Is hepatitis B virus reactivation a risk factor in the development of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder following liver transplantation?

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder （PTLD） is a well-known complication of both solid organ and bone marrow transplantation, with a prevalence estimated to be between 1% to 20% depending on the type of organ transplanted. PTLD includes a wide spectrum of proliferative changes ranging from reactive hyperplasia, borderline lesions, to malignant lymphomas. Several factors, such as the clinical immunosuppressive regimen, infection of the Epstein-Barr virus, and underlying disease in the patient are believed to contribute to the development of PTLD.     

Clinical features of multiple organ failure in the elderly.

Multiple organ failure (MOF) in the elderly is a new syndrome evolved from multiple organ chronic diseases on the basis of multiple organ dysfunction in the aged. Its characteristics are clinically different from those of MOF due to serious trauma. 122 cases of MOF were analysed retrospectively and their clinical features discussed. MOF with a long course is the natural presentation in many of the elderly before death. Its main precipitating factors are pulmonary infection, metastatic carcinoma, cardiac attack, etc. The sequence of a failure in organs is heart, lung, kidney, liver, etc. The mortality is similar to that of MOF due to trauma. However, those suffering from 4-organ failure can still survive, and instead, the renal failure can be mostly fatal. More attention should be paid to the prevention of MOF in the elderly so as to shorten its developing course.

     

Therapeutic application of molecular adsorbents recirculating system in various pathogenic MODS/MOF patients

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) or multiple organ failure (MOF) is a syndrome which is frequently related to shock and sepsis, and has been described as the most common cause of death in the noncoronary critical care unit. The potential pathogenesis of the septic and systemicinflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) response has been increasingly associated with the development and aggravation of MODS or MOF. And studies in this respect have also demonstrated that there is a higher risk of mortality associated withsome specific organ systems when they are dysfunctional, thus leading to the failures of the liver, brain, lung, and kidney. The liver interacts with many other organ systems, and liver dysfunction may act collectively in the production of organ system dysfunction, thus finally ending up with MODS.     

Role of ferroptosis in fibrosis: From mechanism to potential therapy

Fibrosis, which is a manifestation of the physiological response to injury characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components, is a ubiquitous outcome of the repair process. However, in cases of repetitive or severe injury, fibrosis may become dysregulated, leading to a pathological state and organ failure. In recent years, a novel form of regulated cell death, referred to as ferroptosis, has been identified as a possible contributor to fibrosis; it is characterized by ir...     

Pragmatic solution for organ donation in response to challenges faced by the Chinese society: summary for the National Donation after Circulatory Death Pilot Program

Organ transplant is an advanced medical technology brought to China from the West in the latter half of the 20th century.Thanks to the strenuous efforts of generations,it has become a mature clinical practice,having saved the lives of a great number of patients suffering from end-stage organ failure.Different from other medical technologies,an organ transplant requires a donated transplantable organ,and the donation and allocation are embedded in social issues such as culture,tradition,ethics,and law.Therefore,the government should play a leading role in the extensive application of transplant technology to build a managing system in line with social ethics,to motivate the public to register for gratuitous organ donations,to assure the donors of their legitimate interests and benefits through reasonable donation procedures and regulations,and to guarantee the just allocation and reasonable utilization of organs.While developing organ transplant technology,the western countries have established a complete legal management framework.For instance,in the United States,National Organ Transplant Act was promulgated in 1984,and institutions such as Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN),Organ Procurement Organization (OPO),and United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) were set up accordingly to ensure the rationality and legality of transplant services.     

The role of connective tissue growth factor, transforming growth factor β1 and Smad signaling pathway in cornea wound healing

The cornea is a highly specialized and unique organ in the human body. Its main function is to project light from the external environment onto the retina, and it has a specific transparency to perform its function properly. The transparency and integrity of the cornea is of vital importance. The corneal wound, especially laceration deep to Bowman＇s membrane and stroma, which will inevitably cause scar formation, may cause the degeneration or even loss of sight.     

