自身抗体在诊断特发性炎性肌病中的临床意义

炎性肌病是一组以肢体近端肌肉无力和横纹肌非化脓性炎性改变为特点的异质性疾病。以多发性肌炎（PM）和皮肌炎（DM）为代表，表现为对称性肢带肌、颈肌及咽肌无力，常累及多脏器，可伴发肿瘤和其他结缔组织病。目前以炎性肌病作为这一类疾病的总称，而多发性肌炎、皮肌炎只是特发性炎性肌病（idiopathic inflammatory myopathy，IIM）中的亚型（表1）。某些自身抗体与特发性炎性肌病的部分临床表现密切相关，在其诊断和分型中具有重要意义，笔拟就各种不同免疫学指标在特发性炎性肌病的诊断和分类中的临床意义进行综述。[第一段]     

特发性炎性肌病分型诊断标准研究进展

特发性炎性肌病分型诊断以Bohan和Peter标准应用最广泛,随着免疫发病机制的研究进展,Dalakas标准提出CD8/MHC-I复合体是诊断PM特征性免疫病理标志.ENMC标准纳入了核磁共振、肌炎特异性抗体、必备的组织化学与免疫组织化学病理诊断标准,单克隆抗体免疫组织化学染色可显示浸润炎细胞的类型及MHC-I、MAC免疫标志物的表达,使特发性炎性肌病分型诊断更具准确性,临床应积极推广应用,有助提高诊断治疗水平.     

少年特发性炎性肌病的研究进展

少年特发性炎性肌病(JIIMS)主要包括少年皮肌炎(JDM)、少年多发性肌炎(JPM)和少年包涵体肌炎.作为炎性肌病的一类,因少见而对其知之较少,本文将对JIIMS的流行病学、诊断标准、临床特点、治疗、疾病活动的评估和监测以及发病机制等方面最新研究进展进行综述.     

特发性炎性肌病的蛋白组学研究进展

特发性炎性肌病主要包括皮肌炎、多发性肌炎和散发性包涵体肌炎,该类肌病发病机制未明确,用于临床诊断的特异性抗体缺乏。使用蛋白组学研究数据虽然较少,但有所发现。皮肌炎主要与氧化应激相关蛋白有关,多发性肌炎多与炎症、线粒体功能障碍和氧化磷酸化通路异常相关,而散发性包涵体肌炎不仅与氧化应激、线粒体功能障碍、炎症相关,还与变性相关。本文就蛋白质组学在特发性炎性肌病目前的研究做一综述。     

多发性肌炎和皮肌炎的发病机制研究进展

多发性肌炎（polymyositis,PM）和皮肌炎（dermatomyositis,DM）为特发性炎症性肌病（idiopathic inflammatory myopathy,IIM）的最常见类型,其共同特征是以横纹肌非化脓性炎性改变和进行性肌无力为主要表现,同时DM还具有典型的皮肤损害.该病目前病因未明,近年的研究主要集中于免疫遗传学方面,多数学者认为PM和（或）DM是由环境因素作用于遗传易患个体而引起的自身免疫性疾病。     

误诊为多发性肌炎的脂质沉积性肌病——附3例报告

目的探讨脂质沉积性肌病(lipid storage myopathy,LSM)的临床特征、病理改变、代谢异常及治疗。方法回顾性分析我院确诊的3例LSM患者的临床表现、肌肉病理所见及血、尿代谢检查结果 ,结合文献报道总结LSM的临床特点和发病机制,并对多发性肌炎的诊断标准进行讨论。结果 3例患者均有对称性肌无力和/或肌痛,肌酶谱增高,最初均诊断为多发性肌炎,经激素治疗可好转,但病情反复。肌肉病理显示肌纤维大小不等,大量肌纤维内可见类圆形空泡,油红O染色见肌纤维内大量红染的脂滴沉积。经调整饮食、口服维生素B2、左卡尼汀等药物治疗后,症状改善明显。结论应用Bohan/Peter标准可能导致对多发性肌炎的过度诊断。对临床表现为肌无力、肌痛的患者,不要盲目应用激素治疗,应积极进行骨骼肌活检,明确诊断。     

