HIV抗体检测纳入常规体检的态度调查

目的调查了解北京市白领阶层,对于艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体检测列入常规体检项目的意向性,为相关政策制定提供参考信息。方法采取方便抽样的方法,对北京市朝阳区三家普通中型公司的全体白领共155人进行匿名问卷调查。结果 155人中,50.65%的同意将HIV抗体检测纳入常规体检,79.87%的人表示可以接受单位体检检测HIV抗体。结论多数调查对象支持将HIV抗体检测纳入常规体检。     

北京市1 292名医务人员AIDS相关知识态度及培训需求调查

目的 了解北京市部分医院医务人员艾滋病（AIDS）相关知识、态度及培训需求状况。方法 利用方便抽样的方法，对北京市4个区县的32家不同级别综合性医院的1292名医务人员进行自填式问卷调查。结果 北京市1292名医务人员的AIDS相关知识水平整体较高，但对AIDS诊断治疗及职业防护方面的知识掌握相对较差。39．7％的医务人员既往接受过AIDS专门培训，30％的医务人员有接受AIDS相关知识培训需求和意愿。大多数医务人员对艾滋病病毒（HIV）／AIDS患者持“同情”和“理解”态度，但仍然有一定比例的医务人员持“恐惧”和“回避”态度。91．3％医务人员表示“HIV感染者和AIDS病人应该和其他病人享有同等医疗服务”，但49．2％医务人员表示“不愿意”去治疗HIV感染者和AIDS病人的医院或科室工作。80％医务人员对“职业感染HIV很担心和有些担心”；有52．7％的医务人员认为自己有“职业感染HIV的危险”。结论 北京市医务人员的AIDS相关知识有待提高，应开展有针对性的AIDS防治知识的专门培训；大多数医务人员对HIV／AIDS患者持不歧视态度，但存在有恐惧和对职业暴露感染HIV风险的担忧。     

北京市两所三甲医院医务人员血液和体液职业暴露及HIV相关防护知识调查

目的了解北京市两所三甲医院医务人员的血(体)液艾滋病病毒(HIV)职业暴露情况,防护知识、态度情况,培训情况及培训意愿。方法采用方便抽样的方法,对两所医院的392名医务人员采取自填式问卷调查。结果有81.2%(311/383)的医务人员被锐器刺伤过,有62.7%(240/383)被病人的血(体)液溅到过黏膜或破损皮肤。近一年内暴露密度中位数为1.0次/人年;相关防护知识的知晓率在51.4%～95.4%之间。42.3%(166/392)的医务人员接受过HIV职业暴露防护培训,94.6%(368/389)表示希望得到HIV职业暴露防护培训。结论医务人员HIV相关暴露普遍存在,防护知识缺乏,相关部门应加大培训力度,为医务人员创造良好的防护环境。     

昆明市HIV抗体阳性的男男性行为者动员其性伴接受HIV抗体检测的可行性调查北大核心

目的探索昆明市艾滋病病毒(HIV)阳性男男性行为者(MSM)动员其性伴接受HIV抗体检测的可行性,为扩大检测覆盖面,提高MSM阳性发现率提供依据。方法招募在研究期间检测新发现的和既往发现的HIV抗体阳性MSM的性伴,在签署知情同意和充分咨询并尊重其本人同意后,动员过去1年内与其发生过性行为的性伴接受HIV抗体检测。结果招募HIV阳性MSM作为种子,共118人,其中71名种子成功动员其性伴接受了HIV抗体检测,成功率60.17%(71/118)。动员方式中由种子自己动员其性伴前来检测的占93.42%(71/76),性伴HIV感染率13.16%(10/76)。χ2检验结果显示,既往阳性者与新发现阳性者动员其性伴检测的成功率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);单因素Logistic分析结果显示,性伴HIV感染影响因素中不同的种子类型差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),既往阳性者其性伴的HIV感染风险低于新发现阳者的性伴。结论HIV抗体阳性的MSM性伴HIV感染率高,HIV阳性MSM动员其性伴接受HIV抗体检测十分必要且可行,应作为一项预防和控制MSM艾滋病传播的有效策略。     

