经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗儿童上尿路结石

目的 探讨经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗儿童上尿路结石的疗效与安全性.方法 上尿路结石患儿51例,平均年龄5.6岁,均为14岁以下.其中肾结石41例,结石平均大小16.8 mm（11～28 mm）,输尿管结石10例,结石平均大小11.5 mm（10～16 mm）.全部病例使用全身麻醉下经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗.术后行超声或X线摄片观察疗效,术后随访2～20个月.结果 51例患儿中,单通道取石49例（96%）,双通道取石2例（3%）.一期取石46例（90%）,二期取石5例（9%）.结石排尽率96%（49/51）.平均手术时间85.5 min.一期取净结石者住院时间7～10 d,平均8 d.术中操作鞘脱出腹膜后渗液1例,置腹膜后引流管后渗液消失.术后发热4例（7%）;1例（2%）术后大出血予输血及超选择性肾动脉栓塞后治愈.4例残石患儿,2例二期行原窦道或再次穿刺取石取净;1例一期取石术后ESWL治疗仍有残石,1例一期取石术后出血放弃再次取石.全部病例术后半年复查彩超,49例肾积水消失,2例重度肾积水转为轻度肾积水,手术肾脏未见缩小.结论 经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术并发症少,净石率高,可重复取石,是治疗儿童上尿路结石安全有效的手段.     

经输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗儿童肾结石和输尿管上段结石

目的 探讨经输尿管软镜钬激光技术治疗儿童肾结石和输尿管上段结石的疗效.方法 回顾性分析47例（52侧）采用经输尿管软镜钬激光技术治疗的上尿路结石患儿临床资料.结果 47例52侧上尿路结石,单用输尿管软镜碎石取石术35例、硬镜＋软镜12例.其中2侧一次入鞘置镜碎石成功;其余采用双J管扩张输尿管后,45侧置入软镜导引鞘成功.45侧置入导引鞘者,39侧一次碎石成功;另外3侧进行了第二次碎石手术;其他3侧未寻及结石,2侧改由MPCNL,1侧观察.5侧导引鞘置入不成功者,其中2侧在斑马导丝引导下置入软镜到肾盂进行碎石成功;另外2例改由微创经皮肾穿刺碎石取石术（MPCNL）,1例失访.共49侧入镜成功并碎石.术后1个月复查B超或CT,46侧结石全部排尽,清石率88.5%（46/52）,3例残留下盏结石,术后2～4周再行软镜碎石取石术,术后1个月复查,结石全部排尽.术后2个月总清石率92.3%（49/52）.本组平均手术时间为 45 min（25~115 min）.术后平均住院时间3 d（2~5 d）,术后出血少,发生输尿管口撕裂1例,无输尿管反流和狭窄.3例出现术后发热.43例术后随访2～24个月,未见输尿管狭窄,1例术后1年结石复发.结论 选择合适的输尿管软镜,熟炼掌握操作技术,采用经输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术,是治疗儿童肾和输尿管上段结石安全有效的方法.     

可视化超微通道经皮肾镜碎石术治疗儿童无积水肾结石的疗效分析

目的探讨可视化超微通道经皮肾镜碎石术治疗儿童无积水肾结石的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院小儿泌尿外科2018年8月至2019年11月采用可视化超微通道经皮肾镜碎石术治疗的14例无积水肾结石患儿的临床资料。其中男童8例,女童6例;手术时中位年龄60.77个月,年龄范围7～190个月;左侧6例,右侧7例,双侧1例;单发肾结石3例,多发性肾结石11例,结石平均直径(14.47±6.52) mm,范围8～30 mm,术前结石的平均CT值为(1 031.80±341.35) HU,范围498～1951 HU。所有患儿膀胱截石位留置输尿管导管制造人工肾积水,俯卧位B超引导下应用可视化穿刺系统穿刺目标肾盏,根据结石大小和盏颈情况选择扩张至F12超微通道。结果 14例患儿共进行15侧次碎石手术,共建立15个工作通道,1侧次辅助F4.8极微通道辅助碎石,一次穿刺成功率100%,平均手术时间(107.00±18.25) min,范围80～145 min,术后血红蛋白下降(13.60±10.93) g/L,无输血及栓塞止血病例。术后发热2例,无集合系统穿孔、腹腔脏器损伤及胸膜损伤。其中2例鹿角形结石患儿因结石负荷大,需要分期手术,另有1例术后残留一个8 mm大小的结石,辅助体外冲击波碎石术(extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy,ESWL)治疗,一期结石清除率80.0%(12/15),二期结石清除率93.3%(14/15)。术后平均随访时间(12.58±4.87)个月,范围6～22个月,仅有1例胱氨酸结石复发。结论可视化穿刺系统可安全、快速地建立皮肾工作通道,配合超微通道经皮肾镜碎石术治疗儿童无积水肾结石具有较高的结石清除率和安全性。     

