肾组织活检359例临床病理分析

目的：探讨成人肾活检患者各种肾脏病理构成比例及其临床表现关系。方法：参照WHO肾小球疾病组织学分型方案,回顾性分析359例肾活检的临床资料。结果：患者平均年龄（29.26±14）岁。原发性肾小球疾病占首位（55.99%）,继发性肾小球疾病占44.01%。原发性肾小球疾病的病理类型中最多见者为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（49.25%）,其次为IgA肾病（29.85%）和局灶节段性肾小球硬化（8.96%）。继发性肾小球疾病中狼疮性肾炎（34.18%）占首位,其次为紫癜性肾炎（21.52%）和乙肝相关性肾炎（17.09%）。结论：以原发性肾脏疾病最常见,其中系膜增生性肾小球肾炎是最常见的病理类型,其次为IgA肾病。继发性肾小球疾病以狼疮性肾炎、紫癜性肾炎和乙肝相关性肾炎居3位。原发性肾病综合征中非IgA系膜增生型肾病最常见。     

480例肾组织活检病理资料回顾性分析

目的了解医院驻地肾脏病病理类型。方法参照WHO1982年及改良的1995年肾小球疾病组织学分型方案,对2005-01～2009-07的480例肾脏活检患者临床资料、实验室检查结果和光镜、免疫病理、电镜的改变特点,结合临床确定诊断,回顾性总结480例肾组织活检的病理结果。结果患者年龄3~78岁,平均(34.1±15.2)岁,男女之比1.16:1。原发性肾小球疾病占首位为72.5%,继发性肾小球疾病为16.67%。原发性肾小球疾病的病理类型中最多见者为IgA肾病37.36%,其次为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎34.20%。继发性肾小球疾病中狼疮性肾炎占首位28.75%,其次为紫癜性肾炎21.25%。结论 150医院所驻地区肾脏疾病多见于青中年,以原发性肾脏疾病最常见,其中IgA肾病是最常见的病理类型,其次为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎。继发性肾小球疾病以狼疮性肾炎和紫癜性肾炎多见。     

肾脏疾病患者肾活检150例临床病理资料分析

目的分析并了解肾脏疾病患者肾组织病理类型的分布。方法对我院2010年1月至2012年12月间肾脏疾病患者150例肾活检病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果①150例肾脏疾病患者中原发性肾小球疾病104例,占69.33%;继发性肾小球疾病31例,占20.67%。②原发性肾小球疾病病理分型中最常见系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（47.12%）,其次为IgA肾病（17.31%）及局灶节段肾小球硬化症（12.50%）,微小病变占10.58%。③继发性肾小球疾病中狼疮性肾炎居于首位（45.16%）,其次为紫癜性肾炎（22.58%）;继发性肾小球疾病病理类型最常见局灶节段硬化性肾炎（32.26%）,其次为系膜增生性肾炎（22.57%）。结论目前原发性肾小球肾炎仍为最常见及主要的肾小球疾病,其中最常见病理类型为系膜增生性肾炎。肾脏疾病临床表现与病变程度往往不相一致,因此肾活检病理对临床明确诊断,指导治疗方案及评估患者的预后有重要意义。     

353例小儿肾小球疾病的病理及临床分布特点

目的 了解小儿肾小球疾病病理与临床分布特点。方法 收集353例肾活检患儿资料进行回顾性分析。结果 353例患儿中诊断为紫癜性肾炎117例(33.1%),孤立性血尿94例(26.6%),原发性肾病综合征87例(24.6%),急性肾炎综合征23例(6.5%),其次还有乙肝相关性肾炎、狼疮性肾炎、孤立性蛋白尿、慢性肾炎等。肾小球疾病中以原发性肾小球疾病最为常见(206例,占58.4%),病理改变主要为:系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(MsPGN)66例,占32.0%; IgA肾病(IgA N)54例,占26.2%;轻微病变37例,占18.0%;其他还包括微小病变(MCD)、膜增生性肾小球肾炎(MPGN)、膜性肾病(MN)、毛细血管增生性肾小球肾炎等。继发性肾小球疾病以紫癜性肾炎最常见。结论 肾小球疾病以原发性肾小球疾病为主,临床诊断以孤立性血尿最常见,继发性肾炎以紫癜性肾炎最常见。     

395例肾活检患者临床与病理分析

目的：了解肾病患者的临床与病理关系。方法：回顾性分析本院2005年7月～2010年5月的肾活检原发性和继发性的395例肾病患者的临床表现与病理类分型之间的关系。病理分型依据WHO1982年和1995年改良的肾小球疾病组织学分型修订方案。结果：395例患者中,原发性肾小球疾病281例,占71.14%;继发性肾小球疾病114例,占28.86%。原发性肾小球疾病病理分型中,IgA肾病119例,占30.13%;系膜增生性肾小球肾炎71例,占17.97%;膜性肾病50例,占12.66%;微小病变28例,占7.09%;局灶节段性肾小球硬化4例,占1.01%。其中IgA肾病仍是原发性肾小球疾病中最常见的病理分型。继发性肾小球疾病中以狼疮性肾炎（LN）多见,共75例,占18.99%。临床表现肾病综合征者253例,占64.05%;肾炎综合征者128例,占32.41%;急性肾衰竭者14例,占3.81%。结论：本组肾脏疾病中,原发性肾小球疾病仍是最常见的,其中病理分型以IgA肾病占首位;继发性肾小球疾病中,狼疮性肾炎占首位;其他继发性肾小球疾病逐渐增多。     

