卒中患者床旁吞咽评估研究

目的：探索可靠的卒中患者床旁吞咽评估方法。方法：61例住院卒中患者均进行各种床旁吞咽评估筛查及电视透视检查,以后者为金标准探讨各方法的敏感度、特异度及阳性、阴性预测值。结果：六种独立床旁吞咽评估方法与金标准相比较的敏感度在60％～87％之间,特异度在76％～89Yo之间,阳性预测值在50％～69％之间,阴性预测值在86％～95％之间;几种评估方法作为平行试验联合应用时的敏感度在89％～98％之间,阴性预测值在94％～99％之间;几种方法作为序列试验应用时的特异度在97％～99％之间,阳性预测值在82％～90％之间。结论：根据不同方法的预测特点,可得到针对不同患者的、有效的床旁评估方法。床旁吞咽评估简单、有效、便捷,是临床工作中适宜的评估方法。     

利用录像X线透视技术评价吞咽障碍

利用录像X线透视技术的目的是使正侧位下的吞咽过程可视化,使得吞咽障碍的症状可视化,并评价各种已选用的治疗措施的有效性。通过分析使用录像X线透视技术的评价结果,能够提供（制定）治疗计划的根据。本文将包括如下部分：正常解剖、生理概述,与吞咽相关的组织结构的影像学定位,正常吞咽的生理过程的录像X线透视图像,识别反映吞咽问题的症状和障碍,治疗计划概述。     

Identification of a simple screening tool for dysphagia in patients with stroke using factor analysis of multiple dysphagia variables.

OBJECTIVE: To identify a most useful and simple clinical screening tool to predict videofluoroscopic aspiration in patients with stroke.Design: Factor analysis of multiple dysphagia variables and sensitivity and specificity testing with chi-square test. PATIENTS: Sixty-one consecutive stroke patients with symptoms suggestive of dysphagia admitted to a university hospital and its 4 affiliated hospitals in Japan. METHODS: Factors were extracted from 6 oromotor examinations (lip closure, tongue movement, palatal elevation, gag reflex, voice quality and motor speech function), 2 swallow screen tests (saliva swallowing test and our modified water swallowing test using 30 ml of water) and 4 parameters evaluated with a videofluoroscopic swallow study. Sensitivity and specificity of each dysphagia-related variable was determined against aspiration in a videofluoroscopic swallow study. RESULTS: Factor analysis revealed that cough/voice change in the water swallowing test and aspiration on videofluoroscopic swallow study belonged to the same factor. Chi-square analysis showed that cough/voice change in the water swallowing test was the only variable that was significantly associated with aspiration on videofluoroscopic swallow study, with a sensitivity of 72% (95% CI: 61-83%) and a specificity of 67% (CI: 55-79%) as a predictor of aspiration (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: We recommend our modified 30 ml water-swallowing test as a useful single task-screening tool to detect aspiration.     

A low-volume, low-pressure tracheal tube cuff reduces pulmonary aspiration

OBJECTIVE: Leakage of fluid from the subglottic space to the lungs occurs along the longitudinal folds within the wall of an inflated high-volume, low-pressure (HVLP) cuff. The low-volume, low-pressure (LVLP) cuff does not have these folds yet allows for convenient and reliable control of tracheal wall pressure. Pulmonary aspiration during anesthesia has been linked with postoperative pneumonia and during critical illness causes ventilator-associated pneumonia. DESIGN: Prospective, blinded, randomized controlled trial; prospective observational study; and benchtop models. SETTING: Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital. PATIENTS: Anesthetized patients (n=38) and critically ill patients with either an LVLP or HVLP cuffed tracheostomy tube following swallow assessments (n=67). INTERVENTIONS: The LVLP cuff was compared with HVLP cuffs for leakage of dye placed in the subglottic space to the tracheobronchial tree in a rigid tracheal model and a benchtop pig trachea model (before and after a standardized cuff movement). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In the rigid tracheal model, the incidence of leakage was 0% in the LVLP group and 100% in the HVLP group (p<.01). Dye leakage in the pig tracheal model with HVLP cuffs was 44% before tube movement, increasing to 79% afterward. The LVLP cuff did not leak in the pig tracheal model. Dye leakage in anesthetized patients was 0% before movement and 5% after in the LVLP group and in the HVLP group 22% increasing to 67% after movement (p<.001). Forty-nine percent of swallow assessments were scored as failed in the critical care patients with HVLP tracheostomy tube cuffs, and there were no episodes of aspiration following swallow assessment in the LVLP group (p<.05). CONCLUSIONS: The LVLP cuffed tracheal and tracheostomy tubes reduced pulmonary aspiration in the benchtop models and in anesthetized and critically ill patients. The single failure of the LVLP cuff in the anesthesia group was probably associated with accidental endobronchial intubation following tube movement.     