微创手术治疗小儿尿路结石

目的探讨微创手术治疗小儿尿路结石的可行性与临床效果。方法应用输尿管镜经尿道碎石或经皮肾造瘘碎石取出尿路结石。结果52例患儿所有结石均一次取净,无明显并发症。结论微创手术治疗小儿尿路结石安全可行,并发症少。     

微创经皮肾穿刺取石治疗儿童复杂肾结石

目的 探讨微创经皮肾穿刺取石治疗儿童复杂肾结石的疗效和安全性.方法 回顾性分析我院收治儿童复杂肾结石33例,男21例,女12例,年龄5～14岁,平均8.5岁.结石位于右侧16例,左侧13例,双侧4例.结石单发11例,多发19例,铸形结石3例,结石大小2.1 cm×3.2 cm-3.7 cmx6.7 cm.均采用B超定位经皮肾气压道碎石系统治疗,并观察结石清除情况.结果 本组33例均经一次穿刺即成功建立通道,其中4例行两通道碎石,4例同时行双侧碎石.31例I期行经皮肾微创造瘘术(MPCNL),2例Ⅱ期.手术时间80～130 min,平均92 min,术中出血30-80 ml,平均(61.5±12.3)ml,均无输血.1例有较大结石残留辅以体外震波碎石治疗.Ⅰ期结石清除率90.9%(30/33),Ⅱ期碎石后总清除率为96.9%(32/33).无气胸、腹腔脏器损伤、大出血等严重并发症.术后发热4例.术后24 h血红蛋白及血肌酐值与术前相比差异无统计学意义.术后住院时间4～8 d,平均5.4 d.术后随访3～18个月,平均9个月,结石无复发.结论 微创经皮肾取石治疗儿童复杂肾结石安全可行,疗效确切,具有创伤小、恢复快等优点,可成为本病首选治疗.     

超声与X线引导下经皮肾镜取石术治疗儿童复杂性肾结石的疗效及安全性比较

目的比较超声与X线引导下经皮肾镜取石术(percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL)治疗儿童复杂性肾结石的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2011年7月至2018年7月国家儿童医学中心复旦大学附属儿科医院使用PCNL治疗的80侧儿童复杂性肾结石的临床资料,其中经X线引导41侧,经超声引导39侧。对两组病例术前一般情况以及一次穿刺皮肾通道建立成功率、穿刺失败例数、术中及术后并发症发生例数、结石清除率等指标进行比较分析。结果两组病例年龄、左右侧别及结石大小方面的差异均无统计学意义(P 0.05)。术中经超声引导组在一次皮肾通道建立成功率上优于经X线引导组(89.7%vs.70.7%,P=0.034)。经X线引导组中,2侧最终穿刺失败终止手术,1侧并发结肠损伤,2侧围手术期输血。两组病例在最终穿刺失败例数(2 vs.0)、平均手术时间[(109.76±32.46)min vs.(109.26±74.68) min]、术中并发症(1 vs.0)、围手术期输血(2 vs.0)、平均术后住院天数[(8.49±2.72) min vs.(8.23±1.78 d) min]、结石清除率(80.5%vs.76.9%)方面差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论超声引导下PCNL在治疗小儿复杂性肾结石中同样安全、有效,相比传统的X线引导,完全避免了医患在PCNL手术中的放射线暴露,值得临床推广。     

微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术治疗幼儿上尿路结石

目的 总结我们应用微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术治疗幼儿上尿路结石的经验,并且探讨其安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析2006年10月到2 009年12月,我们应用微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术治疗18例幼儿上尿路结石的患儿资料.所有手术均使用8.0/9.8F输尿管镜代替肾镜,12～16F的肾通道,X线定位下完成.结果 其中16例患儿结石完全取净,清除率为88.9%,2例患儿需要联合ESWL治疗.平均手术时间76.5 min,平均血红蛋白下降18.7 g/L.Ⅰ期处理14例,Ⅱ期处理4例.结论 微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术治疗幼儿上尿路结石安全有效,并发症少,并且可以多次治疗.     