Multi-organ protection during open heart surgery

Purpose and Methods　Open-heart surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with an inflammatory cascade which contributes to the development of postoperative complications including multiple organ failure. To provide an update on the subject, we briefly review the recent English-language literature. Results　During CPB, various factors have been recognized to induce a complex inflammatory response. Based on an enhanced understanding of the underlying mechanisms, therapeutic strategies have been developed to reduce this inflammatory reaction and its subsequent damaging effects. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting may result in less inflammatory injury as compared with the conventional maneuver, which can in turn, diminish the incidence of cardiac, renal, or neurological dysfunction. It is also clear that improving the biocompatibility of CPB materials can lead to a better patient recovery. Inasmuch as the pathophysiology involved appears to be multifactorial, it is unlikely that a single intervention could achieve the desired goal. Both pharmacologic strategies, such as steroid pretreatment, and modification of mechanical devices, such as the use of heparin-coated CPB circuits, could have important clinical implications. The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses may be crucial in limiting the extent of inflammatory injury. Conclusions　To date, the concept of organ protection should no longer be limited to the individual organ. Instead, investigations must be extended to focus on a systemic level.     

TREATING AMENORRHEA IN VITAL ENERGY-DEFICIENT PATIENTS WITH ANGELICA SINENSIS-ASTRAGALUS MEMBRANACEUS MENSTRUATION-REGULATING DECOCTION

Amenorrhea is a common gynecological com-plaint more frequently seen in young women.Re-ports from various sources have appeared of latein which treatment of the disease involved theuse of tonics to restore the patient's health.Theviscera on which emphasis is laid are,however,varied.Most studies were conducted with theKidney as the organ to be reinforced.Next comes     

Early goal-directed fluid therapy with fresh frozen plasma reduces severe acute pancreatitis mortality in the intensive care unit

Hemodynamic instability plays a major role in the pathogenesis of systemic inflammation,tissue hypoxia,and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome associated with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).Aggressive fluid replacement is one of the key interventions for the hemodynamic support in severe acute pancreatitis.1Although the need for fluid resuscitation in severe pancreatitis is well established,the goals and components of this treatment are still a matter of debate.We used resuscitation strategies according to early goaldirected therapy (EGDT);we measured the effects of these volume resuscitation on clinical outcomes such as organ function and mortality.Because frozen plasma is cheaper and more easily acquired than albumin for patients,we hypothesized that fluid resuscitation with frozen plasma according to EGDT would be associated with reduced incidence of organ failure and mortality as compared with individuals resuscitated with normal crystalloid and plasma substitute volume resuscitation.     

New considerations regarding pelvic organ prolapse treatment in China

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is non-fatal conditions which can markedly affect a patient’s quality of life. Multiple recently developed pelvic reconstructive surgeries have led to a recent expansion in China. In this study, we would like to discuss various aspects of the evaluation and management of POP and raise the question of what is sufficient evidence for the adoption of innovative treatments for POP.

     

2型糖尿病患者血清脂肪细胞因子与胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者血清脂肪细胞因子水平变化及其与胰岛素抵抗之间的相关性。方法随机选择30例非肥胖2型糖尿病患者、30例肥胖2型糖尿病患者、30例健康对照者,用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清Resistin、TNF-α、FFA水平,同时测定空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹胰岛素、总胆固醇、甘油三酯,测量身高、体重、腰围、臀围及血压,并计算出体重指数(BMI)和腰臀比(WHR),用Homa公式计算胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI),并对它们进行相关分析和逐步回归分析。结果非肥胖糖尿病组和肥胖糖尿病组空腹血浆Resistin、TNF-α、FFA水平均明显高于正常对照组,差异有显著性(P0.05);肥胖糖尿病组的抵抗素、TNF-α、FFA水平与非肥胖糖尿病组,差异有显著意义(P0.05)。肥胖糖尿病组血抵抗素与BMI、FPG、HbA1C、TG呈显著正相关;与IRI呈显著正相关(P0.05),与FINS、TC、SBP、DBP及WHR无相关性。血清TNF-α、FFA水平与BMI、FPG、HbA1C、TG、FINS呈显著正相关(P0.05);与IRI呈显著正相关,与WHR、SBP、DBP无相关。非肥胖2型糖尿病组和对照组抵抗素、TNF-α、FFA与所有因素无明显相关性。多元逐步回归分析结果显示抵抗素、TNF-α和FFA与IRI显著相关。结论 2型糖尿病患者特别是肥胖者胰岛素抵抗更为显著,抵抗素、TNF-α和FFA均参与胰岛素抵抗,可能是影响体内胰岛素抵抗的重要相关因素。     