炎性肌病的诊断与鉴别诊断

炎性肌病是一类由免疫介导或直接由病原体感染所引起的骨骼肌的炎性病变。广义而言，它包括多发性肌炎（PM）、皮肌炎（DM）、无肌病性皮肌炎（amyopathic dermatomyositis，ADM）、包涵体肌炎（IBM）、嗜酸性筋膜炎、局灶性肌炎、肉芽肿性肌炎和感染性肌病，其中感染性肌病又可分为病毒性肌炎、寄生虫性肌炎、细菌性肌炎、真菌性肌炎和支原体肌炎等；而从狭义上来讲，炎性肌病仅指多发性肌炎、皮肌炎、无肌病性皮肌炎和散发性包涵体肌炎。除了包涵体肌炎外，其他炎性肌病均为可治愈性或可控制性疾病，因此对其早期诊断和及时治疗显得尤为重要。然而，炎性肌病并非l临床常见的神经系统疾病，尤其在不典型的情况下漏诊或误诊时有发生。因此，笔结合自己的l临床体会．就炎性肌病的诊断与鉴别诊断总结概述。[第一段]     

多发性肌炎伴脂质沉积性肌病2例报告

多发性肌炎 (polymyositis)为横纹肌弥漫性炎性疾病 ,常常引起进行性、对称性的肢带肌、颈肌和咽部肌肉的无力及萎缩 ,它可以作为一种独立的疾病而就诊于神经内科 ,也可以与许多结缔组织疾病并存 ,但与脂质沉积性肌病 (LSM )合并存在的情况国内未见报道。我们在诊治多发性肌炎患者中发现 2例合并脂质沉积性肌病。肌活检提示 :肌炎伴脂质代谢异常。现就 2例病例的临床病理报告如下。1　病例资料2例患者均为男性 ,年龄为 3 4岁及 65岁 ,双下肢无力伴吞咽及行走异常 2例 ,吞咽困难及构音障碍 2例 ,颈肌无力 1例 ,2者均伴有肌肉及关节部的疼痛…     

多发性肌炎、皮肌炎酶组织化学、组织化学诊断探讨

多发性肌炎、皮肌炎 (PM/DM)是一组与自身免疫有关的炎症性肌病。我们采用先进的组织化学和酶组织化学技术对 82例 PM、 DM患者的肌肉进行回顾性研究 ,以探讨组织化学和酶组织化学技术在病理诊断中的意义。材　料　和　方　法1.多发性肌炎 (PM) :女 34例 ,男 10例 ;最小17岁 ,最大 6 3岁 ,平均 30 .5岁 ,以中年为最多见。平均就诊时间 1年 4个月 ,最长病程 7年 ,最短 7天。近端肌力 、 级为最多见 ,偶见肌力为 级。其中吞咽困难占 31% ,肌痛占 5 0 % ,血沉快占 18% ,肌无力 10 0 % ,发热 35 % ,关节痛 13% ,雷诺氏征 4 .3% ,心肌酶升…     

B7-H1分子免疫病理在多发性肌炎中的临床研究

目的 通过免疫组化染色了解协同刺激分子B7-H1蛋白在多发性肌炎(PM)和肢带型肌营养不良2B型(LGMD 28)患者肌组织中的表达情况,探讨其在PM诊断和鉴别诊断中的意义.方法 选择苏州大学附属第一医院神经内科自2006年1月至2009年12月收治的43例PM患者(PM组),26例LGMD 2B型患者(LGMD 2B组)及21例肌活检正常者(对照组).对所有成员行肌肉活检,冰冻切片后进行常规HE染色、免疫组织化学染色,检测肌组织中B7-H1蛋白的表达.结果 (1)PM组与LGMD 2B型组肌肉活检普通病理染色结果相似,表现为不同程度的坏死、吞噬、再生现象,伴有不同程度的炎细胞浸润.(2)PM组B7-H1蛋白阳性表达主要定位于细胞膜,呈棕黄色至棕褐色,主要集中在有炎细胞浸润的变性、坏死肌纤维上;其肌组织中B7-H1蛋白表达水平比较LGMD2B型组和对照组成员肌组织中水平明显增高(分别为69.77%、26.92%、4.76%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 协同刺激分子B7-H1在PM患者肌组织中高表达,参与了PM的免疫学发病机制,可成为PM与继发性炎细胞浸润性肌病相鉴别的免疫病理标志.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the protein expression of costimulatory molecule B7-H1 in muscular tissues of patients with polymyositis (PM) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-2B type (LGMD-2B), and investigate its relevance to the pathogenesis of PM and its role in the diagnosis and identification of PM. Methods Forty-three patients with PM, 26 patients with LGMD -2B and 21 with normal muscle biopsy were recruited. Muscle biopsy was performed before frozen sections, and then, HE staining and immunohistochemistry were employed to detect the protein expression of B7-H1 in muscle tissues of each group. Results The results of HE staining of muscle tissues in the PM group and LGMD 2B group were very similar; varying degrees of necrosis, phagocytosis and regeneration phenomenon were noted with varying degrees of inflammatory cell infiltration. In PM group,muscle-related expression of B7-H1 was observed on the surface of muscle fibers (the cytomembrane). It was localized in areas where inflammatory cells lay in close apposition to damaged or non-necrotic muscle fibers. The B7-H1 protein in the PM muscular tissue was significantly increased as compared with that in the LGMD -2B tissue and normal tissue (69.77%, 26.92%, 4.76%, P<0.05). Conclusion Costimulatory molecule B7-H1 is highly expressed in the muscular tissue of patients with PM and it may be involved in the immunological pathogenesis of PM. It can be used to make a distinction between PM and other myopathies that have secondary inflammatory changes.     

