HPLC法测定桃红丸中羟基红花黄色素A的含量

目的:采用HPLC法测定羟基红花黄色素A的含量方法:以Diamonsil C₁₈（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）色谱柱分离,甲醇0.5%磷酸水溶液（25:75）为流动相进行洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为403 nm;柱温为25℃。结果:羟基红花黄色素A在20.44～245.28μg·ml^-1（r=1.000 0）范围内质量浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,其平均回收率为99.58%（RSD=1.20%,n=9）。结论:本方法简便、灵敏、重复性好     

高效液相色谱法测定红花逍遥片中4种有效成分的含量

目的建立同时测定红花逍遥片中芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、羟基红花黄色素A和甘草酸含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用SHIMADZU LC 20AD高效液相色谱仪,Welch（ΜLtimate XB-C18,4.6mm×250 mm,5μm）色谱柱,以乙腈（A）-0.1%磷酸水溶液（B）为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0mL·min^-1,检测波长为403 nm（0¹0 min,检测羟基红花黄色素A）、230 nm（10¹5 min,检测芍药苷和芍药内酯苷）、237 nm（30⁴5 min,检测甘草酸）,柱温为25℃。结果红花逍遥片处方中4个成分芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、羟基红花黄色素A和甘草酸浓度分别在0.0094⁰.1880 mg·mL^-1（r=0.9997）、0.0037⁰.0744 mg·mL^-1（r=0.9996）、0.000 27⁰.005 40 mg·mL^-1（r=0.9998）、0.0050⁰.1010 mg·mL^-1（r=1.000）与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率（n=6）分别为98.7%、98.2%、100.7%、100.8%。结论该方法准确可靠、重复性好,可用于红花逍遥片处方的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定红花跌打胶囊中羟基红花黄色素A的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定红花跌打胶囊中羟基红花黄色素A的含测方法.方法 采用高效液相色谱法,紫外检测器C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),以甲醇-乙腈-0.7%磷酸溶液(26:2:72)为流动相,检测波长为403 nm,对样品中的羟基红花黄色素A进行测定.结果 通过方法学的系统考察和3批样品的含量测定,建立了制剂中羟基红花黄色素A的高效液相色谱的含量测定方法:线性范围为0.001 2~0.121 7 mg·mL-1,平均回收率99.5%.回归方程Y=584.79X-0.160 4,r=1.结论 本方法简便,快速,准确,灵敏度高,重复性好,可用于红花跌打胶囊中羟基红花黄色素A含量的测定.     

HPLC法测定舒胸片中羟基红花黄色素A的含量

目的：建立舒胸片含量测定方法。方法：采用HPLC法对舒胸片中红花所含的羟基红花黄色素A作含量测定,色谱柱为Welchrom Materials柱C18,250mm×4.6mm,5μm,以甲醇-0.7%磷酸溶液（28∶72）为流动相;检测波长为403nm。结果：羟基红花黄色素A的线性范围为0.0303～0.3030mg·ml-1,平均加样回收率为99.55%,RSD为1.4%。结论：本法简便、灵敏、准确、专属性强,具有一定的实用性,为舒胸片中羟基红花黄色素A的含量测定提供了科学依据。     

HPLC梯度洗脱法同时测定舒心降脂片中8种成分的含量

摘要：目的:建立HPLC梯度洗脱法同时测定舒心降脂片中羟基红花黄色素A、红花黄色素A、3’-羟基葛根素、葛根素、3’-甲氧基葛根素、隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ和丹参酮ⅡA的含量。方法:采用Kromasil C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min-1,柱温30℃,检测波长分别为:403 nm（检测羟基红花黄色素A和红花黄色素A）、250 nm（检测3’-羟基葛根素、葛根素和3’-甲氧基葛根素）和280 nm（检测隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ和丹参酮ⅡA）。结果:羟基红花黄色素A、红花黄色素A、3’-羟基葛根素、葛根素、3’-甲氧基葛根素、隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ和丹参酮ⅡA分别在4.17～83.40μg·ml-1,2.86～57.20μg·ml-1,2.49～49.80μg·ml-1,8.93～178.60μg·ml-1,2.26～45.20μg·ml-1,0.69～13.80μg·ml-1,4.46～89.20μg·ml-1和3.67～73.40μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好（r≥0.9991）,平均加样回收率分别为98.86%,99.01%,98.05%,100.05%,97.73%,96.97%,99.76%和98.35%,RSD分别为1.29%,1.13%,0.87%,0.97%,1.31%,1.26%,0.80%和1.44%（n=9）。结论:该方法操作简便、重复性好,可用于评价舒心降脂片的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定痛经宝颗粒中羟基红花黄色素A的含量