经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗婴幼儿输尿管结石

目的 探讨经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗婴幼儿输尿管结石的可行性和疗效.方法 回顾性分析2008年12月至2010年10月36例41侧婴幼儿输尿管结石采用经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗的临床资料.结果 36例41侧输尿管结石,其中32侧一次入镜碎石成功;8侧采用导丝、输尿管导管、双J管扩张后碎石成功;1侧改经皮肾穿刺钬激光碎石术.所有病例术后均留置双J管1～4周,拔管后2周内复查B超或KUB结石全部排尽,清石率97.6％.7侧合并有输尿管息肉者,息肉切除.发生输尿管口撕裂1例,黏膜下假道2例,留置双J管4周,无输尿管反流和狭窄并发症.1例出现术后发热,经抗感染后体温正常.所有病例术后随访3～24个月未见输尿管狭窄和结石复发.结论 选择合适的输尿管镜,熟炼掌握操作技术,采用经输尿管肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗婴幼儿输尿管结石安全有效.     

双镜联合治疗儿童复杂上尿路结石的可行性分析

目的探讨双镜联合治疗儿童复杂性上尿路结石的可行性和安全性。方法回顾性收集2017年1月至2020年1月于上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心接受治疗的9例复杂性上尿路结石患儿作为研究对象,其中5例为输尿管末端狭窄合并肾结石,1例为右肾重复畸形下半肾积水合并结石,1例为双侧输尿管结石伴右肾重度积水,1例为肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄合并下盏结石,1例为鹿角状结石。手术方式包括腹腔镜联合输尿管软镜或经皮肾镜、经皮肾镜联合输尿管软镜2种。结果9例患儿中男童7例,女童2例,平均年龄(45±47)个月,中位年龄27个月。所有患儿均成功完成手术,平均手术时间(138±37)min,中位手术时间134 min,无明显手术并发症。5例输尿管末端狭窄合并肾结石患儿结石成分均为草酸钙,术后随访期间未见结石复发。1例重复肾下半肾积水患儿结石成分为草酸钙,术后随访期间未见结石复发。1例双侧输尿管结石伴右肾重度积水患儿结石成分为尿酸,目前该患儿尚未拔除DJ管。1例肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄合并肾下盏结石的患儿结石成分为碳酸磷灰石和一水草酸钙,随访至今未见复发。1例鹿角状结石成分为草酸钙,术后随访1年结石复发。结论双镜联合治疗方法可安全有效地处理儿童复杂性上尿路结石。     

两种经皮肾镜碎石术式治疗新疆维吾尔族儿童多发性肾结石疗效的回顾性分析

目的比较微通道经皮肾镜碎石术(mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy,Mini-PCNL)与可视经皮肾镜碎石术(Microperc)治疗维吾尔族儿童多发性肾结石的有效性与安全性。方法收集2015—2020年新疆喀什第一人民医院泌尿外科收治的68例维吾尔族多发性肾结石患儿临床资料,其中男40例,女28例,年龄8个月至12岁;29例患儿接受33侧Mini-PCNL手术治疗(为Mini-PCNL组),39例患儿接受46侧Microperc手术治疗(为Microperc组)。比较两组患儿的年龄、性别、体重指数、患肾侧别、术前尿培养结果、术前肾积水情况、结石直径总和、CT值、结石数目、累计肾盏数目。统计两组手术相关参数、术后1天及术后1个月随访结石清除率(stone free rate,SFR)和并发症发生率。结果68例中位年龄为4.0(3.0,5.0)岁,体质指数(body mass index,BMI)为16.4(15.1,17.7)kg/m 2,术前尿培养结果呈阳性者共35例(51.2%),术前尿路感染共45例(66.2%);两组中位结石直径总和分别为2.4(2.0,3.0)cm、1.2(1.0,1.7)cm(P<0.001);平均CT值分别为(720.3±277.2)Hu、(666.9±295.4)Hu(P=0.49);结石数量为2.4(2.0,3.0)个(P=0.577);累计肾盏数目分别为2(1,2)个、1(1,1.75)个(P=0.002);两组SFR分别为93.9%和91.3%(P=0.996)。两组中位手术时间分别为30(25,52.5)min、40(20,60)min(P=0.929);术中灌注量分别为600(300,800)mL、220(150,300)mL(P=0.006);中位住院天数为5.0(4.0,6.0)d(P=0.735);手术前后血红蛋白变化值分别为7.0(2.0,10.0)g/L、3.0(2.0,6.75)g/L(P=0.284)。两组并发症发生率分别为21.2%和17.4%(P=0.721)。结论Mini-PCNL和Microperc在平均发病年龄低、术前感染率高的新疆维吾尔族儿童多发性肾结石中的应用均表现出较好的有效性与安全性。在术式的选择上,Mini-PCNL能够更有效地处理负荷较大(结石最大直径总和>2 cm、多肾盏分布)的维吾尔族儿童肾结石。     

Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy in preschool age children with kidney calculi (including stones induced by melamine-contaminated milk powder)

Purpose

This study was undertaken to assess the safety and efficacy of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mini-PCNL) using ureteroscope and pneumatic intracorporeal lithotripsy in preschool age children with kidney calculi.

Methods

We studied 27 renal units in 20 patients of preschool age (≤6?years) who underwent mini-PCNL at our institute. The mean age was 42.6?months (range 14–68?months). The average stone burden was 1.85?cm (range 0.9–2.8?cm). Eight patients aged 14 to 58?months had been exposed to melamine-tainted powdered formula. The mini-PCNL was performed with an X-ray-guided peripheral puncture. Minimal tract dilatation was undertaken to fit a 14–16?Fr peel-away sheath. Ureteroscope and pneumatic intracorporeal lithotripsy were used to fragment the stones.

Results

Complete clearance was achieved in 23 renal units (85.2?%) with mini-PCNL monotherapy. This has increased to 92.6?% after adjunctive ESWL. The average fall in hemoglobin was 1.28?g/dL. None of the patients required blood transfusion. The median length of hospital stay was 8.2?days. Patients were followed up every 6?months for 2?years. There has been only one recurrence of stone and no long-term complications.

Conclusion

Mini-PCNL is a effective treatment for pediatric kidney stones refractory to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, including stones induced by melamine-contaminated milk powder. The “mini-PCNL” technique, which uses ureteroscope and pneumatic intracorporeal lithotripsy, is a safe and feasible modality for treating renal calculi in preschool age children.     

Percutaneous treatment of stones in pediatrics: A retrospective multicenter study

PurposeThis study was conducted to investigate the cons and pros of percutaneous stone treatment in a large population of children in a retrospective manner.Material and methodsThree centers with experience in pediatric stone disease were included in this study. The data regarding the patients, stones, surgery and postoperative course were collected from each center.Results346 renal units were operated in 311 (M:211, F:100) pediatric patients. The ages ranged from 9 months to 16 year old (mean:8.6). The mean stone area was 338.7 mm² (25-2075). Five had horseshoe kidneys, 2 had stones in caliceal diverticula, 9 had solitary kidney and 5 children had chronic renal failure. The procedure was carried out using different sizes of instruments within a mean surgery time of 90 min (10-270) and a mean fluoroscopy time of 12.9 min. (1.5-53). 267 (77%) renal units were rendered completely stonefree without major complications. The mean hospitalization time was 5.1 days (2-31). Blood transfusion rate was 14.7%, re-PCNL was performed in 8, adjuvant SWL was done in 6. Two had nonfunctional kidneys on follow-up.ConclusionsPercutaneous nephrolithotomy is a standard treatment option for most of the large stones in pediatrics with acceptable morbidity. The technique is well established and is no longer of concern for this age group. Future studies should focus on randomized comparative trials with SWL.     

单纯上或下患肾部输尿管膀胱外再植治疗完全性重复肾畸形

目的 评价采用单纯上或下患肾部单根输尿管膀胱外再植治疗完全性重复肾畸形的疗效.方法 从2009年12月1日起至2014年12月31日间,我科采用单纯上或下患肾部单根输尿管膀胱外再植治疗完全性重复肾畸形患儿27例,均为单侧病变,女19例,男8例,年龄2个月至8岁.所有患儿经影像学检查明确诊断为完全性重复肾畸形且均为单根输尿管病变.其中上输尿管异位开口者9例;重复上肾上输尿扩张积水伴上输尿管末端囊肿者10例;重复下肾部输尿管单纯反流者8例.临床症状主要表现为正常排尿间歇性滴尿或发热性尿路感染.所有患儿术后随访观察11个月至6年,随访项目包括泌尿系统超声、同位素和膀胱造影等.结果 所有患儿手术过程顺利,平均手术时间63 min,术后平均住院时间为5d,术后所有患儿临床症状均消失.术后有1例患儿因血尿检查发现再植输尿管开口处结石形成,予以行膀胱镜下钬激光碎石术.术后6个月复查超声示患肾部积水均有好转,同位素示患肾部功能改善或稳定,正常肾部功能未见异常改变.7例患儿术后复查排泄性膀胱尿道造影检查未见膀胱输尿管反流等发生.结论 经腹股沟皮纹小切口单纯上或下患肾部单根输尿管膀胱外再植术治疗完全性重复肾畸形是一种安全、有效的方法,值得临床推广.     

