经腹膜外入路单一部位腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术（附1例报告）

目的探讨经腹膜外入路单一部位腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术的可行性。方法 2010年9月,对1例睾丸非精原细胞瘤行右侧睾丸根治性切除术,术后20 d行经腹膜外入路单一部位腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术。采用右侧下腹部腹直肌外侧缘纵行切口,置入＂两环一套法＂自制开口器建立单孔腹腔镜通道。手术步骤及清扫范围同开放保留神经的腹膜后淋巴结清扫手术范围。结果手术顺利,手术时间270 min,术中出血量为100 ml,无须输血。无围手术期死亡及严重并发症发生。术后病理：2/11淋巴结为阳性。术后2 d肠蠕动恢复,4 d拔除腹膜后引流管,10 d出院。术后6个月随访,AFP降至正常（2.82μg/L）,未发现肿瘤复发和远处转移,患者对切口美容效果表示满意。结论经腹膜外入路单一部位腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术可行,美容效果较好,短期随访显示肿瘤控制及性功能恢复好。     

腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术9例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术的手术技术和临床可行性。方法9例原发性睾丸非精原细胞性生殖细胞肿瘤根治性睾丸切除术后平均(4.6±1.3)周行腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术(laparoscopicretroperitoneallymphnodedissection,L-RLND),记录手术时间、出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间、引流管拔除时间、住院时间和术中、术后并发症,并进行术后随访。结果9例L-RLND均获成功。手术时间(148±9)min,术中出血量(66±8)ml,术后肠功能恢复时间24～48h,住院时间(7.5±1.8)d。术中发生下腔静脉损伤1例,腹腔镜下缝合;2例术后轻微的乳糜性腹膜后引流液,限制脂肪性饮食,术后1周内乳糜漏消失。9例随访6～36个月,平均21.3月,无复发及远处转移。结论腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫紧靠大血管操作,手术难度及风险较大,须熟练掌握各种腹腔镜操作技术才能减少手术并发症的发生。     

腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术11例报告

目的探讨采用腹腔镜技术行腹膜后淋巴结清扫术在睾丸肿瘤治疗中的技术可行性。方法2006年4月至2009年9月11例原发性睾丸非精原细胞性生殖细胞肿瘤根治性睾丸切除术后1周行腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术,其中,胚胎癌8例,混合癌3例;术前临床分期：I期9例,IIb期2例;右侧10例,左侧1例。结果11例手术均取得成功,手术平均时间280min;术中出血量1例30～600ml,平均100ml,无输血,无邻近重要脏器损伤,平均切除淋巴结12个。术后淋巴漏1例,饮食控制后1周治愈。术后平均住院时间9d。术后随访6-48个月,无肠粘连、肠梗阻及淋巴囊肿等发生,无肿瘤复发及远处转移。结论腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术技术可行,创伤小、并发症少、术后恢复快。     

经改良腹膜后径路腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术：附9例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术的临床可行性,并总结手术技巧。方法对9例睾丸非精原细胞瘤型生殖细胞瘤患者,行根治性睾丸切除术后平均27d行改良腹膜后径路腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫术。结果 9例手术均获成功,术中发生下腔静脉损伤1例,腹腔镜下缝合。平均手术时间170min,平均出血量330ml,术后肠功能恢复时间约2d,引流管均于术后第3天拔除,平均住院时间7d。术后随访分别为18±8个月,无复发及转移。结论经改良腹膜后径路行腹腔镜腹膜后淋巴结清扫可避免对腹腔脏器的影响,解剖结构显露较满意,具有创伤小、恢复快等优点,是一种临床可进一步应用的手术方式。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术六例报告

目的总结6例机器人辅助腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术,对该手术的技巧方法和经验教训进行初步探讨。方法患者均为青年男性,睾丸胚胎癌根治术后,行机器人辅助腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术。手术体位采用健侧斜侧卧位+轻度折刀位,穿刺孔取脐旁为观察孔,常规取3个机器人操作手臂及2个助手孔,手术范围为标准清扫范围,清除所有患侧腹膜后淋巴组织。结果手术成功完成,术中出血100~250 ml,术后恢复良好。术后病理未发现淋巴结转移。结论机器人辅助腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术相对难度高,手术体位和穿刺孔的选择对手术成功与否至关重要,其精准和灵活的操作可以使患者明显受益,对交感干、腹主动脉及其分支、腔静脉及其分支的保护优于普通腹腔镜。     

腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术治疗临床Ⅰ期睾丸非精原细胞肿瘤7例报告

目的:探讨腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术治疗临床Ⅰ期睾丸非精原细胞肿瘤的临床经验及疗效。方法:回顾性分析2008年10月～2011年6月7例睾丸非精原细胞癌的临床资料,其中左侧4例,右侧3例,平均年龄(34±11)岁,胚胎癌5例,混合性生殖细胞肿瘤2例。术前临床分期均为I期;7例患者均在根治性睾丸切除术后1周行腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术。结果:所有手术均顺利完成,无中转开放,围手术期无严重并发症。平均手术时(172±35)min,术中平均出血量(43±14)ml,平均切除淋巴结(12±3)个,淋巴结阳性患者2例。术后平均住院时间(6±2)d,术后平均随访(25±10)个月,所有患者术后射精功能正常,肿瘤无局部复发及远处转移。结论:腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术安全、有效,具有创伤小、恢复快等优点,可作为明确诊断和治疗临床Ⅰ期睾丸非精原细胞肿瘤的首选方法。     

腹腔镜改良腹膜后淋巴结清扫术治疗临床Ⅰ期睾丸非精原细胞瘤的疗效评价：附7例报告

目的探讨经腹途径腹腔镜改良腹膜后淋巴结清扫术治疗临床Ⅰ期睾丸非精原细胞瘤的疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年7月至2010年6月在中山大学肿瘤防治中心收治的7例临床Ⅰ期睾丸非精原细胞瘤的患者,均于睾丸癌根治术后接受腹腔镜改良腹膜后淋巴结清扫术。结果 7例患者腹腔镜改良腹膜后淋巴结清扫术的平均手术时间302.9±88.3min（190～410min）,术中平均出血量为111.4±83.2m（l30～200ml）,送病理检查的淋巴结平均22.8±11.1枚（9～36枚）,无手术并发症发生。术后平均住院时间6d。术后病理分期均为Ⅰ期。所有患者随访2～24个月,平均14.1±8.2个月,均无肿瘤复发或转移,血AFP和β-HCG亦无异常升高,所有患者都维持正常射精功能。结论腹腔镜改良腹膜后淋巴结清扫术能够有效地治疗临床Ⅰ期睾丸非精原细胞瘤,同时具有并发症少和切口美观、创伤小的优势。     

腹膜后淋巴结清扫在睾丸癌治疗中的应用

腹膜后淋巴结清扫术(RPLND)对分期和治疗睾丸的非精原细胞瘤(NSGCT)有重要作用。RPLND可治愈大多数低负荷转移瘤患者,并最大程度地减少对化疗的需求。开放RPLND手术解剖范围广,术后很大一部分患者出现逆行射精从而导致不育,而且并发症发生率较高。而不断发展的改良RPLND模板有助于降低逆行射精风险,但可能漏掉3%～23%的病灶。而对于化疗后复发的患者,经过严格筛选,在有经验的中心实施化疗后RPLND(PC-RPLND),仍然还能获得较好的肿瘤控制效果。双侧RPLND有利于控制肿瘤,如果行保留神经手术也可以保留顺行射精,而改良的RPLND模板在保留顺行射精的同时也取得了较好的肿瘤控制效果。随着腹腔镜技术的逐步成熟,腹腔镜RPLND也达到了与开放手术相似的手术效果,且并发症发生率更低,术后恢复更快。本文对RPLND在睾丸癌中的适应证、手术方式及手术范围等方面展开探讨。     

后腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术七例报告

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术(LRPLND)的方法. 方法 采用后腹腔镜技术行腹膜后淋巴结清扫术7例.患者均为男性,年龄27～39岁,平均31岁.其中睾丸混合癌2例(精原合并胚胎癌为主)、内胚窦瘤2例、绒毛膜上皮癌1例、精原合并畸胎瘤2例;右侧2例,左侧5例.临床分期均为Ⅰ期.全麻,健侧卧位,双气囊扩张法建立后腹腔间隙,分离肾前筋膜与腹膜间及肾后筋膜与腰肌的平面间隙直至髂窝;精索静脉高位结扎切断,自肾门平面向下清除肾前及.肾后筋膜内的脂肪淋巴组织和精索血管;沿腔静脉(右)或腹主动脉(左)的肾门平面起在其后方剪开血管鞘膜,清扫表面的脂肪淋巴组织;注意保护肠系膜下动脉及其对侧的脂肪淋巴组织,在精索跨越髂血管后尽量低位分离.结果最初2例术中穿透腹膜,中转开放手术.后5例腹腔镜下手术成功,平均手术时间285(245350)min,失血100～250 ml.后5例患者中,术后病理分期与临床分期一致4例,1例术后检出2枚阳性淋巴结;每例清扫淋巴结22～31枚,平均25.6枚.随访3～20个月,CT检查未见复发及远处转移,肿瘤标记物检测正常范围.术后1个月内均恢复性功能. 结论 经后腹腔途径的LRPLND可从侧方整体游离清除脂肪淋巴组织,清扫顺序自上而下,手术空间大,解剖标志清晰,可达到与开放手术相同的切除范围,符合肿瘤治疗原则,可用于临床Ⅰ期非精原细胞瘤的诊断及治疗.     

腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术七例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术治疗Ⅱ期睾丸非精原细胞瘤的临床效果.方法 Ⅱ期睾丸非精原细胞瘤患者7例.平均年龄28岁.肿瘤位于左侧4例、右侧3例.根治性睾丸切除术后1～4周行腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术.清扫范围上至同侧肾静脉水平,下至同侧髂总血管分叉处,外至同侧输尿管内侧,内至腹主动脉.观察手术时间、出血量、围手术期并发症、术后肿瘤标志物,患者术后射精功能等情况. 结果 7例淋巴结清扫术均顺利完成.手术时间140～220min,平均180 min.术中出血量80～127 ml,平均95 ml,均未输血.术中无大血管损伤,术后未发生肠梗阻和淋巴瘘等并发症.术后2周复查血清甲胎蛋白由术前15～1247 μg/L降至术后的2～8μg/L、人绒毛膜促性腺激素由术前5～59μg/L降至术后的0.5～2.5μg/L.7例术后10～12周均恢复射精功能.随访12～26个月,平均21个月,肿瘤无复发及远处转移. 结论 对于Ⅱ期睾丸非精原细胞瘤,腹腔镜下腹膜后淋巴结清扫术是一种安全、有效、微创的治疗方法.     

Single-Incision Plus One-Port Laparoscopic Abdominoperineal Resection With Bilateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Advanced Rectal Cancer: A Case Report

With regard to laparoscopic and robotic abdominoperineal resection (APR) for primary rectal malignancies, limited data have been published in the literature. Single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SLS) has been successfully introduced for treating colorectal cancer. Here we describe our experience of APR with SLS plus one port (SLS + 1) for treating advanced rectal cancer. A 65-year-old man underwent the procedure, which involved a 35-mm incision in the left side of the umbilicus for the insertion of a single multichannel port as well as the insertion of a 5-mm port into the right lower quadrant. The sigmoid colon and rectum were mobilized from the pelvic floor using a medial and lateral approach. After the rectum with the mesorectum was completely mobilized according to the total mesorectal excision, the sigmoid colon was intracorporeally transected. The specimen was removed through the perineal wound. Terminal colostomy was fashioned at the left lower trocar site. Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection was bilaterally performed. There were no perioperative complications. The total operating time was 592 minutes, and the estimated blood loss was 180 mL. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of SLS + 1 APR with lateral pelvic lymph node dissection for treating rectal cancer. We conclude that SLS + 1 APR is a technically promising alternative method for treating selected patients with advanced rectal cancer.Key words: Single-incision laparoscopic surgery, Abdominoperineal resection, Rectal cancer, Reduced port surgeryMultiport laparoscopic surgery (MLS) is being increasingly adopted worldwide for treating colon disease. MLS has been associated with less pain, quicker return of gastrointestinal function, better pulmonary function, shorter hospital stay, and better postoperative quality of life than open surgery.¹ In the case of distal rectal cancer, some studies comparing MLS with open surgery for abdominoperineal resection (APR) have reported that MLS offered advantages to patients, such as less blood loss, rapid oral intake of solid foods, and shorter hospital stay, and it was equivalent to open surgery in terms of long-term outcomes.^2,3 Recently, single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SLS) has been successfully introduced for colectomy.^4–8 However, in the case of mid-to-low rectal procedures, such as low anterior resection with total mesorectum excision, it can be technically complicated. Only a few reports have been published on single-incision laparoscopic low anterior resection.^9–13 In addition, minimally invasive surgery, such as SLS plus one port (SLS + 1), for treating advanced rectal cancer has been reported to be safe and feasible.¹⁴ Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLD) continues to be performed in Japan for treating advanced rectal cancer; it aims to minimize local recurrence and improve survival. According to advocates of LPLD, the overall incidence of metastases to lateral lymph nodes ranges from 8.6% to 27.0%, and such nodes are not cleared in patients who undergo total mesorectal excision only.^15–17 However, SLS + 1 APR for advanced primary rectal cancer has not been examined to date. Here we describe SLS + 1 APR with LPLD for treating advanced primary rectal cancer.     