Quantifying swallowing function after stroke: A functional dysphagia scale based on videofluoroscopic studies

OBJECTIVE: To develop a sensitive, specific scale for quantifying functional dysphagia in stroke patients, using results obtained from videofluoroscopic swallowing studies. DESIGN: Data collected from a serial oral and pharyngeal videofluoroscopic swallowing study. SETTING: A dysphagia clinic in a department of rehabilitation medicine at a tertiary care university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred three consecutively admitted stroke patients. INTERVENTIONS: Videoflurorscopy to measure a scale of 11 variables: lip closure score, bolus formation, residue in oral cavity, oral transit time, triggering of pharyngeal swallow, laryngeal elevation and epiglottic closure, nasal penetration, residue in valleculae, coating of pharyngeal wall after swallow, and pharyngeal transit time. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Polychotomous linear logistic regression analysis of videofluoroscopic and aspiration results. Scale sensitivity and specificity, and the correlation between the total score of the scale and aspiration grade were analyzed. RESULTS: The scale's sensitivity and specificity for detecting supraglottic penetration and subglottic aspiration were 81%, 70.7%, and 78.1%, 77.9%, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the scale's total score and the severity of aspiration (Spearman's r =.58943, p =.00001). CONCLUSION: This functional dysphagia scale, which was based on a videofluoroscopic swallowing study in stroke patients, is a sensitive and specific method for quantifying the severity of dysphagia.     

Dysphagia Characteristics of Patients Post SARS-CoV-2 During Inpatient Rehabilitation

ObjectiveTo investigate dysphagia in patients recovering from SARS-CoV-2 admitted to acute inpatient rehabilitation by summarizing clinical swallow evaluation and videofluoroscopic swallow study findings.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingUrban inpatient rehabilitation hospital.ParticipantsThe first inpatients admitted with SARS-CoV-2 (N=40) who participated in a videofluoroscopic swallow study.InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasuresPatient characteristics upon admission (duration of intubation, tracheostomy status, comorbidities, videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) completion at previous level of care); admission International Dysphagia Diet level (IDDSI); Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability (MASA), Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), dysphagia severity rating; penetration aspiration scale (PAS) rated during VFSS; and IDDSI level recommended after completion of VFSS.ResultsTwenty percent of patients had been evaluated by videofluoroscopy in acute care. Nineteen of 37 (51%) individuals were upgraded to IDDSI level 7 regular diet with level 0 thin liquids and achieved a FOIS of 7 after the completion of the VFSS. Five individuals (13%) received a diet downgrade or remained on the same diet recommendations from their admission. Total numerical score (TNS) of less than 170 on the MASA predicted presence of aspiration in 27% of patients (6 of 22). Seventy-two percent of the sample (16 of 22) had a TNS less than 170 but did not demonstrate any instances of aspiration. The odds of patients having a PAS of 3 or greater increased by approximately 15% (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.27; P=.013). Thus, with each additional day of intubation during acute care stay, there was a 15% greater likelihood of having airway invasion.ConclusionsInstrumental swallow evaluations are imperative to diagnose and treat dysphagia in the post-coronavirus disease population. Because of the heterogeneity of this population, high incidence of prolonged intubation, and limitations of the clinical swallowing evaluation, instrumental assessments need to be performed on a more consistent basis as infection prevention protocols evolve.     

