6-(4-取代乙酰氨基苯基)-4，5-二氢-3(2H)哒嗪酮衍生物的合成及其抑制血小板聚集活性

目的:研究引入杂环类基团对6-(4-取代乙酰氨基苯基)-4,5-二氢-3(2H)哒嗪酮类化合物抗血小板凝集活性的影响.方法:设计合成未见报道的目标化合物10个,所有化合物均经过1H-NMR谱等确证;参考Born方法进行体外药理实验.结果:所有化合物都具有抗血小板凝集的活性,其中化合物(5),(9)和(10)的抗血小板凝集活性明显优于MCI-154.结论:杂环基团的空问位阻和亲水性对化合物抗血小板凝集的活性有影响.     

二氢哒嗪酮类化合物的合成及其抗血小板聚集活性研究

目的：合成新的哒嗪酮类化合物，并研究其抗血小板聚集活性。方法：在6-（4-氯乙酰氨基苯基）-4，5-二氢-3（2H）-哒嗪酮侧链引入不同取代的哌嗪，合成了一系列化合物，采用^1H-NMR、IR及元素分析等方法确证其结构。采用Born比浊法进行体外抗血小板聚集药理实验。结杲：合成的10个化合物都具有一定的抗血小板凝集的活性，其中化合物4的抗血小板聚集活性明显优于先导化合物MCI-154。结论：4-位取代哌嗪环基的引入对哒嗪酮类化合物抗血小板聚集的活性有显著影响。     

哒嗪酮类新衍生物的合成及其对血小板聚集的抑制作用

目的研究引入取代仲胺类基团对6-(4-取代乙酰氨基苯基)-5-甲基-4,5-二氢-3(2H)-哒嗪酮类化合物抗血小板凝集活性的影响。方法设计合成未见报道的目标化合物10个,所有化合物均经过1H-NMR谱等确证;参考文献方法进行体外药理实验。结果所有化合物都具有抗血小板凝集的活性,其中化合物9c,9f和9j的抗血小板凝集活性明显优于对照药MCI-154和CCI-17910。结论取代仲胺基团的空间位阻和亲水性对化合物抗血小板凝集的活性有影响。     

6-[4-(取代胺基乙酰胺基苯基)]-4,5-二氢-3(2H)哒嗪酮类化合物的合成及其抗血小板聚集活性研究

目的:合成新的含有胺基的哒嗪酮类化合物,并研究其对抗血小板聚集活性的影响.方法:以乙酰基为连接片段,引入不同的取代胺基,设计合成未见报道的目标化合物8个,所有化合物均经过1H-NMR谱等确证;体外药理实验参考Born方法进行.结果:所有化合物都具有体外抑制血小板聚集的活性,其中化合物(1),(3)和(8)的活性较强,化合物(3)的活性是MCI-154的6倍.结论:引入不同的取代胺基,对化合物抑制血小板聚集的活性有影响.     

6-{4-〔4-(取代苯乙酮基)哌嗪基〕苯基}-5-甲基-4，5-二氢-3(2H)哒嗪酮类化合物的合成及其抑制血小板聚集作用

根据哒嗪酮类化合物的构效关系和作用机制 ,以CCI 17810为先导化合物 ,设计合成了 6 〔4 (取代哌嗪基 )苯基〕 5 甲基 4,5 二氢 3(2H)哒嗪酮类化合物 12个 .初步的体外药理试验表明 :大部分目标化合物都有不同程度的抑制ADP诱导的新西兰大白兔血小板聚集的作用 ,其中化合物 (4 )的活性最强 ,比先导化合物CCI 17810大约强一倍 ,化合物 (1) ,(2 ) ,(11)也有较强的活性 .     

6-〔4-(取代哌嗪基)苯基5-甲基-4,5-二氢-3(2H)哒嗪酮类化合物的合成及抑制血小板聚集作用

根据哒嗪酮类化合物的构效关系和作用机制,以CCI17810 为先导化合物,设计合成了6〔4(取代哌嗪基) 苯基〕5甲基4 ,5二氢3(2 H) 哒嗪酮类化合物16 个.初步的体外药理试验表明:大部分目标化合物都有不同程度的抑制ADP诱导的新西兰大白兔血小板聚集作用,其中化合物(5)的活性最强,化合物(4) ,(6) ,(7) 也有较强的活性,并初步探讨了其构效关系     

4,5-二氢-3(2H)-哒嗪酮衍生物的合成及抑制血小板聚集作用

目的设计并合成6-(4-取代苯基)-4,5-二氢-3(2H)-哒嗪酮衍生物,并对其抗血小板聚集活性进行初步评价.方法以苯酚为原料,经多步反应合成目标化合物,并以Born比浊法测试目标化合物的抗血小板聚集活性.结果共合成16个新化合物,经MS、1H-NMR确证其结构.其中12个化合物具有一定的抗血小板聚集活性.结论中间连接链的长度影响此类化合物抑制血小板聚集活性.当n=3、4时,所有化合物均具有一定的活性;当n=2时,仅有两个化合物具有活性.     

6-(4-取代乙酰氨基苯基)-4,5-二氢-3(2H)-哒嗪酮衍生物的合成及其抗血小板凝集活性

目的研究引入仲胺类基团对6-（4-取代乙酰氨基苯基）-4，5-二氢-3（2H）-哒嗪酮类化合物抗血小板凝集活性的影响。方法设计合成未见报道的目标化合物13个，用。H—NMR、IR、MS确证结构，参考Bom方法进行体外药理实验。结果与结论所有化合物都具有抗血小板凝集的活性，其中化合物6b、6g的抗血小板凝集活性明显优于MCI-154。仲胺类基团的空间位阻和亲水性对化合物抗血小板凝集的活性有影响。     

新型哒嗪酮衍生物的合成及其对血小板聚集的抑制作用

目的 合成新的含有胺基的哒嗪酮类化合物,并研究其对此类化合物抗血小板聚集活性的影响.方法 设计合成未见报道的目标化合物9个,所有化合物均经过1H-NMR谱等确证;参考文献方法进行体外药理实验.结果 发现所有化合物都具有抗血小板凝集的活性,其中化合物9c,9e和9i的抗血小板凝集活性明显优于对照化合物MCI-154和CCI-17910.结论 引入不同的取代胺基,对化合物抑制血小板聚集的活性有影响.     

6-(4-取代乙酰氨基苯基)-4,5-二氢-3(2H)-哒嗪酮类化合物的合成及其对血小板聚集的抑制作用

目的 设计并合成6-(4-取代苯基)-4,5-二氢-3(2H)-哒嗪酮类化合物,以期发现作用更强的血小板聚集抑制剂。方法以乙酰苯胺为原料,经酰化反应、傅-克反应、水解反应及水合肼环合反应、氯化反应、烷基化反应等一系列反应合成目标化合物,并参考Bom方法进行体外药理实验。结果共合成6-(4-取代苯基)-4,5-二氢-3(2H)-哒嗪酮类化合物11个,均属首次报道,并通过元素分析、^1HNMR、IR确证结构。初步的体外药理实验表明：大部分目标化合物都不同程度地抑制了ADP诱导的新西兰大白兔血小板的聚集。结论11个目标化合物中化合物(8)抑制血小板聚集作用的活性最强,超过对照化合物CCI-17810,化合物(1)、(2)、(4)等也有较强的活性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.