单纯性超重、肥胖青少年血清脂联素、瘦素、游离脂肪酸及炎症因子水平变化及相关性分析

目的探讨单纯性超重、肥胖青少年血清脂联素、瘦素、游离脂肪酸（FFA）、超敏C-反应蛋白的水平变化及其与糖、脂代谢的相互关系。方法按中国肥胖问题工作组发布的中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查体重指数值分类标准,随机选择15岁青少年单纯性肥胖组（组1）77例、超重组（组2）120例和正常对照组（组3）109例,测定空腹血清脂联素、瘦素、游离脂肪酸（FFA）、超敏C-反应蛋白（hs—CRP）、胰岛素（Fins）、血糖（FBG）血脂谱及临床基本资料。结果空腹血糖在3组间无显著性差异（P=0．152）。组3至组1的甘油三酯（TG）呈梯度升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）呈梯度下降,各组间差异显著（P〈0．001）。组3至组1的FFA、hs—CRP、Fins、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）呈梯度升高,脂联素呈梯度下降,各组间差异显著（P〈0．001）。瘦素在组1中明显升高,组2、组3间无统计学显著性差异（P〉0．05）。306例受试者经多元逐步线性回归分析显示：脂联素的独立影响因素是体重指数（BMI）、HDL—C、hs—CRP（R=0．429,R^2=0．184）;瘦素的独立影响因素是BMI、Fins、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）（R=0．364,R^2=0．133）;FFA的独立影响因素是BMI、TG（R=0．661,R^2=0．437）;hs—CRP的独立影响因素是脂联素、BMI、HDL—C、HOMA—IR（R=0．445,R^2=0．198）;HOMA—IR的独立影响因素是瘦素、BMI、FBG、FFA（R=0．574,R^2=0．330）。结论单纯性超重、肥胖青少年血游离脂肪酸、瘦素、hs—CRP明显升高,脂连素明显降低;体重指数是瘦素、脂联素、胰岛素抵抗、hs—CRP共同的独立决定因素;脂肪细胞因子在调节糖、脂代谢及炎症方面有重要意义,可能是肥胖与代谢及发生心血管疾病之间的联系分子。     

单纯性肥胖及2型糖尿病患者脂联素水平的研究

目的:探讨脂联素与单纯性肥胖及2型糖尿病的关系。方法:分别测定单纯性肥胖组、2型糖尿病组和正常对照组的体重指数(BMI)、腰围、臀围、瘦素(leptin)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹血糖(FBS)、血脂和脂联素水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果:单纯性肥胖组和2型糖尿病组的脂联素水平较正常对照组明显降低,脂联素与BMI、腰围、腰臀比、FBS、FINS、HOMA-IR均呈明显负相关,脂联素能较好的预测BMI和腰围。结论:脂联素在单纯性肥胖及2型糖尿病中表达水平降低,脂联素降低易导致中心性肥胖和胰岛素抵抗。脂联素水平在一定程度上能预测肥胖的发生发展。     

女性2型糖尿病病人血清瘦素水平及其与代谢因素的关系

①目的　观察初诊女姓 2型糖尿病 (DM )病人血清瘦素 (LPT)水平 ,探讨其与年龄、体质量指数、糖代谢、脂代谢、尿酸代谢及其他激素的关系。②方法　采用放射免疫分析法 (RIA)和酶联免疫吸附法 (ELISA)测定初诊未经治疗 1 1 1例 2型糖尿病病人 (男 5 6例 ,女 5 5例 )及 96例正常人 (男 4 8例 ,女 4 8例 )空腹血清LPT、睾酮(TT)、雌二醇 (E2 )、真胰岛素、血糖、血清胆固醇、三酰甘油和尿酸水平。③结果　女性DM组血清瘦素水平明显低于女性对照组 (F =1 7.985 ,P <0 .0 1 ) ;DM组及对照组中 ,女性血清瘦素水平明显高于男性 (F =34.6 0 8、5 3.72 1 ,P <0 .0 1 ) ;绝经后女性DM组与绝经前女性DM组瘦素水平比较 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;女性DM组血清瘦素水平与体质量指数、胰岛素浓度、腰臀围比值及尿酸水平呈正相关 (t =4 .0 75～ 1 1 .72 5 ,P <0 .0 1、0 .0 5 ) ,与空腹血糖及血清睾酮水平呈负相关 (t=- 3.94 6、- 2 .30 5 ,P <0 .0 5 )。④结论　女性 2型糖尿病病人血清瘦素水平较正常女性明显降低 ;女性 2型糖尿病病人血清瘦素水平与体质量指数、脂肪分布、胰岛素浓度、睾酮、血糖及血尿酸相关 ;雌激素不是影响瘦素的主要因素 ;瘦素参与了女性 2型糖尿病病人的糖代谢及尿酸代谢     

