评价儿童青少年骨体重负荷的意义及指标选择(英文)

目的　探讨儿童青少年骨体重负荷对腰椎和髋部骨矿含量 (BMC)、骨密度 (BMD)的影响 ,并比较两指标的优次。方法　应用DXAQDR - 4 5 0 0A型扇形束骨密度仪测量长沙地区 5 4 7例 6～ 15岁儿童青少年腰椎前后位 ,仰卧侧位及髋部股骨近端的骨量。结果　不论男女 ,儿童青少年体重、体块指数 (BMI)、腰椎及髋部BMC和BMD随年龄增加而增加 (P <0 .0 5或 0 .0 1) ;体重与BMC的相关性较体重与BMD的相关性更密切 ;髋部及腰椎各部位体重标准化BMC随年龄增加而增大 ,而髋部和腰椎各部位体重标准化BMD随年龄增加反而减小。结论　 6～ 15岁儿童青少年腰椎及髋部BMC指标判断骨强度优于BMD ,尤以髋部及腰椎侧位BMC为佳。     

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目的探讨不同海拔地区女性青少年血清骨碱性磷酸酶(BAP)、Ⅰ型前胶原羧基端前肽(PICP)和骨钙素(OC)的特点及其差异,为临床运用提供基础数据。方法 2003年6月至2005年10月采用分层整群抽样方法,从西藏拉萨(海拔3500m)、西藏那曲(海拔4500m)和辽宁锦州(海拔28m)的大、中、小学随机抽取12～<19岁健康女性青少年共1093名,进行身高及血清BAP、PICP和OC测定。结果拉萨组和那曲组血清BAP、PICP和OC总体水平均高于锦州组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);拉萨组3个生化标志物显著高于那曲组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。3组血清BAP、PICP和OC均在12～<13岁时出现高峰,且随年龄增长迅速下降,但锦州组3个生化标志物随年龄变化趋势较拉萨组和那曲组平缓。血清BAP、PICP和OC水平均与身高密切相关(r=0.56、0.48、0.43,P<0.01)。结论不同海拔女性青少年血清BAP、PICP和OC随年龄变化特点基本一致,但高原藏族青少年血清BAP、PICP和OC高于平原汉族青少年。应建立针对高原藏族青少年的骨形成标志物的正常参考值。     

定量超声技术对儿童骨代谢状况的评估价值

目的 评价定量超声检测技术在了解学龄期儿童骨代谢状况中的价值.方法 采用定量超声仪对1750名学龄期儿童进行左侧胫骨声波速度(SOS)测量,同时评价体格发育指标及测定骨碱性磷酸酶(BALP),研究SOS与年龄、性别、体格发育指标、BALP的关系.结果 研究对象营养状况较好,其中7～9岁男童肥胖的检出率较高;SOS值随年龄增长而逐渐增高,但男、女儿童出现SOS值快速增长的年龄阶段不同;不同的BALP活性对应的SOS值差异无统计学意义;体质量、身高与SOS值成显著正相关(P<0.05);10～12岁女性肥胖儿童的SOS值明显高于同年龄的非肥胖儿童(P均<0.05);多元回归分析发现身高是影响学龄期儿童SOS值的重要因素(J<0.05).结论 定量超声检测能用于反映骨代谢状况.这一技术在监测学龄期儿童骨骼发育中有良好的应用前景,但评价学龄期儿童的骨代谢状况应考虑到多种因素的影响,利用多种检测技术综合评价.     

