and surgery. All patients who underwent surgery were symptomatic with retrograde cortical venous drainage. The average follow-up period was 18 months (range, 2–82 months). Total elimination of the DAVF was achieved in all instances, including two patients (5%) who required further surgery after postoperative cerebral angiography showed that some venous drainage had persisted after the first operation. There was no new permanent neurological deficit or mortality attributable to surgery. Our institutional experience shows that in selected patients with transverse–sigmoid sinus DAVF, the involved sinus can be surgically resected with a high success rate and it is as safe as many alternative options. We suggest that this definitive treatment option should be offered to patients, and the outcome should be compared to other treatment modalities.     

Clinical and angiographic results of patients with dural arteriovenous fistula

Endovascular embolization has been regarded as the primary treatment for dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF). The aim of this study was to describe our experience with treatment and outcomes for patients with dural AVF, and to determine optimal treatment modalities. Between November 2007 and March 2011, 43 patients with dAVF (14 cavernous sinus, 20 transverse-sigmoid sinus, and nine patients with other types) were admitted to our Institute for treatment. For cavernous sinus dAVF, transvenous embolization was attempted as the first-line treatment with residual AVF obliterated by transarterial embolization (TAE), except for three patients who were treated conservatively. For transverse-sigmoid sinus dAVF, TAE was the primary treatment method. Nine of 14 (64.3%) patients with cavernous sinus dAVF had complete angiographic resolution. For transverse-sigmoid sinus dAVF, 14 of 17 (82.4%) patients were treated by TAE using Onyx Liquid Embolic System (eV3 Neurovascular, Irvine, CA, USA). Nine of these patients (64.3%) were angiographically cured or improved clinically with no serious complications, and the other five (35.7%) patients showed significant reductions in arteriovenous shunt. The other nine dAVF were treated by TAE or surgical disconnection depending upon the accessibility of the lesion and risk of complications. Six of nine (66.7%) patients had complete angiographic obliteration or clinical improvement. With developments in diagnostic tools and endovascular interventions, dAVF have become an important neurovascular issue. The results of this study suggest that a new approach to treatment of dAVF is needed.     

球囊辅助栓塞硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的评估球囊辅助栓塞硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2010年10月至2012年8月收治的17例硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者的临床资料,其中位于横窦、乙状窦区11例,颈静脉孔区4例,上矢状窦区2例;均行球囊辅助栓塞硬脑膜动静脉瘘;6例经动脉途径栓塞,3例经静脉途径栓塞,8例经动脉及静脉相结合途径栓塞。结果 17例患者中,栓塞后即刻造影复查示,瘘口完全消失11例,部分消失6例。17例病人随访3个月~2年,无加重及复发者;瘘口完全消失13例,部分消失4例。结论球囊辅助栓塞硬脑膜动静脉瘘是一种安全、有效的方法。     

Endovascular Treatment of Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: Single Center Experience

Objective

Treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) remains a challenge. However, after introduction of Onyx, transarterial approach is the preferred treatment option in many centers. We report our experience of dAVFs embolization with special emphasis on transarterial approach.

Methods

Seventeen embolization procedures were performed in 13 patients with dAVFs between Jan 2009 and Oct 2014. Clinical symptoms, location and type of fistulas, embolization methods, complications, radiological and clinical outcomes were evaluated using charts and PACS images.

Results

All 13 patients had symptomatic lesions. The locations of fistulas were transverse-sigmoid sinus in 6, middle fossa dura in 4, cavernous sinus in 2, and superior sagittal sinus in 1 patient. Cognard types were as follows : I in 4, IIa in 2, IIa+IIb in 5, and IV in 2. Embolization procedures were performed ≥2 times in 3 patients. Nine patients were treated with transarterial Onyx embolization alone. One of these required direct surgical puncture of middle meningeal artery. Complete obliteration of fistulas was achieved in 11/13 (85%) patients. There were no complications except for 1 case of Onyx migration in cavernous dAVF. Modified Rankin scale score at post-operative 3 months were 0 in 11, and 3 in 2 patients.

Conclusion

Transarterial Onyx embolization can be a first line therapeutic option in patients with dAVFs. However, transvenous approach should be tried first in cavernous sinus dAVF because of the risk of intracranial migration of liquid embolic materials. Furthermore, combined surgical endovascular approach can be considered as a useful option in inaccessible route.