脂联素与2型糖尿病脂代谢紊乱的相关性及药物干预研究

目的探讨初诊2型糖尿病脂代谢紊乱者脂联素水平与血脂的相关性,以及给予非诺贝特、氟伐他汀调脂治疗后对脂联素水平的影响。方法选取初诊2型糖尿病无脂代谢紊乱及严重并发症组,伴以总胆固醇(TC)升高为主脂代谢紊乱组(T2DM HTC),伴以甘油三脂(TG)升高为主脂代谢紊乱组(T2DM HTG)各30例,正常对照组30例,测身高,体重,腰围,臀围,血压,抽空腹静脉血测空腹血糖(FPG),胰岛素(FINS),TC,TG,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)及脂联素;计算腰臀比(WHR),体重指数(BMI),胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),分别给实验组调脂治疗8周,复查上述指标,并进行统计分析。结果血浆脂联素水平与体重、腰围、臀围、BMI,WHR、TG、TC、LDL-C、VLDL-C及HOMA-IR呈负相关,与HDL-C呈正相关。以脂联素为因变量,其他相关指标为自变量进行多元逐步回归分析显示:HOMA-IR、腰围、TG、体重及VLDL-C进入回归方程;调脂治疗后血糖、血脂均有下降,脂联素水平显著升高。结论2型糖尿病早期脂联素浓度降低,糖尿病伴脂代谢紊乱者显著降低,而T2DM加HTG组与T2DM加HTC组间差别无统计学意义;调脂治疗可以提高糖尿病脂代谢紊乱者脂联素水平。     

糖耐量减低老年患者中血清抵抗素和脂联素水平的研究

目的在糖耐量低减老年患者中,探讨血清抵抗素、脂联素水平以及其相关影响因素。方法 54例非老年人和28例老年人,常规测量体质量指数(BMI)和腰臀比,检测空腹血糖、血脂、胰岛素、白细胞介素6、C反应蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、瘦素、脂联素、抵抗素的水平。结果与糖耐量正常老年人群相比,糖耐量减低老年患者血清脂联素水平降低,血清抵抗素水平正常。脂联素水平与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、女性呈正相关,与TNF-α、腰臀比、BMI、三酰甘油呈负相关;均衡性别和年龄后,血清脂联素水平仍与HDL-C呈正相关,与三酰甘油呈负相关。结论在糖耐量减低老年患者中,血清抵抗素水平正常,脂联素水平下降,并与HDL-C、女性、TNF-α、腰臀比、BMI和三酰甘油密切相关。     

新诊断2型糖尿病患者血清视黄醇结合蛋白4水平与胰岛素抵抗及胰岛细胞功能的关系

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者血清视黄醇结合蛋白4（RBP4）水平与胰岛素抵抗、胰岛细胞功能之间的相关性。方法选择31例非肥胖2型糖尿病患者、32例肥胖2型糖尿病患者、50例健康对照者[男28例,女22例,年龄（54.27±8.75）岁],用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定血清RBP4水平,同时测定空腹胰岛素（FINS）浓度、空腹血糖（FPG）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TCH）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1C）,测量身高、血压、体质量、腰围、腹围,并计算出体质量指数（BMI）和腰臀比（WHR）,并计算出脂肪含量（BF%）胰岛细胞分泌指数（MBCI）,用Homa公式计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR、HOMA-β）并进行相关分析和逐步回归分析。结果肥胖糖尿病组空腹血浆RBP4水平明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.05）;非胖糖尿病组与正常对照组RBP4水平比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;血清RBP4与BMI、BF%、WHR呈显著正相关,与MBCI、HOMA-IR呈显著正相关。多元逐步回归分析结果显示HOMA-IR是影响RBP4的最主要因素。结论 2型糖尿病患者特别是肥胖者胰岛素抵抗更为显著,RBP4参与胰岛素抵抗,可能是影响体内胰岛素抵抗的重要相关因素,且影响胰岛细胞的分泌功能。     