昆明市HIV抗体阳性的男男性行为者动员其性伴接受HIV抗体检测的可行性调查

目的探索昆明市艾滋病病毒(HIV)阳性男男性行为者(MSM)动员其性伴接受HIV抗体检测的可行性,为扩大检测覆盖面,提高MSM阳性发现率提供依据。方法招募在研究期间检测新发现的和既往发现的HIV抗体阳性MSM的性伴,在签署知情同意和充分咨询并尊重其本人同意后,动员过去1年内与其发生过性行为的性伴接受HIV抗体检测。结果招募HIV阳性MSM作为种子,共118人,其中71名种子成功动员其性伴接受了HIV抗体检测,成功率60.17%(71/118)。动员方式中由种子自己动员其性伴前来检测的占93.42%(71/76),性伴HIV感染率13.16%(10/76)。χ2检验结果显示,既往阳性者与新发现阳性者动员其性伴检测的成功率差异有统计学意义(P0.001);单因素Logistic分析结果显示,性伴HIV感染影响因素中不同的种子类型差异有统计学意义(P0.05),既往阳性者其性伴的HIV感染风险低于新发现阳者的性伴。结论HIV抗体阳性的MSM性伴HIV感染率高,HIV阳性MSM动员其性伴接受HIV抗体检测十分必要且可行,应作为一项预防和控制MSM艾滋病传播的有效策略。     

沈阳在校大学生艾滋病相关高危行为及对HIV自我检测接受意愿调查

目的了解沈阳市在校大学生性行为情况、艾滋病病毒(HIV)检测经历,HIV自我检测(HIVST)意愿及影响因素,以提高大学生HIV检测率。方法采用整群抽样的方法,对沈阳市3所高校在校大学生进行现场匿名在线问卷调查,通过多变量Logistic回归分析在校大学生对HIVST的接受态度及影响因素。结果共有1 208名在校大学生调查问卷合格,34.9%(421人)的大学生认为自己有感染HIV的风险,既往接受学校性教育和检测过HIV者的比例分别为61.5%(743人)和2.2%(27人),69.4%(838人)愿意通过HIVST了解自己的感染状况。多变量Logistic回归分析显示,调查对象对HIVST持接受意愿的关联因素分别为,职业技术类专业[vs.医学专业,调整比值比(aOR)=0.5]、接受过学校性教育(aOR=1.5)、认为自己有低度HIV感染风险(vs.认为没有感染风险,aOR=1.8)、发生过性行为(aOR=1.6)、既往检测过HIV(aOR=9.5)(P均0.05)。结论沈阳市大学生HIV相关高危行为突出,接受学校性教育比例较低,但对HIVST接受意愿较高,建议尽早对在校大学生开展学校性健康教育。     

温州市MSM艾滋病知识知晓率调查及行为特征北大核心

目的了解温州市男男性行为人群(MSM)的艾滋病知识知晓情况、高危行为特征及艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况,为今后制定有效的干预措施和防控政策提供参考。方法在知情同意的前提下,由经过培训的调查员分别在2011-2013年的4-6月,对MSM进行匿名问卷调查及抽血检测,采用Logistic回归分析。结果共调查MSM 1204人,艾滋病防治知识总知晓率84.3%(1015人),HIV抗体、梅毒抗体检测阳性率分别为7.4%(89人)、9.3%(112人)。单因素分析显示,艾滋病知识总知晓率与HIV、梅毒抗体阳性率存在分离现象(P>0.05),非条件Logistic回归多因素分析显示:MSM 1年内接受过咨询或宣传、同伴员宣传、6个月内与同性发生过商业性行为、调查时间,与艾滋病知识总知晓率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。75.7%的调查对象(911人)6个月内与男性发生过肛交,32.0%的调查对象(385人)同时拥有男女性伴,17.6%MSM(212人)提供过有偿性服务,5.3%的MSM(48/911)每次与男性发生肛交时都使用安全套。结论 MSM存在同时有男女性伴、高危性性行为等感染HIV的潜在危险,同伴教育、咨询、宣传有利于提高艾滋病知识知晓率,知晓率与HIV阳性率存在分离现象,提高知晓率可减少商业性性行为的发生。     

