经舟骨月骨周围脱位的影像学分析

目的 分析经舟骨月骨周围脱位的影像学表现,提高对经舟骨月骨周围脱位的认识和诊断水平。方法 回顾性分析4例经舟骨月骨周围脱位患者的DR片,分析其X射线征象。结果 男3例,女1例,年龄26~38岁。不伴腕关节骨折的单纯月骨周围脱位2例,1例伴桡骨茎突骨折,1例伴桡骨茎突骨折、尺骨茎突骨折、舟骨骨折及三角骨撕脱骨折。结论 熟悉腕关节的正常影像学解剖,掌握经舟骨月骨周围脱位的影像学特点,作出正确影像诊断。     

儿童肘部软组织改变在肘关节创伤中的诊断价值

目的 探讨儿童肘部软组织改变在肘关节创伤中的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析笔者所在医院98例急性小儿肘部损伤X线特征.结果 98例入选患儿中13例正常,85例患儿出现软组织损伤或骨折、脱位.结论 正确分析肘关节软组织改变有助于提高肘关节附近骨质结构细微骨折、脱位的发现率.     

中西医结合治疗四肢陈旧性骨折及合并症

1．1临床资料本组共收治来院治疗的陈旧性骨折合并关节软组织挫伤患者12例。其中男8例，女4例；年龄最小者7岁，最大者82岁。完全性骨折9例，骨裂合并关节挫伤3例。近关节骨折8例，关节内骨折1例，骨折合并脱位3位。左上肢陈旧性骨折合并关节软组织挫伤5例，右侧3例。有左肱骨外科颈粉碎性骨折、左肱骨大结节骨裂，左肘关节后脱位合并肱骨髁上骨折、左肘关节尺骨鹰嘴横行骨折、桡骨远端骨折，右肱骨下段螺旋形骨折、右肱骨中下段横行骨折等3例伴肩肘关节软组织挫伤。     

DR在疲劳骨折中的应用

目的：探讨DR在疲劳骨折诊断中，与普通X线摄影相比有哪些优势。方法：收集应用DR和普通X线摄影检查、并经临床确诊为疲劳骨折各30例，对2组X线表现进行对比、研究。结果：应用DR检查组，骨折线、骨髓腔内横行致密带（内骨痂）及骨膜增生的显示率分别为86．7％、80．0％、100．0％；应用普通X线检查组，三者的显示率分别为43．0％、33．0％、66．7％。结论：DR和普通X线摄影相比，图像更加清晰，诊断信息明显增加，同时可以较大幅度减少X线辐射荆量，实现图像网络化。     

不同类型肘关节损伤冠状突骨折特点研究进展

肘关节中尺骨冠状突是维系肘关节稳定性的重要结构,一旦发生冠状突骨折,其周围的软组织稳定结构会遭到破坏,使得肘关节丧失稳定性。医学上将冠状突骨折、肘关节脱位以及桡骨头骨折引发的复杂损伤合称为肘部损伤的“三联征”。临床实践发现,即使冠状突骨折的骨折块很小也会引发肘关节的不稳定,只有掌握肘关节损伤的类型并对症治疗冠状突骨折,才能更好地恢复肘关节的稳定性。根据肘关节损伤的分类,临床上将肘关节损伤分为后外侧旋转不稳定型损伤、内翻后内侧旋转不稳定型损伤、向后孟氏损伤、经鹰嘴向前骨折脱位型损伤。本文对不同类型肘关节损伤造成冠状突骨折的特点进行综述,为临床诊断及治疗提供帮助。     

40例鼻骨骨折的CT诊断分析

目的：探讨CT检查诊断鼻骨骨折的准确性和意义。方法：对40例鼻骨骨折患者的CT和X线平片诊断结果进行比较分析。结果：X线平片检查仅发现鼻骨骨折或可疑骨折30倒（75％）,未发现骨折征象10例（25％）,对多处骨折及周围情况报告不全。CT检查结果全部阳性,其中单侧鼻骨骨折32例,双侧鼻骨骨折8例,对多处骨折及周围情况均能准确报告。结论：CT具有观察全面、结果准确等特点,应作为鼻骨骨折诊断的首选检查方法。     