目的：建立HPLC法测定痛经宝颗粒含量的方法。方法：色谱柱为Welchrom Materials C18柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,以甲醇-乙腈-0.7%磷酸溶液（26：2：72）为流动相;检测波长为403nm;流速1.0ml·min^-1,柱温35℃。结果：羟基红花黄色素A的线性范围为0.0265～0.2654mg·ml^-1,平均加样回收率为98.84%,RSD为1.1%。结论：本法简便、灵敏、准确、专属性强,可用于测定痛经宝颗粒中羟基红花黄色素A的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定肝血管瘤活血胶囊中栀子苷和黄芩苷的含量

目的:同时测定肝血管瘤活血胶囊中栀子苷和黄芩苷含量。方法:选用的色谱柱为Agilent Eclipse XDB-C₁₈（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相为0.2%磷酸溶液（A）-甲醇（B）,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1;波长设定为238 nm,柱温25℃。结果:栀子苷线性范围为0.226⁴.524μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为100.2%,RSD为2.05%（n=6）;黄芩苷线性范围为0.418⁸.360μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为99.79%,RSD为1.55%（n=6）。结论:所建立的方法易于操作,快速简便,准确可靠,可用于肝血管瘤活血胶囊中栀子苷和黄芩苷的含量测定。     

HPLC梯度洗脱法测定舒胸片中羟基红花黄色素A和阿魏酸的含量

目的：建立舒胸片（三七、川芎、红花）中羟基红花黄色素A、阿魏酸的含量HPLC测定方法.方法：用Agilent ODSC18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为甲醇0.12%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱（0～17 min,25%甲醇;17～30 min,25%～40%甲醇）;流速1 ml·min-1;波长分别为403 nm和320 nm;柱温35℃.结果：羟基红花黄色素A、阿魏酸得到很好分离,线性关系良好,羟基红花黄色素A、阿魏酸的平均加样回收率分别为100.0%,99.6%,RSD分别为1.19%,1.33%（n=5）.结论：本法结果准确,便于操作,可作为舒胸片的质量控制方法之一.     

一测多评法同时测定竭红跌打酊中5种成分的含量

目的建立一测多评法同时测定竭红跌打酊中羟基红花黄色素A、儿茶素、表儿茶素、巴西苏木素和(±)原苏木素B的含量。方法采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-0.2%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长:403 nm(检测羟基红花黄色素A)和280 nm[检测儿茶素、表儿茶素、巴西苏木素和(±)原苏木素B];流速:0.9 ml/min;柱温:35℃。以儿茶素为内标,建立竭红跌打酊中该成分与羟基红花黄色素A、表儿茶素、巴西苏木素和(±)原苏木素B的相对校正因子,计算其含量。通过外标法测定结果和一测多评法计算结果进行对比,验证所建立方法的可行性。结果羟基红花黄色素A、儿茶素、表儿茶素、巴西苏木素和(±)原苏木素B分别在6.98～139.60、10.12～202.40、5.76～115.2、3.82～76.40、2.18～43.60μg/ml范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率分别为98.26%、100.09%、97.79%、97.25%、96.96%,RSD分别为0.88%、0.71%、1.29%、0.85%、1.43%。一测多评法计算结果与外标法测定结果无显著差异。结论一测多评法可以用于竭红跌打酊中5个成分含量的同时测定及质量控制。     

用RP-HPLC法测定七厘散中羟基红花黄色素A的含量

目的：建立RP-HPLC法测定七厘散中羟基红花黄色素A的含量。方法：采用Mucleodur C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相：乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液 （11∶89）;流速：1.0 ml/min;检测波长：403 nm;柱温：35 ℃。结果：羟基红花黄色素A保留时间约为19 min,与相邻峰的分离度〉1.5。羟基红花黄色素A在8.0～160.0 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好,回归方程：Y=0.016 11 X＋1.217（r=0.999 9）。平均加样回收率为99.5%,RSD为0.94%。结论：该方法准确、灵敏、重现性好,可用于七厘散中羟基红花黄色素A的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.