温州市MSM艾滋病知识知晓率调查及行为特征

目的了解温州市男男性行为人群(MSM)的艾滋病知识知晓情况、高危行为特征及艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况,为今后制定有效的干预措施和防控政策提供参考。方法在知情同意的前提下,由经过培训的调查员分别在2011-2013年的4-6月,对MSM进行匿名问卷调查及抽血检测,采用Logistic回归分析。结果共调查MSM 1204人,艾滋病防治知识总知晓率84.3%(1015人),HIV抗体、梅毒抗体检测阳性率分别为7.4%(89人)、9.3%(112人)。单因素分析显示,艾滋病知识总知晓率与HIV、梅毒抗体阳性率存在分离现象(P0.05),非条件Logistic回归多因素分析显示:MSM 1年内接受过咨询或宣传、同伴员宣传、6个月内与同性发生过商业性行为、调查时间,与艾滋病知识总知晓率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。75.7%的调查对象(911人)6个月内与男性发生过肛交,32.0%的调查对象(385人)同时拥有男女性伴,17.6%MSM(212人)提供过有偿性服务,5.3%的MSM(48/911)每次与男性发生肛交时都使用安全套。结论 MSM存在同时有男女性伴、高危性性行为等感染HIV的潜在危险,同伴教育、咨询、宣传有利于提高艾滋病知识知晓率,知晓率与HIV阳性率存在分离现象,提高知晓率可减少商业性性行为的发生。     

使用互联网交友的MSM最近1年HIV检测情况和抗病毒治疗意愿初步调查

目的初步了解使用互联网交友的男男性行为人群（MSM）最近1年HIV检测现况和抗病毒治疗意愿。方法于2011年11月,通过MSM交友网站招募MSM进行在线问卷调查,并采用SAS 9.2进行卡方检验和Lo-gistic回归分析。结果共有393名MSM完成问卷调查,319人年龄在30岁以下;322人学历在大专及以上;342人未婚;310人性取向为同性恋。381名MSM被问及若检测出HIV抗体阳性会怎样做时,有55.6%（212/381）表示会尽快开始抗病毒治疗。最近1年HIV检测率为32.8%（129/393）。在做过检测的129名MSM中,53.5%（69人）因担心自己有感染HIV的风险而去做检测,62.0%（80人）的检测地点在疾病预防控制中心。60.0%（77人）表明结果阳性时愿意接受抗病毒治疗。最近1年未做过检测的264名MSM中,53.4%（141人）认为自己没有感染HIV的风险而未去做检测,其中51.1%（135人）表明若检测结果阳性愿意接受抗病毒治疗。Logistic多因素回归分析显示,＂是否认为自己有感染风险＂可能是检测的影响因素[比值比（OR）=0.14,95%可信区间（CI）：0.08～0.25）]。结论本次调查的互联网交友的MSM,最近1年HIV检测率不高,＂是否意识到自己有感染HIV的风险＂可能是其影响因素,超过一半的MSM对抗病毒治疗态度较为积极     

北京市两家三级综合医院医务人员艾滋病职业暴露防护知识调查与影响因素分析

目的了解医务人员艾滋病知识以及艾滋病职业防护知识知晓现状,为开展医务人员艾滋病相关培训提供依据。方法采用整群抽样方法,于2013年11月对北京市两家三级综合医院的医务人员进行艾滋病基础知识和职业暴露相关知识知晓情况问的卷调查,分析医务人员艾滋病职业暴露知识的影响因素。结果两家医院共获取有效问卷1077份,对艾滋病职业暴露相关知识知晓率为57.9%（624/1077）,发生职业暴露后伤口处理措施和艾滋病病毒（HIV）职业暴露后抗体检测时间的知晓率分别为29.3%（316/1077）和35.0%（377/1077）。以前接受过艾滋病相关培训、职称、学历、工作年限等因素影响医务人员对艾滋病职业暴露防护知识的了解,其中接受过艾滋病相关培训对知晓率的影响最大[比值比（OR）=2.32,95%可信区间（CI）1.80-2.99]。结论此两家综合医院医务人员的艾滋病职业暴露知识知晓率偏低,应加强对新入职、学历低的医务人员的艾滋病及职业暴露防护知识的相关培训。     

Factors Associated with Acceptability of HIV Self-Testing Among Health Care Workers in Kenya

Health care workers (HCWs) in sub-Saharan Africa are at a high risk of HIV infection from both sexual and occupational exposures. However, many do not seek HIV testing. This paper examines the acceptability of an unsupervised facility-based HIV self-testing (HIVST) intervention among HCWs and their partners and factors associated with uptake of HIVST among HCWs. HCWs in seven large Kenyan hospitals were invited to participate in pre-HIVST information sessions during which they were offered HIVST kits to take home for self-testing. A post-intervention survey was conducted among 765 HCWs. Forty-one percent attended the information session; of those, 89 % took the HIVST kits and of those, 85 % self-tested. Thirty-four percent of surveyed HCWs used the HIVST to test themselves. Of those who took the HIVST kit and had partners, 73 % gave the kit to their partner and 86 % of them indicated their partner self-tested. Factors positively associated with use of the HIVST on self were being female, being single, and being a HCW from Homa Bay Hospital (located in a high HIV prevalence area). HIVST is acceptable to HCWs and their partners. However, strategies are needed to increase HCWs attendance at pre-implementation information sessions.     