腹腔镜下肝门部胆管癌根治术中淋巴结廓清方法的探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜下肝门部淋巴结廓清的可行性。方法 2007年6月~2009年6月对35例肝门部胆管癌施行腹腔镜下肝门部胆管癌根治术,探查明确肿瘤可以切除,超声刀将胆总管远端在十二指肠上方离断,远侧断端缝合或圈套线结扎闭合,并将胰腺上方的淋巴结一并切除,将胆总管向前上方分离至肿瘤上方约0.5~1.0 cm,离断,超声刀切开肝十二指肠韧带前包膜,找到肝固有动脉,打开动脉鞘后用冲洗吸引器向近肝侧钝性分离纤维脂肪组织,直至显露左右肝动脉的分叉部,同样处理门静脉,直至显露门静脉左右分叉部,除门静脉和肝动脉外,将肝十二指肠韧带内组织整块切除,完成肝门部肿瘤切除及淋巴结廓清,然后镜下使用腔镜直线切割吻合器(5例)或左上腹3~4 cm切口提出空肠行空肠间吻合后还纳回腹腔,重建气腹行胆管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合(30例)。结果 35例均在腹腔镜下完成肝门部胆管癌根治术并进行淋巴结廓清。清扫淋巴结8~13枚,平均9.3枚,2例发现淋巴结转移。胆肠吻合在镜下完成,肠间吻合5例在镜下使用腔镜直线切割吻合器完成,30例于腹外吻合后还纳回腹,重新气腹完成胆肠吻合。手术时间3.5~5.8 h,平均4.4 h;术中出血量10~210ml,平均83 ml。术后出现胆汁漏3例,未特殊处理,5~7 d后停止。应激性溃疡1例,抑酸药物治疗后3 d治愈。肝左外叶切除术后第5天出血1例,出血量约300 ml,腹腔镜下探查见肝门处毛细血管出血,圈套线结扎止血,术后10 d出院。35例随访6~30个月,平均16.2月,1例术后12个月因肝转移癌死亡,1例术后15个月因突发心肌梗塞死亡,其余33例存活。结论腹腔镜下进行肝门部胆管癌根治性切除同时进行肝门部淋巴结廓清,是完全可以实现的,但需要严格选择病例以及丰富的腹腔镜手术经验,术后远期效果仍然需要进一步观察。     

乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结解剖术(附169例分析)

目的总结乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结解剖术(axillary lymph node dissection,ALND)的手术方法和经验。方法回顾性分析原发性乳腺癌行ALND的169例临床资料。结果本组163例行Ⅰ、Ⅱ平面解剖术,6例行Ⅰ～Ⅲ平面解剖术。切除标本共检出淋巴结4273枚;每例10～69枚,平均(25.28±10.23)枚。术后切口感染3例(1.78%),经引流治愈;患侧上肢水肿4例(2.37%),其中3例为切除Ⅲ平面淋巴结患者,1例为切除Ⅰ、Ⅱ平面淋巴结患者;腋窝淋巴漏1例(0.59%),为切除Ⅲ平面淋巴结病例;患侧上臂内侧及背侧皮肤麻木14例(8.28%),患侧胸肌萎缩5例(2.96%),多发生在先期诊治病例(1999年12月前)或切除Ⅲ平面淋巴结病例。结论ALND要求应用精细解剖技术,切除Ⅰ、Ⅱ平面淋巴结即可,人为扩大手术范围会增加特异性并发症发生率。     

Epitrochlear Lymph Node Dissection

Epitrochlear node involvement occurs in a small minority of patients with forearm or hand melanoma. Although in-transit sentinel lymph nodes are identified infrequently, they contain metastatic disease at nearly the same frequency as sentinel lymph nodes in cervical, axillary, and inguinal nodal basins. Positive in-transit sentinel lymph nodes are likely to be the only site of nodal metastasis. Therefore, detailed preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and meticulous intraoperative search for in-transit nodes should be performed. The recovery of nodes from in-transit nodal areas is low; however, there appears to be an increase in the performance of these dissections since the advent of lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy. This streaming video demonstrates the incidence of epitrochlear lymph node involvement and technical considerations associated with epitrochlear lymph node dissection.     