A review of inflammatory idiopathic myopathy focusing on polymyositis

Inflammatory idiopathic myopathies are a group of autoimmune diseases affecting predominantly the proximal skeletal muscles, with raised muscle enzymes, with or without skin involvement and extramuscular organ involvement. Autoantibodies help to characterize patients into different clinical phenotypes. Successful treatment necessitates controlling inflammation early with corticosteroids and invariably requires additional immunosuppressive therapy. This review focuses on the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, investigations and management of patients presenting with inflammatory idiopathic myopathies, predominantly focusing on polymyositis and antisynthetase syndrome.     

Inclusion body myositis. A corticosteroid-resistant idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

In seven patients with slowly progressive muscle weakness, inclusion body myositis (IBM) was diagnosed on biopsy. None had stigmata of collagen-vascular disease or malignancy. Serum creatine kinase levels were mildly or moderately increased. The six patients treated with prednisone did not improve. Needle electromyography showed a "myopathic" pattern in all patients, but four also had diffuse neurogenic changes with normal nerve conductions. Histologic study of muscle showed a mixture of small rounded fibers varying in size, atrophic angulated fibers forming small groups, and hypertrophic fibers. Variable amounts of inflammation, necrosis, and regeneration were seen in all specimens. All showed numerous intracytoplasmic vacuoles lined with purple-blue granules. Electron microscopy showed membranous whorls and masses of abnormal filaments measuring 14 to 18 nm in diameter. Although IBM seems to be a distinct type of inflammatory myopathy, its etiology and pathogenesis are not clear.     

A search for genetic influence in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

33 patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (polymyositis or dermatomyositis) and 45 of their first-degree relatives were investigated in a search for any influence of genetic factors in these diseases. None of the relatives had evidence of an inflammatory myopathy but 13 had some other autoimmune disease. Mean serum IgG levels were reduced and serum C3c concentration increased both in patients and relatives. Levels of IgM were reduced and C4 increased in some groups of patients. The incidence of autoantibodies was increased in the patient group, particularly in those with isolated dermatomyositis or other systemic features, but not in the relatives. HLA, blood group and other genetic markers showed no deviation from normal population frequencies. Evidence favouring a genetic influence on the etiology of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy is restricted to disturbance of levels of some Ig and complement components, and for these there may be other explanations.     

Anti-HMGCR myopathy overlaps with dermatomyositis-like rash: a distinct subtype of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

Journal of Neurology - To characterize the clinical and pathological features of anti-HMGCR myopathy. The presence of anti-HMGCR antibody in the serum of 227 patients with idiopathic inflammatory...     

肌电图在炎性肌病诊断中的意义

肌电图(EMG)系临床诊断神经肌肉疾病所必需的检查手段,最常用的是针电极肌电图,有时还需进行以下较少使用的特殊方法,如单纤维肌电图(SFEMG),可记录单个肌纤维的电活动,通常可以记录到1～2条肌纤维的动作电位(AP);     

Immunopathology of inflammatory neuropathies]

With the use of immunohistochemical technique, nerve biopsy is more informative for the diagnosis of inflammatory neuropathies. In chronic inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy, an increased number of T cells are frequently present in endoneurium, which is in contrast to hereditary neuropathies. In active demyelinating lesions, macrophages adhering nerve fibers showed stainings with TNF-alpha. NOS and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). These molecules may act in concert to promote nerve damage. The inhibitor of COX-2, nimesulide, was effective on experimental allergic neuritis, even if given after the onset of clinical signs. A COX-2 inhibitor may have potential as an additional therapeutic agent in human inflammatory neuropathies. In vasculitic neuropathies, cell-mediated cytotoxicity may be involved in the pathogenesis of small vessel injury. Axonal injury may be caused by focal ischemia. However, an immune attack might be involved in nerve damage, since T cells and IL-12 positive cells were found in endoneurium of some patients with active vasculitis.