性早熟女童骨代谢特点研究

目的探讨性早熟女童骨代谢水平的变化及临床意义。方法对35例中枢性性早熟(CPP)女童(其中A1组16例,年龄6.0～7.9岁;A2组19例,年龄8.0～9.0岁)及21例单纯性乳房早发育(PT)女童(年龄6.0～7.9岁)的血清骨代谢生化指标、胰岛素样生长因子_1(IGF_1)和桡骨远端1/3处骨超声强度(SOS)值进行检测,并与年龄匹配的正常对照组进行比较。结果CPP及PT女童桡骨远端SOS、SDS值均明显升高。A1组Ⅰ型胶原交联羧基末端肽(OC)、骨碱性磷酸酶(BAP)显著高于正常对照组,Ⅰ型胶原交联羧基末端肽(ICTP)、IGF_1有升高趋势;A2组骨钙素(OC)、BAP、ICTP、IGF_1均显著高于正常对照组。PT组女童与同年龄对照组比较OC、BAP明显升高,ICTP、IGF_1差异无显著性;与A1组比较各指标差异无显著性。CPP女童IGF_1水平与LH峰值、LH/FSH比值、骨龄间呈正相关(r=0.38～0.54,P均<0.05);CPP女童骨代谢指标BAP与骨龄、IGF_1值间呈正相关(r=0.35、0.35,P均<0.05)。结论性早熟女童在发育早期即有明显骨代谢改变,骨密度增高、骨形成和骨吸收增加,以骨形成增加为主;血清OC、BAP、ICTP和IGF_1水平与性发育关系密切,其变化是性早熟的早期信号。     

妊娠期低水平铅暴露对新生儿血清钙、骨钙素及骨碱性磷酸酶的影响

目的研究妊娠期低水平铅暴露对新生儿血清钙(Ca)、骨钙素(OC)及骨碱性磷酸酶(BALP)的影响。方法于新生儿娩出断脐后采集脐静脉血5 ml分别检测血铅、血清钙、血清骨钙素及骨碱性磷酸酶,将新生儿以血铅值50μg/L、100μg/L为界分为低铅组(<50μg/L)、相对高铅组(50～99μg/L)和高铅组(≥100μg/L),研究脐血铅对新生儿骨代谢相关指标的影响。结果新生儿脐血铅水平与其血清骨钙素、血清钙水平呈负相关,与骨碱性磷酸酶水平呈正相关。高铅组与低铅组比较,血清骨钙素水平、血清钙几何均数水平显著降低;高铅组碱性磷酸酶水平显著高于相对高铅组及低铅组。结论妊娠期低水平铅暴露可能干扰了新生儿骨代谢。     

乌鲁木齐市7岁以下维、汉族儿童体格发育调查

目的 调查乌鲁木齐市0～6岁维、汉族儿童生长发育现状,为提高儿童健康水平提供理论依据.方法 用整群随机抽样方法,调查乌鲁木齐市7区1县0～6岁维、汉族儿童体格发育状况,包括体重、身高、坐高、头围、胸围5项指标;用Z评分法评价0～6岁儿童体格发育状况.结果 0～6岁维、汉族儿童各项生长指标随年龄增长而增长,以小年龄组增长最快;同年龄的男童体重、身高均值大于女童;同年龄、同性别维、汉族儿童体重和身高之间差异无统计学意义,其余生长发育指标差别有统计学意义.乌鲁术齐市维、汉儿童体重、身高均值达到世界卫生组织颁布的标准.结论 乌鲁木齐市维、汉族儿童生长发育存在性别和民族差异,生长发育水平与2005年九市城区儿童体格发育相当,达到2006年世界卫生组织颁布的儿童生长标准.     

2006年甘肃省农村7岁以下儿童体格发育调查

目的 了解甘肃省农村地区7岁以下儿童体格发育现状及变化趋势,为7岁以下儿童体格发育评价提供参考数据.方法 2006年8-11月采用分层随机整群抽样的方法,抽取甘肃省安定区、岷县、宁县、肃州区4县(区)农村地区7岁以下儿童进行体格发育状况调查,包括身高(长)、体重、坐高(顶臀长)、胸围、头围5项指标,按年龄及性别分为22个组,共计9390名.结果 2006年甘肃省农村地区7岁以下不同年龄组儿童的身高、体重男性均大于女性;2006年与1985年相比身高、体重有明显的增长,且随年龄增长,增幅逐渐增大;部分年龄组儿童生长发育水平低于2006年世界卫生组织颁布的儿童生长发育标准.结论 甘肃省农村地区7岁以下儿童体格发育水平较加年前有明显提高.     