Popliteal Lymph Node Dissection

Most sentinel nodes are located in the cervical, axillary, and inguinal nodal basins. Sometimes, however, sentinel nodes exist outside these traditional nodal basins. Popliteal nodal metastasis is relatively uncommon, and popliteal lymph node dissection is infrequently necessary. However, with lymphoscintigraphic identification of popliteal sentinel nodes, surgeons are more frequently called on to address the popliteal nodal basin. Therefore, knowledge of the anatomy and surgical technique for popliteal lymphadenectomy is essential. This case study illustrates the importance of considering the approach to the popliteal lymph node basin for patients with melanoma.     

Optimizing the Approach for Lymph Node Dissection during Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy

Background

Lymph node dissection (LND) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer is one of the integral steps of radical cystectomy. In addition to staging, adequate LND has been found to alter both the prognosis for and the course of the disease after radical cystectomy.

Objective

To point out several essential steps that provide optimal exposure for LND during laparoscopic radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Design, setting and participants

From August 2006 to September 2008, we performed 10 laparoscopic cystectomies with an extended LND using this approach at our institution. Patient and tumor characteristics, the anatomic extent of the LND, the number of lymph nodes examined, and the postoperative complications encountered were evaluated.

Surgical procedure

Essential steps include (1) a modified five-trocar arrangement; (2) use of a 30° telescope during LND; (3) prior complete mobilization of the sigmoid colon, allowing its retraction using an umbilical tape; (4) accomplishment of most of the bilateral LND from the right side; and (5) performance of LND after removal of the specimen.

Measurements

The primary end points were adequate intraoperative exposure of the template and number of lymph nodes retrieved. The secondary end point was evaluation of postoperative lymph node recurrence as an assessment of a complete LND.

Results and limitations

Mean total operative time was 512.5 min (range: 420–660), with a mean operative time of 143 min (range: 115–165) for the extended LND. Adequate exposure was successful in all 10 patients. The average number of lymph nodes examined was 25.5 (range: 19–32), with 4 nodes positive for metastasis. No patients had pelvic or lymph node metastasis at a mean follow-up of 14.8 mo (range: 4–30). Limitations included an analysis of a small series of patients.

Conclusions

This new approach provides optimal exposure for an adequate laparoscopic LND during radical cystectomy, without any compromise.     

Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection for Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors: Indications and Limitations

Purpose

We describe our experience with laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in 26 patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: 17 had stage I disease with no clinical (computerized tomography, ultrasound or tumor markers) evidence of metastases and 9 (2 with stage IIb and 7 with stage IIc disease) had residual tumor after chemotherapy but with negative tumor markers. Laparoscopic dissection was performed to assess more fully pathological status of the relevant retroperitoneal lymph nodes in both groups.

Materials and Methods

The patient was positioned and trocars were introduced at sites similar to that used for transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy (flank position with 3, 10 mm. and 2, 5 mm. ports). After the white line of Toldt was incised and the colon was reflected anteromedially, the retroperitoneal space was exposed. The landmarks of lymph node dissection were then isolated, including the ureter, aorta, inferior vena cava and both renal veins. Lymph node dissection was performed identical to that for open surgery, with a modified template including the paracaval, interaortocaval, upper preaortic and right common iliac nodes for right tumors, and para-aortic and upper preaortic nodes for left tumors. Lymph node chains were retrieved with a small organ bag.

Results

The procedure was completed successfully in 16 of 17 patients with stage I disease (mean duration 268 minutes for the left and 312 minutes for the right sides). No intraoperative complications were encountered. One patient had delayed ureteral stenosis requiring operative repair, 1 had a pulmonary embolism with an uneventful outcome and 1 who underwent laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection on the right side later had retrograde ejaculation. Embryonal carcinoma was found in 1 of the 17 patients.Average postoperative hospital stay was 4.5 days for patients without complications or conversion to an open procedure. After a median followup of 27 months no patient had regional relapse but 2 had pulmonary metastases that were treated successfully with 3 cycles of platinum based chemotherapy. Laparoscopic dissection was significantly more difficult in patients with stage II tumors after chemotherapy. Only in 2 patients with stage IIb disease was laparoscopic lymphadenectomy successful. In 5 of the 7 patients with stage IIc cancer portions of the dissection had to be done after conversion to an open (conventional) operation via a small incision (suprainguinal or pararectal). In 1 patient the laparoscopic approach was completely abandoned and converted to an open operation via a standard midline incision. In all 9 cases histopathological examination revealed complete necrosis. No patient has evidence of disease.

Conclusions

Our preliminary experience suggests that a modified laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is feasible for stage I tumors. However, it cannot be recommended after previous chemotherapy (stages IIb and IIc disease).