Occupational exposure,attitude to HIV-positive patients and uptake of HIV counselling and testing among health care workers in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria

Health care workers (HCWs) are at risk of occupational exposure to HIV. Their attitude to HIV-positive patients influences patients’ willingness and ability to access quality care. HIV counselling and testing (HCT) services are available to inform HCWs and patients about their status. There is little information about HCT uptake and attitude to HIV-positive patients among HCWs in tertiary health facilities in Nigeria. The aim of this study was to determine occupational exposure and attitude to HIV-positive patients and level of uptake of HCT services among HCWs in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. A cross-sectional design was utilized. A total of 977 HCWs were surveyed using semi-structured, self-administered questionnaires. Nurses and doctors comprised 78.2% of the respondents. Their mean age was 35?±?8.4 years. Almost half, 47.0%, reported accidental exposure to blood and body fluids (BBFs) in the preceding year. The main predictor of accidental exposure to BBFs in the last year was working in a surgical department, OR?=?1.7, 95% CI (1.1–2.6). HCWs aged <40 years, OR?=?5.5, 95% CI (1.9–15.9), who had worked for >5 years, OR?=?3.6, 95% CI (1.4–9.3) and who work in nursing department, OR?=?6.8, 95% CI (1.7–27.1) were more likely to be exposed to BBFs. Almost half, 52.9%, had accessed HCT services. Predictors for HCT uptake were age <40 years OR?=?1.6, 95% CI (1.1–2.4), having worked for >5 years OR?=?1.5, 95% CI (1.03–2.2) and working in medical department OR?=?1.7, 95% CI (1.1–2.8). Respondents in nursing departments were more likely to require routine HIV test for all patients, OR?=?3.9, 95% CI (2.4–6.2). HCWs in the laboratory departments were more likely to believe that HIV patients should be on separate wards, OR?=?3.6, 95% CI (1.9–7.0). HCWs should be protected and encouraged to access HCT services in order to be effective role models in the prevention of HIV/AIDS.     

Attitude of health care workers to patients and colleagues infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Discrimination against persons living with HIV/AIDS in hospital settings has been documented. This study examined the attitude of health care workers (HCWs) to nurses, doctors and patients infected with HIV. A total of 345 respondents selected by multistage sampling techniques were surveyed, using a semi-structured questionnaire, which explored respondents' attitude to HIV-infected patients and colleagues with HIV/AIDS. HCWs were unwilling to accept that medical procedures be carried out on them by HIVinfected doctors and nurses, with almost 80% refusing surgery or assistance at surgery on them by an HIV-infected doctor or nurse. They were also significantly more unwilling to accept that medical procedures be carried out on them by an infected colleague, compared with their carrying out the same procedure on an HIV-infected patient. Thus, HCWs seemed to believe that the risk of contracting HIV was higher if an infected HCW were to perform medical procedures on them, and fear of contracting HIV seemed to be the driving force for their negative attitudes. Education on occupational risks of HIV, provision of a safe working environment with enforcement of universal precautions, as well as provision of post-exposure prophylaxis are suggested as ways to enable HCWs to change their attitudes.     

2003-2006年北京市HIV抗体检测人群分布及变化趋势

目的分析2003-2006年北京市艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体检测人群,在5类艾滋病抗体检测机构的分布状况和变化趋势,为制定更加有效的艾滋病防治策略提供科学依据。方法对2003-2006年北京市艾滋病确证中心实验室的抗体检测数据进行描述性分析,揭示数据背后的流行病学规律。结果疾控系统和监管系统中,HIV抗体筛查阳性样本和确认阳性样本的构成百分比均呈现上升趋势。监管系统的男/女性别比差异最大。确认阳性样本中"<14岁儿童"样本连年均有检出,但构成比呈现逐年下降趋势。排除<14岁年龄组儿童样本后,确认阳性样本的总体平均年龄在32~33岁;普通医院的平均年龄大,而在血液系统和监管系统平均年龄小。国家相关防治策略的实施,使HIV感染者/艾滋病病人从疾控系统和监管系统检出的比例逐年上升,也显示疾控系统和监管系统的工作人员面临艾滋病感染职业暴露的危险。HIV感染者/艾滋病病人男性比例占优势,监管场所尤为突出。结论北京市的艾滋病流行有从高危人群向一般人群扩散的趋势。一部分艾滋病病人由于并发症进入普通医院治疗,临床医生应考虑HIV抗体检测;一部分早期感染者会通过献血途径检测HIV抗体,必须加强血源筛查。     