短期吸入小剂量糖皮质激素对哮喘患儿骨转换指标影响的研究

目的研究短期吸入小剂量糖皮质激素对哮喘儿童骨转换指标的影响。方法对８例无激素治疗史哮喘儿童持续吸入二丙酸倍氯米松（ＢＤＰ）２００～３００μｇ／ｄ，疗程１～２个月。疗程开始与结束时分别检测血清钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素及尿羟脯氨酸／肌酐比值。结果吸入ＢＤＰ１～２个月后患儿血清骨钙素水平下降了２０５６％，Ｐ＜００５，而血钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶水平和尿羟脯氨酸／肌酐比值无明显改变。结论短期内吸入ＢＤＰ２００～３００μｇ／ｄ有可能发生骨生成抑制。有必要对血清骨钙素水平进行长期动态观察     

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目的 评价定量超声检测技术在了解学龄期儿童骨营养状况中的应用价值.方法 2006年10月四川大学华西第二医院儿童保健科采用定量超声仪对1750名学龄期儿童进行左侧胫骨声波速度(SOS)测量,同时评价体格发育指标及性成熟程度,分析SOS值与年龄、性别、体格发育指标、性成熟程度的关系.结果 研究对象营养状况较好,其中7～9岁男童肥胖的检出率较高.SOS值随年龄增长而逐渐增高,但男、女儿童出现SOS值快速增长的年龄阶段不一样.随着性发育水平的提高,男、女儿童SOS值有逐渐升高的趋势.体重、身高与SOS值成显著正相关(P<0.05);10～12岁女性肥胖儿童的SOS值明显高于研究对象中同年龄的非肥胖儿童(P<0.05);多元回归分析发现,身高是影响学龄期儿童SOS值的重要因素(P<0.05).结论 定量超声检测能用于反映骨营养状态.这一技术在监测学龄期儿童骨骼发育中有良好的应用前景,但对不同年龄阶段儿童骨营养状态的研究有待加强.     

骨骼及肌肉系统疾病

。14433产伤性新生儿锁骨骨折43例分析/樊展//齐齐哈尔医学院学报一2001,22(3)一255一256 014434儿童、资少年骨t发育状况/李继斌…//中国儿童保健杂志一2001,9(4)一230一233 结果:男、女生骨量发育水平与年龄正相关,男生骨量发育在9一20岁期间呈显著持续增长,女生骨量增长则在16岁后出现减慢趋势;骨量发育与性发育关系密切,男、女生在17岁以后骨量水平已达峰值骨量(PBM)80%以上;体重对挠骨骨量水平作用不显著,青春期第3期以前骨量发育与线性生长关系密切。表3参l2(王淑娴) 014435幼儿肌骨干骨折手术治疗7例/邱宏…//福建医药杂志一2001,2…     

Whole body bone mineral accretion in healthy children and adolescents

Data on accretion in bone size and bone mineral content (BMC) are needed to evaluate bone mineralisation during childhood. Whole body bone mineral content (BMC) and bone area (BA) were determined by dual energy x ray absorptiometry (Hologic 1000/W) with a one year interval in healthy girls (n = 192) and boys (n = 140) aged 6-19 years. Annual accretion in BMC (ΔBMC (g/year)) and BA (ΔBA (cm²/year)) according to sex and pubertal stages were calculated. ΔBA and ΔBMC were highly significantly associated with pubertal stages in girls and boys. Centile curves for ΔBA and ΔBMC according to sex and age were constructed using the LMS method. Peak ΔBA and ΔBMC values were reached earlier in girls (12.3 and 12.5 years, respectively) than in boys (13.4 and 14.2 years, respectively). The ΔBA peak was dissociated in time from the ΔBMC peak, indicating that increase in bone size occurs before increase in bone mineral content. Assuming that 32.2% of BMC consist of calcium, the median (90th centile) annual bone calcium accretion in pubertal stage III was 220 mg/day (302) and 317 mg/day (386) for girls and boys, respectively. To obtain an average bone calcium accretion, a high calcium absorption is needed during puberty. This may have implications for dietary calcium requirements at this time.     