食管前性吞咽障碍评估

  目的  探讨食管前性吞咽障碍的评估方法。  方法  回顾性分析2001年1月至2011年10月北京协和医院耳鼻咽喉科16例食管前性吞咽障碍患者的临床评估资料。  结果  16例患者中9例接受反复唾液吞咽试验检查均表现异常; 8例接受洼田饮水试验检查均表现为Ⅲ级以上异常; 11例接受吞咽造影检查表现为启动延迟或不能启动, 吞咽相关误吸, 咽腭反流, 食物滞留、残留、渗漏, 环咽肌功能障碍; 11例接受内镜吞咽检查表现为声带麻痹、唾液潴留、咽喉部瘢痕、误吸等异常。  结论  反复唾液吞咽试验和洼田饮水试验可作为食管前性吞咽障碍筛查及床旁评价工具, 吞咽造影检查和内镜吞咽检查则可以精确评估吞咽障碍的发生部位及性质, 为下一步治疗提供有力的帮助。     

Evaluation of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia With the Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study

This article will discuss suspected oropharyngeal dysphagia, which is typically evaluated with a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). The VFSS is different from a regular barium swallow with a focus on the oral cavity, pharynx, and proximal esophagus as the patient ingests multiple volumes of liquids, semisolids, and solids. The goals of the VFSS are to assess oropharyngeal biomechanical function and dysfunction, determine swallowing safety and efficiency, identify effectiveness of compensatory strategies, establish an appropriate diet, and construct an evidence-based rehabilitation plan.     

Dysphagia. Diagnostic pitfalls and how to avoid them

Oropharyngeal and esophageal dysphagia involve different phases of swallowing, have different causes, and can usually be distinguished by a thorough patient history. Initial evaluation of patients with suspected oropharyngeal dysphagia includes patient history, physical and neurologic examination, and careful videofluoroscopic study of pharyngeal dynamics. Initial evaluation of patients with suspected esophageal dysphagia includes patient history and barium swallow with esophagography. Lesions such as Schatzki's ring or peptic stricture may not be detected unless the esophagus is sufficiently distended and the patient is given a bolus challenge.     

Swallow Screen Associated With Airway Protection and Dysphagia After Acute Stroke

ObjectiveThe goal was to examine the outcomes of an existing swallow screen protocol in comparison to results from a formal videofluoroscopic protocol.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingAcute hospital.ParticipantsPatients after acute stroke (N=48).InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasuresThe Johns Hopkins Hospital Brain Rescue Unit 3 oz Swallow Screen was implemented by nursing staff upon admission. Videofluoroscopy was conducted within 72 hours of diagnostic neuroimaging and initial swallow screen. Predictive values of the bedside swallow screen (pass/fail) for clinical judgment of dysphagia on videofluoroscopy (presence/absence) were calculated. Overall impairment scores from the Modified Barium Swallowing Impairment Profile were analyzed with respect to swallow screen results.ResultsThirteen participants failed the swallow screen, and 35 passed. Of the 35 patients who passed the swallow screen, 15 were clinically diagnosed with dysphagia on videofluoroscopy. Although pass/fail of the swallow screen was not a significant predictor of presence/absence of dysphagia, a logistic regression model including components of Laryngeal Elevation, Laryngeal Vestibule Closure, and Anterior Hyoid Excursion, and sex was statistically significant for swallow screen outcome.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that a swallow screen of aspiration risk can identify patients with the most need for videofluoroscopic evaluation and dysphagia management. Additionally, patients who fail a swallow screen are more likely to present with physiologic impairments related to airway protection on videofluoroscopy.     