Profile of EBV- associated infectious mononucleosis

During a 5 year period, 33 children (22 males) were diagnosed to have infectious mononucleosis (M:F::2:1; age 9 mo-15 y). The common clinical features observed were fever (100%), lymphadenopathy (84%) hepatosplenomegaly (81%), tonsillar enlargement (45%), neck swelling (30%), upper respiratory symptoms (21%), epitrochlear node enlargement (20%), vomiting and diarrhea (1%). Ten children had complications; upper airway obstruction and hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis occurred in four each and septic shock in two. EBV associated infectious mononucleosis in hospitalized children was found to affect mainly preschool children and had a favorable prognosis.     

小儿微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术

目的总结小儿微创经皮。肾输尿管镜取石术的临床疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析57例(59例次)应用微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术治疗小儿上尿路结石的患儿资料。男34例，女23例；年龄4～16岁。手术指征包括直径大于2．0cm或铸型肾结石36例次(其中手术后残留或复发的肾结石9例次)，引起梗阻性肾扩张的肾或输尿管上段结石9例次，ESWL术失败的肾或输尿管上段结石7例次，合并远端梗阻的肾结石7例次。结果手术治疗59例次，其中41例次(69．5％)经一次PCNL结石被完全清除。因术中出血需输血4例次，明显尿外渗1例次。PCNL加ESWL或重复PCNL，结石完全清除率达86．4％。结论微创经皮肾输尿管镜取石术是一种治疗小儿肾和输尿管上段结石安全、有效的方法。     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Danish preschool children over a 10-year period: a study of two birth cohorts in general practice

Aim: To determine change in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in preschool children, over a 10‐year period and to identify possible predictors of overweight in 5‐year‐old children. Methods: Anthropometric data from birth and routine child health examinations at 3 and 5 years of age performed in general practice were collected in 5580 children from two Funen birth cohorts (1992 and 2001, respectively) representing 48% of the total population at similar age. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was classified using the International Obesity Task Force definitions. Results: In a Danish representative survey of preschool children, the average body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of overweight and obesity did not vary significantly during the 10‐year period. No significant changes in mean birth weight were registered and mean BMI in the group of obese children did not increase. Overweight or obesity at 5 years was strongly associated with overweight and obesity at 3 years and with birth weight and gender. Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed to be stable over a decade in Danish preschool children without changes in mean BMI in the group of obese children. A strong association between overweight and obesity at 3 and at 5 years of age was detected.     

Dysrhythmias following the Mustard and Senning operation for transposition of the great arteries

The prevalence and nature of late dysrhythmias following operative repair of transposition of the great arteries were evaluated in 32 children using pre- and postoperative standard electrocardiograms and postoperative Holter monitoring. The Mustard procedure was performed in 17 patients, the Senning procedure in 15 patients. The mean age at operation was 40 +/- 35 months in the Mustard and 9 +/- 6 months in the Senning group. The mean interval between operation and Holter monitoring 7 +/- 2 years in the Mustard and 1.6 +/- 1 years in the Senning group. All patients had sinus rhythm preoperatively. Following operation, the incidence of sinus rhythm increased from 59% in the Mustard and 87% in the Senning group in the first postoperative week to 76% in the Mustard and 100% in the Senning group at the end of follow-up (mean 4.6 +/- 3.5 years). Holter monitoring revealed dysrhythmias or conduction abnormalities in 12 patients (9 Mustard, 3 Senning). A permanent pacemaker had to be inserted in 2 Mustard patients because of complete atrioventricular block and sinus bradycardia with sinus arrest, respectively. Results indicate a prevalence of late postoperative dysrhythmias of 20% in the Senning and of 59% in the Mustard group (p less than 0.05). However, the significantly longer mean follow-up period of the Mustard group precludes a direct comparison between the 2 types of repair.     

Developmental assessment at four years: are there any differences between children who do,or do not,cooperate?