Whole body bone mineral accretion in healthy children and adolescents.

Data on accretion in bone size and bone mineral content (BMC) are needed to evaluate bone mineralisation during childhood. Whole body bone mineral content (BMC) and bone area (BA) were determined by dual energy x ray absorptiometry (Hologic 1000/W) with a one year interval in healthy girls (n = 192) and boys (n = 140) aged 6-19 years. Annual accretion in BMC (DeltaBMC (g/year)) and BA (DeltaBA (cm2/year)) according to sex and pubertal stages were calculated. DeltaBA and DeltaBMC were highly significantly associated with pubertal stages in girls and boys. Centile curves for DeltaBA and DeltaBMC according to sex and age were constructed using the LMS method. Peak DeltaBA and DeltaBMC values were reached earlier in girls (12.3 and 12.5 years, respectively) than in boys (13.4 and 14. 2 years, respectively). The DeltaBA peak was dissociated in time from the DeltaBMC peak, indicating that increase in bone size occurs before increase in bone mineral content. Assuming that 32.2% of BMC consist of calcium, the median (90th centile) annual bone calcium accretion in pubertal stage III was 220 mg/day (302) and 317 mg/day (386) for girls and boys, respectively. To obtain an average bone calcium accretion, a high calcium absorption is needed during puberty. This may have implications for dietary calcium requirements at this time.     

Effect of Glucocorticoids on Bone Gla Protein Values -BGP as a Good Marker of Osteoporosis-

It is important to prevent corticosteroid(CS)-induced osteoporosis, particularly in children. One of the mechanisms is a direct inhibitory effect of C S on osteoblasts. Bone Gla protein (BGP) is produced in osteoblasts, and the serum level of BGP reflects the bone formation rate. The aim of this study is to examine the usefulness of BGP as a marker of CS-induced osteoporosis. In the present study, serum levels of 24 pediatric patients who were given prednisolone (PSL) for long periods were studied in relation to their growth rate. Serum BGP was also determined in 167 healthy children and 16 adults. In healthy children, BGP levels reached a peak at the age of 15 years in boys and 11 years in girls. In patients who were given more than 0.25 mg/kg/day PSL, serum BGP levels were significantly decreased and height growth was remarkably suppressed. In conclusion, the measurement of serum BGP is useful for early detection of CS-induced osteoporosis.     

Sexual maturity rating: a marker for effects of pubertal maturation on the adolescent electrocardiogram

The heart is known to participate in the adolescent growth spurt. A peak increase in transverse diameter coincides with peak height velocity during pubertal maturation. The effects of maturation on the adolescent ECG were explored using sexual maturity rating (SMR) as a marker. ECGs were obtained from 751 patients 8 to 20 years of age seen for routine physical examinations. A total of 33 standard ECG measures were analyzed, with subjects separated by sex and SMR. Different trends were seen in boys and girls during the course of maturation for the majority of R and S wave amplitude measurements. Lower mean amplitudes were seen consistently in more mature (SMR 4 and 5) girls than less mature girls and all boys. The clinical implication of these findings is illustrated by analysis of the sum of RV5 and SV2, one of the criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy, by sex and SMR. No significant difference in the sum is noted for boys across five SMR groups. Girls, in contrast, show a steady decrease in the sum with advancing maturation. These trends are not as clearly shown when subjects are grouped by broad chronologic age ranges, as had been the practice in developing current adolescent ECG tables. These findings suggest that development of standard ECG tables in which SMR and sex have been taken into account might enhance interpretation during adolescence.     