家庭参与式口咽操训练在卒中后吞咽困难患者中的应用及效果评价

目的 探讨家庭参与式口咽操训练在卒中后吞咽困难患者的吞咽功能康复及营养状态改善中的应用及效果评价。方法 选取经洼田饮水试验评估为吞咽困难的脑卒中患者160例,按照随机数字法分为试验组与对照组,每组80例。对照组患者给予常规的吞咽功能训练,试验组给予常规的吞咽功能训练和家庭参与式口咽操训练。2组患者接受30d干预后,对其吞咽功能、吸入性肺炎发生率及营养状态进行评定与分析。结果 干预后,试验组吞咽困难改善情况好于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);干预期间试验组吸入性肺炎发生率为11.25%,明显低于对照组(31.25%),差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);干预后,试验组营养风险评分为(2.74±0.69),明显低于对照组[(3.04±1.02)],差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 针对吞咽功能障碍的卒中患者,在常规吞咽功能训练的基础上加用家庭参与式口咽操可有效改善患者吞咽功能,降低吸入性肺炎的发生率,改善营养状态。     

Assessing the laryngeal cough reflex and the risk of developing pneumonia after stroke

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of a new reflex cough test, using nebulized tartaric acid, in the evaluation of the laryngeal cough reflex and the development of aspiration pneumonia. STUDY DESIGN: In this two-phase study, the cough test assessed the cough reflex in 161 stroke subjects. Phase 1 was a double-blinded prospective study of 40 subjects scheduled to have both modified barium swallow and the reflex cough test. Phase 1 subjects with an abnormal cough test showed an increased pneumonia incidence, and therefore, phase 2 was not blinded. In phase 2, 121 subjects were evaluated using the cough test; 38 received a modified barium swallow. Test results were compared using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: A total of 131 subjects from both phases had a normal reflex cough test; none developed pneumonia (p < .01). Thirty subjects from both phases had abnormal reflex cough test results; 5 developed pneumonia. Modified barium swallow findings did not reliably indicate the risk for developing pneumonia. Specificity of a normal reflex cough test was 100%. CONCLUSION: The reflex cough test reliably evaluated the laryngeal cough reflex and the associated risk of developing aspiration pneumonia in stroke patients. Testing the laryngeal cough reflex may significantly reduce morbidity, mortality, and costs in stroke patients.     

电视透视下吞咽能力检查在口咽期吞咽障碍中的应用

目的 分析吞咽障碍患者电视透视下吞咽能力检查(VFSS)结果.方法 16例知情同意吞咽障碍患者接受VFSS检查.分别采用稀钡餐(50％ w/v)、稠钡餐(270％ w/v)、饼干沾稠钡餐进行咀嚼测试.一口量为10 ml.采用正位、侧位动态造影测试,依次观察双侧梨状窝对称情况、口期时长、咽期起始时间、咽期时长、滞留、误吸及其时间、剂量等.结果5例为口期吞咽障碍;3例为咽期吞咽障碍,显示存在咽期起始迟缓,并且有1例表现为吞咽后误吸;8例为口咽期吞咽障碍,其中5例不伴误吸,3例伴有误吸,其中2例为安静误吸,1例表现为吞咽前误吸,1例表现为吞咽后误吸(梨状窝滞留引起),1例无法判断误吸时间.4例误吸患者中,3例存在钡剂25％以上的重度误吸,1例存在5％的轻度误吸,同时配合吞咽康复治疗.结论VFSS检测可为制订吞咽障碍的康复方案提供参考.     

Swallowing disorders in closed head trauma patients

Fifty-three closed head trauma patients with dysphagia were examined videofluorographically to determine the specific nature of their swallowing disorder. Eighty-one percent of the patients exhibited a delayed or absent swallowing reflex while approximately 50% of the patients suffered from reduced tongue control, and 33% had reduced peristalsis. Laryngeal disorders and cricopharyngeal dysfunction occurred in a small number of patients. The average head trauma patient exhibited more than one swallowing motility problem. Twenty patients aspirated, with delayed or absent swallowing reflex as the most common etiology for the aspiration. Many of these patients did not produce a reflexive cough during or after they had aspirated material into their airway. For this reason, and since the pharyngeal stage of the swallow is extremely difficult to assess with presently available bedside techniques, videofluorographic evaluation becomes an invaluable tool for identification of the precise nature of the swallowing disturbance, the presence of aspiration, and the etiology of the aspiration.     