59例肾活检病例临床与病理分析

目的：分析肾脏疾病经皮肾活检的病理类型构成比例,以指导治疗、判断预后。方法回顾总结2011年1月～2013年12月进行的肾活检穿刺病例,参照WHO肾小球疾病的组织学分型,通过光镜、免疫荧光、电镜检测明确病理诊断。结果59例肾活检患者中,原发性肾小球疾病34例,占57.63%,继发性肾小球疾病25例,占42.37%。原发性肾小球疾病类型中最多的是IgA肾病（32.36%）,其次是膜性肾病（29.41%）和微小病变肾病（20.59%）。继发性肾损害中狼疮性肾炎占首位（28.00%）,其次为糖尿病肾病（24.00%）。结论肾小球疾病中以原发性肾小球疾病最常见,尤以IgA肾病最为常见;继发性肾损害中以狼疮性肾炎最多见。随着肾活检技术的广泛开展,其他少见的肾脏疾病也有检出。     

肾活检病理流行病学特点分析

目的了解我院1245例肾活检资料的流行病学特点及病理类型分布特征。方法回顾性分析我院2002年1月-2008年8月1245例肾脏疾病经皮肾活检的病理类型。结果本组1245例肾脏疾病患者行肾活检时的年龄范围为9～73岁,男506例,女739例。本组原发性肾小球疾病占82.81%,继发性肾小球疾病占13.65%,小管间质疾病占1.12%,遗传性及先天性疾病占0.40%,移植肾占1.69%,其中1例合并病毒感染,未确定诊断0.32%。原发性肾小球疾病以系膜增生性肾小球肾炎最为常见,占43.45%,其次分别为IgA肾病32.69%,微小病变性肾病12.03%,局灶节段性肾小球硬化5.14%,特发性膜性肾病2.62%,新月体肾炎0.97%,毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎0.78%。继发性肾损害包括:①全身性疾病所致的肾损害:最常见的继发肾脏病是狼疮性肾炎62.94%,其余依次紫癜性肾炎7.65%,血管炎4.71%,妊娠相关性肾损害3.53%。②代谢性疾病所致的肾损害:糖尿病肾病8.24%。③血管疾病所致肾脏疾病:肾动脉硬化和恶性高血压2.94%,血栓性微血管病0.59%。④感染性疾病肾损害:乙肝病毒相关性肾损害5.89%。...     

肾小球疾病临床病理类型特点

目的研究云南高原肾小球疾病的临床病理特点及其相互关系。方法对本院肾活检诊断610例病例进行临床及病理分型的关系分析。结果610例病理类型原发性肾小球疾病以MsPGN最常见,占274例(66.02%),其次是IgAN,占72例(17.34%);继发性肾小球疾病以IV型膜增生性狼疮性肾炎最常见,占52例(83.87%),其次为紫癜性肾炎21例,占20.19%。临床表现以肾病综合征最常见,占412例(67.54%),其次是下肢浮肿、尿检异常和慢性肾炎,分别占97例(15.90%)和76例(12.45%)。结论云南高原地区肾小球疾病的临床及病理表现多样化并具有一定特点,临床表现最常见为包括呈肾病范围蛋白尿在内的肾病综合征,病理上原发性肾小球疾病中最常见是MsPGN的病变类型,继发性肾小球疾病以IV型膜增生性狼疮性肾炎最常见。     

629例肾小球疾病病理类型及流行病学分析

目的探讨629例已接受肾活检的患者肾小球疾病病理类型及流行病学特点。方法对驻马店地区629例肾活检病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果肾小球疾病患者行肾活检时的年龄11-81岁,平均年龄（40.2±14.7）岁。病因分布：原发性肾小球疾病530例（84.3%）,继发性肾小球疾病94例（14.9%）,小管间质性疾病5例（0.8%）。病理类型分布：原发性肾小球疾病中男性多见,以膜性肾病为主,共218例（41.1%）;肾小球轻微病变122例（23.0%）;Ig A肾病84例（15.8%）;系膜增生性肾小球肾炎45例（8.5%）。继发性肾小球疾病中以狼疮性肾炎为主,共46例（48.9%）,并以女性多见;紫癜性肾炎12例（12.8%）;糖尿病肾病9例（9.6%）。结论驻马店地区的肾脏疾病患者中以原发性肾小球疾病为最常见,其中又以膜性肾病占多数,其次为微小病变肾小球肾炎和Ig A肾病,而在继发性肾小球疾病中,狼疮性肾炎占主要地位,青年女性多发。肾小管间质性肾病及遗传性肾病较少见。     

第三讲社区常见疾病 第一章内科常见疾病 第二十六节肾病综合征

肾病综合征并非独立疾病,而是多种肾小球疾病引起的一组症状与体征.肾病综合征可分为原发性与继发性两大类,前者指由肾脏本身疾病(如急、慢性肾炎等)引起,后者常继发于过敏性紫癜、系统性红斑狼疮、糖尿病肾病等.肾病综合征的病理改变主要有以下类型:①微小病变型肾病;②膜性肾病;③系膜毛细血管性肾炎;④系膜增生性肾炎;⑤局灶、节段性肾小球硬化症.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.