DR、CT与MRI诊断隐匿性骨折的价值探讨

目的探讨DR、CT与MRI诊断隐匿性骨折的临床应用价值。方法选择2011年1月～2015年1月在我院收治的69例外伤隐匿性骨折患者，所有患者行DR、CT与MRI检查，并比较三组诊断结果。结果本组69例外伤隐匿性骨折患者，DR检查显示阳性率是25．19％（16／69）；CT检查显示阳性率是88．41％（61／69）；MRI检查显示阳性率是97．10％（6T／69）。MRI检查〉CT检查〉DR检查，三组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论DR难以发现早期隐匿性骨折，CT可提供较多的诊断信息，MRI是早期诊断隐匿性骨折最准确、最敏感的重要手段。     

肱骨近端骨折脱位的手术治疗

目的观察切开复位内固定及人工肱骨头置换术治疗肱骨近端骨折脱位的疗效。方法依据Neer分类：二部分骨折脱位者15例，三部分骨折脱位者29例，四部分骨折脱位者21例；T型钢板固定54例，人工肱骨头置换术11例，术后及早功能锻炼。结果T型钢板固定54例，随访时间1．0-5．0年，平均2．5年，采用黄公怡肩关节功能评分标准评定：二部分骨折脱位优良率100％；三部分骨折脱位优良率79％、肱骨头坏死率25％；四部分骨折脱位优良率60％、肱骨头坏死率53％。人工肱骨头置换术11例，随访0．5～5．0年，平均1．5年。采用美国加州洛杉矶半关节成形改良评分系统（SSMH）评估，结果平均25．6分，27分以上1例，24～27分8例，18～23分2例，〈18分0例，优良率达82％；11例患者疼痛方面平均得分9．0分、功能方面平均为8．2分、肌力和运动方面平均为7．5分。结论T型钢板用于二部分骨折脱位可获得满意疗效。对于三、四部分骨折脱位满意率低，肱骨头坏死率高。人工肱骨头置换术在治疗肱骨近端骨折脱位尤其是三、四部分骨折脱位疗效满意。     

螺旋CT诊断周围型肺癌的临床价值

目的探讨螺旋cT诊断周围型肺癌的临床价值。方法选取自2009年8月至2010年9月我院收治的70例周围型肺癌患者,先行常规螺旋CT扫描,而后分别以MPR、SSD,VR技术进行图像重建,并分析螺旋CT重建图像与薄层扫描周围型肺癌显示征象对比情况。结果70例周围型肺癌患者螺旋CT图像主要征象情况为：空气支气管征20例（28．6％）,空泡征19例（27．1％）、磨玻璃改变37例（52．9％）,钙化改变8（11．4%）、分叶枉38例（54．3％）、毛刺征45例4（64．3%）,血管集束征31（44．3％）、胸凹陷征40例（57．1％）;MPR显示分叶征、毛刺征、血管集束征、胸凹陷征和空泡征均有较高的敏感性,SSD显示胸膜凹陷．VR显示血管集束征敏感性较好。结论螺旋CT及其图像重建技术能够清晰、准确的显示周围型肺癌的各种征象,具有较高的临床价值,值得临床推广应用。     

多期增强CT扫描在肝内胆管细胞癌诊断中的临床价值

目的探讨多期增强cT扫描对肝内胆管细胞癌的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析27例肝内胆管细胞癌患者治疗前的MSCT多期扫描图像，观察病变的强化特征。结果（1）影像学分型中，肿块型最常见约51．9％，其次是管周浸润型（18．5％）和管内生长型5例（18．5％）；（2）其他伴随征象中最常见的是所属肝叶或肝段萎缩（85．2％）、邻近肝包膜回缩征（66．7％）、周围胆管扩张（63．O％）。结论多层螺旋cT多期扫描能够充分显示肝内胆管细胞癌本身的征象和伴发的其他征象，能够提高肝内胆管细胞癌病变的定性诊断。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.