Swallowing disorders in severe brain injury: risk factors affecting return to oral intake

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and type of swallowing disorders that accompany severe brain injury and to identify factors that affect oral intake. DESIGN: Inception cohort study. SETTING: Level I trauma center. PATIENTS: Consecutively admitted patients with severe brain injury who achieved cognitive levels during admission to assess swallowing and who did not sustain injuries preventing swallowing assessment (n = 54). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Type of swallowing abnormalities and presence of aspiration evident on videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS), days to initiation and achievement of oral feeding, ventilation days, presence of a tracheostomy, and cognitive levels at initiation and achievement of oral feeding. RESULTS: Sixty-one percent of subjects exhibited abnormal swallowing. Loss of bolus control and reduced lingual control occurred most commonly. Aspiration rate was 41%. Normal swallowers achieved oral feeding in 19 days versus 57 days for abnormal swallowers. Rancho Los Amigos (RLA) Level IV was needed for initiation of oral feeding; Level VI was needed for total oral feeding. Risk factors for abnormal swallowing included: lower admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and RLA scores, presence of a tracheostomy, and ventilation time longer than 2 weeks. Risk factors for aspiration were lower admission GCS and RLA scores. CONCLUSIONS: Swallowing disorders and behavioral/cognitive skills are frequently present in patients with severe brain injury and significantly affect oral intake of food. Persons who swallow abnormally take significantly longer to start eating and to achieve total oral feeding, and they require nonoral supplementation three to four times longer than those who swallow normally.     

软式喉内窥镜结合染料试验在卒中后隐性误吸中的应用

目的 探讨软式喉内窥镜吞咽功能检查(FEES)结合染料试验对卒中后吞咽障碍患者隐性误吸的诊断价值。方法 选取2021年12月至2022年6月在徐州市中心医院康复科住院治疗的脑卒中患者50例,进行FEES和透视荧光吞咽检查(VFSS)。比较两者检查结果。结果 FEES误吸检出率高于VFSS(χ²=7.000, P <0.05)。FEES对于进食液体食物时误吸检出率高于VFSS (χ²=4.000, P <0.05);两种方法对于进食糊状(κ=0.941, P <0.001)及固体食物(κ=0.779, P <0.001)时一致性很好。两种方法食物残留部位一致性较好(κ=0.818, P <0.001);3种食物类型残留部位一致性均很好(κ≥0.862, P <0.001)。两种方法对于3种食物类型Rosenbek渗漏-误吸量表评分均无显著性差异(Z <0.667,P> 0.05)。结论 FEES结合染料试验可用于评估卒中后隐性误吸。     

Dysphagia in Older Adults

Dysphagia, which is a geriatric syndrome affecting 10% to 33% of older adults, is commonly seen in older adults who have experienced a stroke or neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer or Parkinson disease. Patients diagnosed as having dysphagia can experience malnutrition, pneumonia, and dehydration. Patients can also experience increased rates of mortality and long-term care admission. Providers can identify the specific type of dysphagia for treatment in approximately 80% of patients by asking 5 questions in the patient’s history: What happens when you try to swallow? Do you have trouble chewing? Do you have difficulty swallowing solids, liquids, or both? Describe the symptom onset, duration, and frequency? What are the associated symptoms? Providers can then request a videofluoroscopic swallow study or a fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing for further evaluation of oropharyngeal dysphagia. If providers are diagnosing esophageal dysphagia, barium esophagraphy or esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) can be used as part of the assessment. Patients can be treated for oropharyngeal dysphagia by using compensatory interventions, including behavioral changes, oral care, dietary modification, or rehabilitative interventions such as exercises and therapeutic oral trials. Providers often address treatment of esophageal dysphagia by managing the underlying etiology, which could include removal of caustic medications or using EGD as a therapeutic modality for esophageal rings. High-quality, large research studies are necessary to further manage the diagnosis and appropriate treatment of this growing geriatric syndrome.     

