声学定量技术评价非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术后左心房功能

目的应用经胸超声心动图声学定量技术(AQ)检测非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术(OPCAB)前后左心房功能的变化。方法应用AQ技术检测46例行OPCAB患者术前和术后左房功能各指标,并检测60例正常人作为对照。结果OPCAB患者术前与正常对照组比较,左房各时相容积、左房射血分数(LAEF)和左房射血量(LASV)均明显增高(P<0.01)。OPCAB后左房各时相容积减小(P<0.05～0.01),而LAEF和LASV明显增加(P<0.05～0.01)。结论AQ技术可定量检测左房储备和收缩功能;OPCAB术后左房功能得到明显恢复。     

阵发性房颤环肺静脉电隔离术前后左房结构和功能的研究

目的经胸超声心动图(TTE)和经食道超声心动图(TEE)联合应用对阵发性房颤患者肺静脉前庭电隔离术前后左房、左心耳结构和功能的评价。方法46例阵发性房颤患者和16例正常对照组接受TTE和TEE检查,测量左房内径指数(LADI)、左房面积指数(LAAI)、左房容积指数(LAVI)、左房射血力(LA-EF)、左心耳内径指数(LAADI)、左心耳最大面积指数(LAAmaxI)、左心耳最小面积指数(LAAminI)、左心耳射血分数(LAA-EF)、左心耳最大排空血流速度(LAA-P)和左心耳最大充盈血流速度(LAA-F)及有无血栓征象。41例确诊无左心房及左心耳血栓的患者行肺静脉前庭电隔离术。术后6个月以上对其中39例患者随访行TTE和TEE复查。结果肺静脉前庭电隔离术组、术后随访组与正常对照组间左房结构、功能均有显著差异(P<0.05～P<0.01)。三组间左心耳的结构和功能亦均有显著差异(P<0.05～P<0.01)。阵发性房颤患者左房、左心耳结构与其功能的变化呈线性负相关。结论TTE和TEE联合应用为评价阵发性房颤患者左房的结构、功能以及肺静脉前庭电隔离术前病例的筛选、术后疗效的评估提供重要信息。     

超声心动图对儿童房间隔缺损封堵术后左心房收缩功能的研究

目的探讨儿童房间隔缺损（ASD）封堵术后左心房收缩功能变化的特征。方法选择63例ASD患者分别于封堵术前、术后48h及术后3个月分别从机械运动、血流变化、压力变化及组织运动来分析左心房收缩功能。结果封堵术后3个月左心房充盈分数、左房收缩分数及左房射血力较正常组明显增高,左房射血分数、左房动能及心房收缩期心肌组织运动峰速明显减低,左房电机械时间缩短,左房压明显减低。结论儿童房间隔缺损封堵术后3个月左房收缩功能各指标较术前有明显改变。     

超声声学定量技术评价肥厚型心肌病患者左房功能的临床研究

目的 :使用超声声学定量 (AQ)技术系统评价肥厚型心肌病 (HCM)患者的左房功能。方法 :使用AQ技术对 5 6例 HCM患者和 33例正常对照组人群左房功能进行了测量 ,HCM患者根据左室舒张功能受损严重程度不同依次分为 、 、 、 组。结果 : 组左房射血分数明显高于 HCM其它各亚组及正常对照组 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ,其在 、 、 组间呈递减趋势 ; 组左房射血分数低于正常对照组 (P) <0 .0 5 ) ; 组左房泵血量明显高于 、 组及正常对照组 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ; 、 、 组左房总容积变化均高于正常对照组 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。结论 :轻、中度左室舒张功能受损患者左房泵功能代偿性增强 ,严重受损者左房泵功能由于后负荷过重出现失代偿 ;HCM患者左房存贮功能明显增强     

二维斑点追踪显像评价冠心病患者支架置入术前后左房功能的变化

目的 应用二维斑点追踪显像(STI)技术评价冠心病患者冠状动脉支架置入术前后左房功能的动态变化.方法 应用STI技术测定27例冠心病患者冠状动脉支架置入术前、术后1周、1个月和3个月左房壁应变率曲线.分析冠心病患者左房功能的变化.结果 (1)与术前相比,术后1周左房平均峰值应变率无显著改变,术后1个月mSRs、mSRe均显著升高,mSRa显著降低(P<0.05),术后3个月变化更为显著(P<0.01).(2)与术前相比,术后1周左房射血功能无显著变化,术后1个月左房被动射血量增加,主动射血量减少(P<0.05),术后3个月变化显著(P<0.01).结论 STI技术可以定量评价冠心病患者支架置入术前、术后左房功能的动态变化.     

超声探讨原发性高血压与左房功能的关系

目的:观察原发性高血压患者左房功能的改变与高血压病程的关系.方法:对116例各期原发性高血压患者和30例正常对照组用超声心动图观测其左房射血前容积(LAVA心室收缩末期)和射血后容积(LAVP心室舒张末期),计算左房泵血量(LASV)和左房射血分数(LAEF),并加以比较.结果:高血压Ⅰ期患者左房射血分数(LAEF)与正常对照组无明显变化,左房泵血量(LASV)较正常对照组有明显增加(P＜0.05);高血压Ⅱ期患者 LAEF和LASV较对照组显著增加(P＜0.01);高血压Ⅲ期患者LASV和LAEF较对照组下降.结论:观察左房泵功能可作为高血压分期的依据,以利于临床的早诊断、早治疗.     