Among preschool children failure to cooperate in a developmental assessment is not uncommon, but many reports do not mention this awkward situation. Can such children be ignored? The abilities of 203 children were assessed at age 4 years and 7 1/2 years. At 4 years 37 (18%) did not cooperate fully and an overall developmental score could not, therefore, be calculated. For those sections in which they did achieve a score, the mean values, in all areas of development, were lower than those of complete cooperators and the differences were significant for visuomotor function, language, and comprehension. At 7 1/2 years children in the lower social classes who had been uncooperative at age 4 years had lower scores in all six areas of ability tested than those who had cooperated fully at 4 years. No differences were found for upper class children. Refusal to cooperate may in some cases indicate inability to perform and such children should not be ignored or discarded from follow up analyses.     

Therapeutic gastrointestinal endoscopy

The safety, efficacy and utility of various therapeutic gastrointestinal (Gl) endoscopic procedures performed on children (January 1992 to July 1995) at a tertiary referral centre in India were studied. A total of 1,030 sessions (upper Gl 972 and lower Gl 58) of therapeutic Gl endoscopy were performed in 162 children (mean age 7.4±4 years; upper Gl 115, lower Gl 47). Various upper Gl endoscopie procedures done were injection sclerotherapy (EIS), endoscopie variceal ligation (EVL), bougie dilatation of oesphageal strictures, balloon dilatations of oesophageal stricture/pyloric obstruction and retrieval of foreign bodies in 75%, 6%, 9%, 4% and 12% of children respectively. Therapy for bleeding from oesophageal varices constituted the major group (75%). Repeated EIS (sessions total—876, mean 8, range 5–15) performed on 86 children resulted in control of bleeding in all and eradication of oesophageal varices in 85% of cases. Minor complications (oesophageal ulcers and oesophageal strictures) due to EIS were observed in 9% of children. EVL (10 sessions in 7 children) was effective in controlling bleeding and substantial decrease of varices in all without any complication. Oesophageal dilatation either by bougie (61 sessions in 10 children) or balloon (6 sessions in 3 children) were performed for benign strictures. Balloon dilatation of pyloric obstruction was successfully done in 2 children. Foreign bodies (retained or sharp) were retrieved from upper Gl tract in 14 children. No complications were observed with stricture dilatation/foreign body retrieval. Therapeutic lower Gl endoscopies were performed in 47 children (colonoscopic polypectomy in 92%, anal dilatation and piles banding in 4% each). One child with juvenile polyposis coli developed sigmoid colon performation following colonoscopic polypectomy which required surgical correction. We conclude that upper and lower Gl endoscopie therapeutic procedures in children are highly effective and safe. The risk of major complication is very small in experienced hands and occasional minor complications, can be managed conservatively.     

Utilizing ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pediatric fibroepithelial polyps causing ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Background

Fibroepithelial polyps are a rare cause of ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction in children. Preoperative US diagnosis of fibroepithelial polyps is infrequently reported, with intravenous pylogram and retrograde pyelography being most commonly used for diagnosis.

Objective

To recommend the most accurate process for diagnosing this disease in children by assessing a modified ultrasonographic procedure for the diagnosis of fibroepithelial polyps.

Materials and methods

A retrospective review of US and IVP imaging studies performed in surgically and histologically confirmed cases of fibroepithelial polyps in children. Each child was asked to drink as much water as possible 30?min before the US testing. For US, the renal pelvis, UPJ and the proximal ureter were inspected for an echogenic mass resulting in hydronephrosis. For IVP studies, abdominal plain films were performed at 7, 15 and 30?min following contrast injection.

Results

Thirty-five children, 34 boys and 1 girl, had confirmed fibroepithelial polyps. The children ranged in age from 3 to 14?years (mean age 9?years). Clinical presentation included intermittent vague abdominal pain (100%) and/or hematuria (9.7%) for a period ranging from 1?month to 5?years. Of the 35 children (37 polyps), 21 (23 polyps) were correctly diagnosed preoperatively with US, establishing a 62.2% (23/37) US accuracy rate. Twenty polyps were seen on the left, three on the right and two children had bilateral polyps. The masses were all mildly echogenic with defined edges. Eight children (9 polyps) had an IVP consistent with fibroepithelial polyps giving IVP an accuracy rate of 24.3% (9/37).

Conclusion

US is an effective screening tool for identifying fibroepithelial polyps causing UPJ obstruction in children.