Bone Mineral Content in Preterm Infants at Age 4 to 16

Using photon absorptiometry the forearm bone mineral content (BMC) was determined in 75 children aged 4 to 16, who all had a low birth weight. Forty-five of them were born preterm AGA (27 boys, 18 girls, mean weight 1580 g; range 920-2060 g) and 30 preterm SGA (17 boys, 13 girls, mean weight 1510; range 940-2130 g). The results were compared with a control group of children of the same age, and analyses of covariance with age, height and weight as the covariant factors were performed. The BMC, weight and height did not differ between the children born AGA or SGA. Irrespective of AGA or SGA, the BMC was significantly decreased in boys but the difference was less pronounced and less significant when height and weight were used as covariant factors. Boys who had been born preterm had a less BMC than the control boys for their age but the were also somewhat shorter and lighter than expected with regard to their age.     

Physical activity augments bone mineral accrual in young children: The Iowa Bone Development study

OBJECTIVES: This 3-year follow-up study examined associations between physical activity and bone mineral content (BMC) and whether physical activity augments BMC accrual. STUDY DESIGN: Participants were 370 children (mean age baseline 5.3 years, follow-up 8.6 years). Physical activity was measured using 4-day accelerometry. BMC was measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: After adjustment for baseline BMC, age, and body size, mean physical activity predicted follow-up BMC at the hip, trochanter, spine, and whole body in boys and at the trochanter and whole body in girls. The variability in BMC explained by physical activity was modest (1% to 2%). However, based on a general linear model with adjustment for baseline BMC and body size, children who maintained high levels of physical activity accrued, on average, 14% more trochanteric BMC and 5% more whole-body BMC relative to peers maintaining low levels of physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that maintaining high levels of everyday physical activity contributes to increases in BMC in young children, particularly at the trochanter.     

When and how to combine growth hormone with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue

The effect of combined treatment with growth hormone (GH) and a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue, or GH alone, on pubertal height gain was assessed in an uncontrolled study in 15 boys and 10 girls with GH deficiency (GHD). Seven boys and six girls were treated with GH alone (group 1), and eight boys and four girls were treated with a combination of GH and an LHRH analogue during puberty (group 2). Mean ages (+/- SD) at the start of GH treatment and at the onset of puberty were significantly lower in group 2 (8.0 +/- 3.3 years and 11.2 +/- 0.8 years, respectively, in boys, and 6.3 +/- 1.6 years and 10.8 +/- 0.7 years in girls) than in group 1 (12.8 +/- 1.9 years and 13.7 +/- 1.4 years in boys, and 11.2 +/- 1.0 years and 12.5 +/- 1.2 years in girls). Height at the onset of puberty was less in group 2 than in group 1, but the difference was significant only for the boys. Combination treatment was started at a mean age of 11.7 +/- 1.2 years in boys and 11.5 +/- 1.0 years in girls. The duration of the combination treatment was 5.1 +/- 1.5 years in boys and 2.3 +/- 0.7 years in girls. The duration of the period between the onset of puberty and the end of GH treatment was significantly longer in group 2 (6.8 +/- 1.2 years in boys and 5.5 +/- 1.0 years in girls) than in group 1 (4.3 +/- 1.6 years in boys and 3.6 +/- 1.4 years in girls). The pubertal height gain was also significantly greater in group 2 (36.7 +/- 6.5 cm in boys and 29.0 +/- 8.3 cm in girls) than in group 1 (21.9 +/- 4.1 cm in boys and 18.6 +/- 4.1 cm in girls). Final height was significantly greater in group 2 than in group 1 in boys. Although there was no significant difference in final height between groups in the girls, the change in height SDS from the start of GH treatment until final height was significantly greater in group 2 (2.7 +/- 1.6 in boys and 4.5 +/- 0.5 SD in girls) than in group 1 (1.0 +/- 0.8 in boys and 1.8 +/- 0.9 SD in girls), in both boys and girls. In conclusion, it appears that combination of an LHRH analogue and GH may increase the pubertal height gain and the final height of children with GHD. The improvement is attributed to the prolongation of the treatment period, permitting slow bone maturation, and to the maintenance of height velocity. This combination treatment appears to be more effective in boys than girls. To fully assess this therapeutic approach, prospective controlled studies are needed.     