北京市护理人员关于HIV/AIDS的认识和接受程度调查分析

目的 为了解北京市护理人员对HIV/AIDS的认识和接受态度,以便对护理人员有针对性地实施继续教育.方法于2000年1月上旬分层随机抽取北京市6所医院内当日上岗的护士中发放调查问卷1300份,进行流行病学现况研究.结果 有84.2%以上的护士对HIV/AIDS的基本知识掌握较好.对HIV/AIDS接受态度调查结果表明,只有31.8%的护士能对病人做全护理,知识掌握与接受态度不呈正比(P<0.05),特别是对自己患病态度,有50.8%的人答能正常生活,11%的人采取自杀行为,值得关注,说明护士对HIV/AIDS的恐惧心理严重.结论 尽管绝大多数护士对HIV/AIDS知识掌握得较好,但调查显示还有死角,还需加强对护理人员关于HIV/AIDS知识的继续教育;同时本文分析了护士恐惧心理的原因,并提出相应对策及建议,为研究护理人员的心理状况、职业保护措施和心理支持提供了客观依据.     

Mask-wearing and respiratory infection in healthcare workers in Beijing,China

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to determine rates of mask-wearing, of respiratory infection and the factors associated with mask-wearing and of respiratory infection in healthcare workers (HCWs) in Beijing during the winter of 2007/2008.MethodsWe conducted a survey of 400 HCWs working in eight hospitals in Beijing by face to face interview using a standardized questionnaire.ResultsWe found that 280/400 (70.0%) of HCWs were compliant with mask-wearing while in contact with patients. Respiratory infection occurred in 238/400 (59.5%) subjects from November, 2007 through February, 2008. Respiratory infection was higher among females (odds ratio [OR], 2.00 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.16-3.49]) and staff working in larger hospitals (OR, 1.72 [95% CI, 1.09-2.72]), but was lower among subjects with seasonal influenza vaccination (OR, 0.46 [95% CI, 0.28-0.76]), wearing medical masks (reference: cotton-yarn; OR, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.39-0.91]) or with good mask-wearing adherence (OR, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.37-0.98]). The risk of respiratory infection of HCWs working in low risk areas was similar to that of HCWs in high risk area.ConclusionOur data suggest that female HCWs and staffs working in larger hospitals are the focus of prevention and control of respiratory infection in Beijing hospitals. Mask-wearing and seasonal influenza vaccination are protective for respiratory infection in HCWs; the protective efficacy of medical masks is better than that of cotton yarn ones; respiratory infection of HCWs working in low risk areas should also be given attention.     

Screening for HIV in pregnant women: a study of maternal opinion

Pregnant women residing in the metropolitan area of Stockholm were screened for HIV in a 12-month pilot programme. The acceptance rate was 99.3%. Three HIV-antibody-positive women (0.04%) were identified. The screening was followed up by a study designed to ascertain the attitudes of the women towards the test. The vast majority had a positive attitude to HIV screening out of consideration for the health of the expected child. One out of seven felt uneasy while awaiting the test result. Significantly more women among those who thought repeatedly about the test had already considered having an HIV test before pregnancy. Once the women found out that their HIV test was negative it did not affect their subsequent experience of pregnancy.     

北京市石景山区某大学学生AIDS知识问卷分析

目的了解北京市石景山区某大学学生艾滋病(HIV/AIDS)相关知识、对艾滋病病人的态度、其知识来源、变化情况。方法分别于2005年12月和2010年12月,对北京市石景山区某大学学生进行问卷调查,问卷包括流动人员人口学现状、HIV/AIDS相关知识知晓情况、对待感染者的态度和主要知识来源等方面。结果两次分别发出问卷300份,2005年收回有效问卷204份,2010年收回有效问卷201份。2010年较2005年受访者艾滋病相关知识水平有明显提高,2010年大学生对艾滋病性、血液和母婴三种传播方式知晓率分别达到92.5%、97.0%和100%,对艾滋病病人态度改善显著。结论经过不间断的艾滋病相关知识教育,北京市石景山区某大学学生艾滋病知识水平有提高,对艾滋病态度改善,但艾滋病相关教育仍应加强。