2型糖尿病血清肿瘤坏死因子α水平与胰岛素抵抗关系

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平与胰岛素抵抗之间的关系.方法测定了2型糖尿病组101例,糖耐量异常组27例和正常对照组18例血清TNF-α水平,用稳态模式(Homa Model)公式评估胰岛素抵抗.结果 2型糖尿病组和糖耐量异常组的胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、空腹和餐后2h胰岛素、体内脂肪含量(BF)、TNF-α和Homa.IR水平高于正常对照组(P＜0.05),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平(HDL-C)低于正常对照组(P＜0.05).多元逐步回归分析显示空腹血糖(FBG)、体重指数(BMI)、TNF-α、TG是影响2型糖尿病病人胰岛素抵抗的主要危险因素(Beta分别为0.451、0.245、0.218、 0.162,P值分别为0.000、0.001 0.003、0.030).TNF-α水平与舒张压(DBP)、空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2h血糖(BG2h)、空腹胰岛索(FINS)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、TC、Homa.IR、BF显著正相关(r分别为 0.218、0.374、0.317、0.293、0.218、0.215、0.422、0.200),与BMI、WHR不相关.结论 2型糖尿病患者TNF-α水平明显升高,并可能加剧了糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗.     

2型糖尿病患者血清抵抗素、瘦素、脂联素水平与微血管病变的关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者血清抵抗素、瘦素、脂联素水平与微血管病变的关系.方法 选择河北北方学院附属第一医院2型糖尿病患者(T2DM) 120例,根据是否伴微血管病变,分为无微血管病变组(NON-MAP) 60例和微血管病变组(MAP)60例,另选取健康体检人群(NC)60例,采取酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定各组空腹抵抗素、瘦素、脂联素水平,并测定各组的空腹血糖、胰岛素和血脂水平,用胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)评价胰岛素抵抗.结果 MVP组及NON-MVP组患者血清抵抗素、瘦素、游离脂肪酸(FFA)及超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平均显著高于NC组,而脂联素明显低于NC组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);相关分析表明T2DM患者血清抵抗素、瘦素水平与hs-CRP、淳离脂肪酸(FFA)、HOMA-IR、三酰甘油(TG)呈正相关(P＜0.05),与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)呈负相关(P＜0.05);脂联素水平与hs-CRP、FFA、HOMA-IR、TG呈负相关,与HDL-C呈正相关(P＜0.05);血清抵抗素、瘦素水平呈明显正相关,而二者与脂联素均呈明显负相关;以血清抵抗素、瘦素、脂联素为因变量,进行多元线性逐步回归分析显示,对三者影响最大的是HOMA-IR和腰臀比(WHR).结论 T2DM患者血清抵抗素、瘦素水平升高、脂联素水平降低,提示血清抵抗素、瘦素、脂联素水平与T2DM的发病及其微血管病变的发生相关.     

腹腔镜可调控性胃束带术治疗肥胖伴T2DM的相关机制

目的探讨腹腔镜可调控性胃束带（LAGB）治疗2型糖尿病（T2DM）的相关机制。方法肥胖伴T2DM患者20例、单纯性肥胖患者20例行LAGB手术。检测术前、术后第1、3、6、12个月空腹血清Leptin水平,空腹血清胰岛素（FINS）、C肽、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）水平,空腹血糖（FBG）水平及体质量并计算体质量指数（BMI）。结果40例受试者LAGB术后6个月和12个月BMI由术前平均（38±5）kg／m2分别降至（30±4）kg／m2和（28±7）kg／m2（P〈0．05）。术前糖尿病组FBG、FINS、胰岛素抵抗指数[HOMA—IR=FINS（mU／L）×FBG（mmol／L）／22．5]、HbAlc和C肽水平明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）,术后6个月、12个月FBG由术前（8．5±3．0）mmol／L分别降至（6．5±1．0）mmol／L和（5．9±0．5）mmol／L,FINS和HbAlc术后3个月后降至正常范围。两组患者术后12个月内血清Leptin指标逐渐下降,糖尿病组血清Leptin与FBG、FINS、HbAlc、C肽及HOMA—IR呈正相关。结论LAGB能有效治疗肥胖症及T2DM,通过降低血清Leptin水平,减轻瘦素抵抗,进而减轻胰岛素抵抗,达到降低血糖的目的。