Pubertal development and growth after total-body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation for haematological malignancies

Pubertal development after total-body irradiation (TBI) was investigated in 40 children (21 boys) treated with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for haematological malignancies at a mean age of 11.3 years. The mean age at the last visit was 19.0 years. Twenty-five patients (15 boys) were prepubertal at BMT. Data on secondary sexual characteristics, the pituitary-gonadal axis and longitudinal growth were retrospectively collected from the medical records. In boys not receiving additional testicular irradiation (n = 19), penile growth and pubic hair development was normal and all had serum testosterone levels within the adult range. The majority of them, however, had incidental elevations of LH, suggesting minor Leydig cell damage. Testicular volume at last measurement was small (mean: 10.5 ml) and serum FSH levels were elevated in all boys, with normalisation in only one, suggesting severe impairment of reproductive gonadal function. Of the ten girls who received BMT before puberty, six had a spontaneous onset of puberty and menarche; the four other girls needed hormonal substitution therapy. Recovery of gonadal function after cessation of substitution was seen in one girl, who became pregnant but had a spontaneous abortion. Decrease in height SDS was seen in the majority of patients and was positively correlated with male gender and lower age at the time of BMT. Conclusion Careful monitoring of both gonadal function and growth after bone marrow transplantation and total body irradiation is warranted in order to detect disturbances early and ensure normal pubertal development in children treated for haematological malignancies. Received: 30 December 1998 / Accepted: 15 May 1999     

Bone mineral content in preterm infants at age 4 to 16

Using photon absorptiometry the forearm bone mineral content (BMC) was determined in 75 children aged 4 to 16, who all had a low birth weight. Forty-five of them were born preterm AGA (27 boys, 18 girls, mean weight 1 580 g; range 920-2 060 g) and 30 preterm SGA (17 boys, 13 girls, mean weight 1510; range 940-2130 g). The results were compared with a control group of children of the same age, and analyses of covariance with age, height and weight as the covariant factors were performed. The BMC, weight and height did not differ between the children born AGA or SGA. Irrespective of AGA or SGA, the BMC was significantly decreased in boys but the difference was less pronounced and less significant when height and weight were used as covariant factors. Boys who had been born preterm had a less BMC than the control boys for their age but they were also somewhat shorter and lighter than expected with regard to their age.     

肾病综合征患儿肾脏ACE m RNA表达与病理损害相关性的研究

目的:探讨肾病综合征(NS)患儿肾脏局部肾素 血管紧张素系统(RAS)表达与肾脏病理损害的关系,阐明儿童NS肾脏损害慢性病理进展的部分机制。方法：采用原位杂交的方法检测85例原发性NS患儿肾脏原位血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)mRNA的表达水平,评分法半定量评估肾脏的病理损害。结果：①对照组、NS患儿组肾小球内ACE mRNA表达阳性细胞百分率分别为：(3.97±1.43) %和(22.61±12.30) %,(P<0.01);小管间质区域分别为：(19.15±5.96) %和(58.42±17.61) %,(P<0.01)。②NS患儿5种病理类型间(MCD,FSGS,MN,MPGN,MsPGN),肾小管间质区域的ACE mRNA表达水平各组间差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),肾小球内仅MCD组与其它各组间差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。③按照肾脏病理损害的程度分成轻、中、重度3组,其ACE mRNA表达阳性细胞百分率分别为：(30.50±6.52) %,(45.20±11.06) %和(54.77±11.86) %,(P<0.01)。结论：在儿童NS肾脏的慢性病理进展中,肾脏局部RAS紊乱可能是重要原因之一。