超声声学定量技术评价肥厚型心肌病患者左室功能的临床研究

目的：使用超声声学定量（AQ）技术系统评价肥厚型心肌病（HCM）患者的左房功能。方法：使用AQ技术对56例HCM患者和33例正常对照组人群左房功能进行了测量，HCM患者根据左室舒张功能受损严重程度不同依次分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组。结果：Ⅱ组左房射血分数明显高于HCM其它各亚组及正常对照组（P均＜0．05），其在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组间呈递减趋势；Ⅳ组左房射血分数低于正常对照组（P）＜0．05）；Ⅱ组左房泵血量明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅳ组及正常对照组（P均＜0．05），Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组左房总容积变化均高于正常对照组（P均＜0．05）。结论：轻，中度左室舒张功能受损患者左房泵功能代偿性增强，严重受损者左房泵功能由于后负荷过重出现失代偿，HCM患者左房存贮功能明显增强。     

非体外循环冠脉搭桥术前后肺静脉血流的经食管超声研究

目的 :应用多平面经食管彩色多普勒超声心动图 (TEE)检测肺静脉 (PVF)和二尖瓣血流频谱(MVF)相结合的方法评价非体外循环冠脉搭桥术 (OPCAB)对左室舒张功能的影响。方法 :应用 TTE和经胸多普勒超声 (TTE)检测 3 6例冠心病患者 OPCAB术前 2周内和术后 3个月的右上 PVF和 MVF,并用 TEE检测60例正常人作为对照。结果 :OPCAB患者术前与正常对照组比较 ,PVa、 PVd和 A明显增加 (P<0 .0 1) ;PVs、PVs/ PVd、 E和 E/ A比值明显减小 (P<0 .0 1) ;OPCAB术后 PVs、 PVd、 PVs/ PVd,和 E、 E/ A比值显著增加(P<0 .0 1～ 0 .0 5) ,而 PVa和 A明显减小 ;TEE对 PVF的测值高于 TTE (P<0 .0 5)。结论 :PVF与 MVF相结合的方法可准确反映左室舒张功能 ,OPCAB术后左室舒张功能得到明显改善。TEE技术为定量评价 OPCAB术后左室舒张功能的改善提供了一种可靠的方法     

超声心动图快速评价高血压心脏病左心房收缩功能

目的应用超声心动图技术分析高血压病人的左心房收缩功能.方法 60例高血压患者、20例健康对照者.根据左室心肌质量指数将高血压病分为左室构型正常组及左室肥厚组.测量二尖瓣环心房收缩期组织运动速度(A'),衡量其与传统的评价左心房功能的参数如左房射血力、左房动能等的相关性.结果伴随高血压病情的加重,A'、心房收缩期血流峰值速度(A)、左房灌注分数(LAT)、左房射血分数(LAEF)、左房搏出量(LASV)、左房射血力、左房动能、左室肥厚组与左室构型正常组及健康对照组间差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01);A'与LAEF、LASV、左房射血力、左房动能高度正相关.结论 QTVI技术测定的A'是评价高血压病左心房收缩功能有意义的指标.     

声学定量技术评价原发性高血压左心房功能的研究

目的 应用声学定量(acoustic quantification,AQ)技术评价高血压患者不同左心室构型左心房功能变化.方法 选择正常对照组29例,原发性高血压患者116例,按照Ganau分型法分为4组,即左心室正常构型组(LN,25例),向心重构组(CR,38例),向心肥厚组(CH,33例),离心肥厚组(EH,20例).利用AQ技术测量并计算(1)贮存功能指标左房贮存容积(LARV)、左房总排空分数(LATEF)、左心房峰值充盈率(PFR);(2)管道功能指标左房快速排空容量(LREV)、左房快速排空分数(LREF)、峰值快速排空率(PRER); (3)助力泵功能指标左房主动收缩排空容积(LAEV)、左心房射血分数(LAEF)、峰值心房排空率(PAER)等指标.结果 (1)贮存功能指标与正常对照组相比,CH组与EH组的PFR明显增大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01～0.05);与CH组相比,EH组的LATEF减低.差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);LARV有增加趋势,但差异无统计学意义.(2)管道功能指标比较与正常对照组相比,EH组的LREF明显降低(P<0.001),与LN组、CR组及CH组相比,EH组的LREF仍降低(P<0.01);LREV有降低趋势,但差异无统计学意义.(3)助力泵指标与正常对照组相比,高血压各组LAEV、PAER明显增大(P<0.01～0.001),CR组、CH组LAEF增大(P<0.05);与CR、CH组比较,EH组LAEF减低,差异无统计学意义.结论 原发性高血压患者左心房贮存功能及助力泵功能增加,以CR组及CH组明显,但EH组减低;管道功能减低,以EH组明显.AQ技术为左心房功能的评价提供了无创性新方法.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.