Biofeedback therapy using accelerometry for treating dysphagic patients with poor laryngeal elevation: case studies

Dysphagia, a swallowing disorder, is a problem encountered frequently in the rehabilitation of stroke and head injury patients. In normal individuals, safe passage of a food bolus into the esophagus is ensured by laryngeal elevation and closure of the airway. Inadequate laryngeal elevation can lead to aspiration, choking, and even death. The course of recovery in the current clinical practice is rather tedious. Recently, investigators have developed and evaluated the accelerometry technique for noninvasive assessment of laryngeal elevation. The purpose of the present paper is to present case reports of patients with poor laryngeal elevation treated with computerized biofeedback therapy using dynamic acceleration measurements. Acceleration was measured from the dysphagic patient during swallowing, and was dynamically displayed on the computer screen along with an acceleration signal from a typical, normal subject. The patient was asked to elicit a swallow response such that his/her acceleration display matched the display of the normal subject. Each patient had nine therapy sessions, lasting about half an hour each. All five patients improved significantly in acceleration magnitude and in swallowing function as confirmed by the videofluorography evaluation.     

Prediction of laryngeal aspiration using voice analysis

OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic value of voice analysis to screen for patients with high risk of clinically significant aspiration. DESIGN: A total of 93 patients referred for a videofluoroscopic swallowing study were included in the study. Voice analyses were performed before and after videofluoroscopic swallowing study, and five acoustic variables were measured, including average fundamental frequency, relative average perturbation, shimmer percentage, noise-to-harmonic ratio, and voice turbulence index. The patients were divided into two groups based on the results of the videofluoroscopic swallowing study: a high-risk group with patients who had the ingested materials on or below the vocal cords and a low-risk group with patients who did not have the ingested materials on or below the vocal cords. The changes of each acoustic variable before and after the videofluoroscopic swallowing study were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Relative average perturbation, shimmer percentage, noise-to-harmonic ratio, and voice turbulence index were significantly increased after videofluoroscopic swallowing study in the high-risk group as compared with the low-risk group (P < 0.05). The change of average fundamental frequency, however, was not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). According to the receiver operating characteristics curve, the sensitivity of these acoustic variables in detecting aspiration or penetration ranged from 68.9% to 91.1% and specificity ranged from 68.8% to 97.9%. Relative average perturbation was the most accurate variable, with a sensitivity of 91.1% and a specificity of 97.9% in predicting aspiration or penetration. The combination of relative average perturbation and noise-to-harmonic ratio increased the sensitivity to 100% but reduced the specificity to 77.1%. CONCLUSION: Voice analysis is a safe, noninvasive, and reliable screening tool for patients with dysphagia and can detect patients at high risk of clinically significant aspiration, thereby augmenting clinical bedside examination.     

Implementing a systematic care pathway for management of dysphagia after cardiothoracic surgery

ObjectivesThis longitudinal quality improvement study explored the impact of a new multidisciplinary dysphagia care pathway on swallow screening referrals, patient journeys and swallow outcomes in patients after cardiac surgery.Research methodologyThe new dysphagia care pathway consisted of i) nurse chart review triaging using established risk factors, ii) nurse swallow screening (including a cough reflex test and water swallow test) and iii) rapid referral routes to speech pathology. All patients referred for swallow screening in 2020 after the commencement of the new dysphagia care pathway were included (n = 114). Data was compared to two historical, published data sets at the research site (n-41 in 2012–2013 and n = 121 in 2013–2016).SettingCardiovascular intensive care unit.Results52% failed chart review and 29% failed cough reflex test. All patients who passed chart review and cough reflex test returned to a normal diet without need for speech pathology referral. Silent aspiration rates were high in those who failed chart review and the cough reflex test (42%, 43% respectively). For those who received a swallow screen, enteral feeding rates were 70% on first assessment and 27% by discharge from the unit in historical data (2013–2016). In comparison, in 2020, enteral feeding rates were 44% and 8% respectively.ConclusionsReferrals for nurse swallow screening and speech pathology increased following the introduction of the care pathway. There has been a reduction in enteral feeding rates and length of enteral feeding at discharge. High rates of silent aspiration in those who fail screening suggests stepwise nurse dysphagia screening successfully picks up at-risk patients.