Effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαof small intestine in rats

Objective To observe effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαas well as the change pattern in rats. Methods Ninety-one Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group (n =7), the open abdominal injury group(n =42) and open abdominal injury combined with 1-hour seawater immersion group ( n =42). The expression of NF-κB,andIκBαin small intestine tissues was measured by Western blot and statistical analyses were also made in the study. Results The expression of NF-κB,in the seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury group increased significantly 3 hours after injury, when compared with that of the open abdominal injury group(P<0. 05), whereas the expression of NF-κB, of the pure injury group was slightly lower than that of the control group, but no statistical differences could be seen between them(P>0.05). The change pattern in the expression of IκBαwas quite the opposite to that of NF-κB. Conclusions NF-κB seemed to be rapidly and persistently involved in the whole inflammatory response to trauma induced by opened abdominal injury and seawater immersion, when a comparison was made with the pure open abdominal injury group. Injuries for the rats in the open abdominal injury combined with seawater immersion group were serious, and the feedback mechanism for NF-κB was not established for quite a long time.     

Effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαof small intestine in rats

Objective To observe effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαas well as the change pattern in rats. Methods Ninety-one Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group (n =7), the open abdominal injury group(n =42) and open abdominal injury combined with 1-hour seawater immersion group ( n =42). The expression of NF-κB,andIκBαin small intestine tissues was measured by Western blot and statistical analyses were also made in the study. Results The expression of NF-κB,in the seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury group increased significantly 3 hours after injury, when compared with that of the open abdominal injury group(P<0. 05), whereas the expression of NF-κB, of the pure injury group was slightly lower than that of the control group, but no statistical differences could be seen between them(P>0.05). The change pattern in the expression of IκBαwas quite the opposite to that of NF-κB. Conclusions NF-κB seemed to be rapidly and persistently involved in the whole inflammatory response to trauma induced by opened abdominal injury and seawater immersion, when a comparison was made with the pure open abdominal injury group. Injuries for the rats in the open abdominal injury combined with seawater immersion group were serious, and the feedback mechanism for NF-κB was not established for quite a long time.     

Effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαof small intestine in rats

Objective To observe effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαas well as the change pattern in rats. Methods Ninety-one Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group (n =7), the open abdominal injury group(n =42) and open abdominal injury combined with 1-hour seawater immersion group ( n =42). The expression of NF-κB,andIκBαin small intestine tissues was measured by Western blot and statistical analyses were also made in the study. Results The expression of NF-κB,in the seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury group increased significantly 3 hours after injury, when compared with that of the open abdominal injury group(P<0. 05), whereas the expression of NF-κB, of the pure injury group was slightly lower than that of the control group, but no statistical differences could be seen between them(P>0.05). The change pattern in the expression of IκBαwas quite the opposite to that of NF-κB. Conclusions NF-κB seemed to be rapidly and persistently involved in the whole inflammatory response to trauma induced by opened abdominal injury and seawater immersion, when a comparison was made with the pure open abdominal injury group. Injuries for the rats in the open abdominal injury combined with seawater immersion group were serious, and the feedback mechanism for NF-κB was not established for quite a long time.     

Effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαof small intestine in rats

Objective To observe effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαas well as the change pattern in rats. Methods Ninety-one Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group (n =7), the open abdominal injury group(n =42) and open abdominal injury combined with 1-hour seawater immersion group ( n =42). The expression of NF-κB,andIκBαin small intestine tissues was measured by Western blot and statistical analyses were also made in the study. Results The expression of NF-κB,in the seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury group increased significantly 3 hours after injury, when compared with that of the open abdominal injury group(P<0. 05), whereas the expression of NF-κB, of the pure injury group was slightly lower than that of the control group, but no statistical differences could be seen between them(P>0.05). The change pattern in the expression of IκBαwas quite the opposite to that of NF-κB. Conclusions NF-κB seemed to be rapidly and persistently involved in the whole inflammatory response to trauma induced by opened abdominal injury and seawater immersion, when a comparison was made with the pure open abdominal injury group. Injuries for the rats in the open abdominal injury combined with seawater immersion group were serious, and the feedback mechanism for NF-κB was not established for quite a long time.     

Effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαof small intestine in rats

Objective To observe effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαas well as the change pattern in rats. Methods Ninety-one Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group (n =7), the open abdominal injury group(n =42) and open abdominal injury combined with 1-hour seawater immersion group ( n =42). The expression of NF-κB,andIκBαin small intestine tissues was measured by Western blot and statistical analyses were also made in the study. Results The expression of NF-κB,in the seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury group increased significantly 3 hours after injury, when compared with that of the open abdominal injury group(P<0. 05), whereas the expression of NF-κB, of the pure injury group was slightly lower than that of the control group, but no statistical differences could be seen between them(P>0.05). The change pattern in the expression of IκBαwas quite the opposite to that of NF-κB. Conclusions NF-κB seemed to be rapidly and persistently involved in the whole inflammatory response to trauma induced by opened abdominal injury and seawater immersion, when a comparison was made with the pure open abdominal injury group. Injuries for the rats in the open abdominal injury combined with seawater immersion group were serious, and the feedback mechanism for NF-κB was not established for quite a long time.     

Effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαof small intestine in rats

Objective To observe effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαas well as the change pattern in rats. Methods Ninety-one Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group (n =7), the open abdominal injury group(n =42) and open abdominal injury combined with 1-hour seawater immersion group ( n =42). The expression of NF-κB,andIκBαin small intestine tissues was measured by Western blot and statistical analyses were also made in the study. Results The expression of NF-κB,in the seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury group increased significantly 3 hours after injury, when compared with that of the open abdominal injury group(P<0. 05), whereas the expression of NF-κB, of the pure injury group was slightly lower than that of the control group, but no statistical differences could be seen between them(P>0.05). The change pattern in the expression of IκBαwas quite the opposite to that of NF-κB. Conclusions NF-κB seemed to be rapidly and persistently involved in the whole inflammatory response to trauma induced by opened abdominal injury and seawater immersion, when a comparison was made with the pure open abdominal injury group. Injuries for the rats in the open abdominal injury combined with seawater immersion group were serious, and the feedback mechanism for NF-κB was not established for quite a long time.     

Effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαof small intestine in rats

Objective To observe effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαas well as the change pattern in rats. Methods Ninety-one Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group (n =7), the open abdominal injury group(n =42) and open abdominal injury combined with 1-hour seawater immersion group ( n =42). The expression of NF-κB,andIκBαin small intestine tissues was measured by Western blot and statistical analyses were also made in the study. Results The expression of NF-κB,in the seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury group increased significantly 3 hours after injury, when compared with that of the open abdominal injury group(P<0. 05), whereas the expression of NF-κB, of the pure injury group was slightly lower than that of the control group, but no statistical differences could be seen between them(P>0.05). The change pattern in the expression of IκBαwas quite the opposite to that of NF-κB. Conclusions NF-κB seemed to be rapidly and persistently involved in the whole inflammatory response to trauma induced by opened abdominal injury and seawater immersion, when a comparison was made with the pure open abdominal injury group. Injuries for the rats in the open abdominal injury combined with seawater immersion group were serious, and the feedback mechanism for NF-κB was not established for quite a long time.     

Effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαof small intestine in rats

Objective To observe effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαas well as the change pattern in rats. Methods Ninety-one Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group (n =7), the open abdominal injury group(n =42) and open abdominal injury combined with 1-hour seawater immersion group ( n =42). The expression of NF-κB,andIκBαin small intestine tissues was measured by Western blot and statistical analyses were also made in the study. Results The expression of NF-κB,in the seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury group increased significantly 3 hours after injury, when compared with that of the open abdominal injury group(P<0. 05), whereas the expression of NF-κB, of the pure injury group was slightly lower than that of the control group, but no statistical differences could be seen between them(P>0.05). The change pattern in the expression of IκBαwas quite the opposite to that of NF-κB. Conclusions NF-κB seemed to be rapidly and persistently involved in the whole inflammatory response to trauma induced by opened abdominal injury and seawater immersion, when a comparison was made with the pure open abdominal injury group. Injuries for the rats in the open abdominal injury combined with seawater immersion group were serious, and the feedback mechanism for NF-κB was not established for quite a long time.     

Effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαof small intestine in rats

Objective To observe effects of seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury on the expression of NF-κB,and IκBαas well as the change pattern in rats. Methods Ninety-one Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group (n =7), the open abdominal injury group(n =42) and open abdominal injury combined with 1-hour seawater immersion group ( n =42). The expression of NF-κB,andIκBαin small intestine tissues was measured by Western blot and statistical analyses were also made in the study. Results The expression of NF-κB,in the seawater immersion combined with open abdominal injury group increased significantly 3 hours after injury, when compared with that of the open abdominal injury group(P<0. 05), whereas the expression of NF-κB, of the pure injury group was slightly lower than that of the control group, but no statistical differences could be seen between them(P>0.05). The change pattern in the expression of IκBαwas quite the opposite to that of NF-κB. Conclusions NF-κB seemed to be rapidly and persistently involved in the whole inflammatory response to trauma induced by opened abdominal injury and seawater immersion, when a comparison was made with the pure open abdominal injury group. Injuries for the rats in the open abdominal injury combined with seawater immersion group were serious, and the feedback mechanism for NF-κB was not established for quite a long time.     

海水浸泡对大鼠小肠组织NF-κB,IκBα表达的影响

目的 观察海水浸泡并创伤大鼠小肠NF-κB,IκBα达的变化规律.方法 Wistar大鼠91只,随机分为3组:空白对照组7只,创伤组42只,海水浸泡并创伤组42只.创伤组采用腹部开放伤模型,海水浸泡并创伤组在腹部开放伤的基础上海水浸泡1 h.采用Western blotting方法测定3组小肠组织NF-κB,IκBα达量并进行统计分析和组间比较.结果 与创伤组相比,海水浸泡并创伤组伤后3 h小肠组织NF-κB的表达即出现明显增高,并一直持续到72 h(P<0.05),创伤组似较空白组略有降低,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);IκBα变化规律与NF-κB相反.结论 IκBα速而且持续地参与了海水浸泡并创伤大鼠的炎症反应过程,海水浸泡并创伤组大鼠伤情严重,损伤因素持续存在.在相当长一段时间内NF-κB负反馈机制并未得到建立.     

Effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits

Objective To observe effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits. Methods 10 adult healthy grey rabbits were used for the experiment. The rabbit eye model of comea blast injury was developed by using a single firecracker. For each rabbit, the right eye was the experimental eye (seawater was injected into the anterior chamber through the cornea incision, simulating seawater immersion) and the left eye was the control (treated with 0.9% sodium chloride). Levels of aqueous humor TNF-α were detected by using double-antibody sandwich ELISA on the 1st, 2nd, yrd, 4th, 5th, and 7th days following seawater immersion or 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Results Following development of the model, levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd days were 190.338, 156. 107,117.018 ng/L respectively, and significant differences could be seen when comparisous were made between the experimental and control eyes. The level of aqueous humor TNF-α on the 1st day was the highest and obviously reached the peak. Conclusions Level of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye with penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion was significantly higher than that of the control eye, indicating that TNF-α was clearly involved in the pathological change and it played an important role in the process.     

Effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits

Objective To observe effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits. Methods 10 adult healthy grey rabbits were used for the experiment. The rabbit eye model of comea blast injury was developed by using a single firecracker. For each rabbit, the right eye was the experimental eye (seawater was injected into the anterior chamber through the cornea incision, simulating seawater immersion) and the left eye was the control (treated with 0.9% sodium chloride). Levels of aqueous humor TNF-α were detected by using double-antibody sandwich ELISA on the 1st, 2nd, yrd, 4th, 5th, and 7th days following seawater immersion or 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Results Following development of the model, levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd days were 190.338, 156. 107,117.018 ng/L respectively, and significant differences could be seen when comparisous were made between the experimental and control eyes. The level of aqueous humor TNF-α on the 1st day was the highest and obviously reached the peak. Conclusions Level of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye with penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion was significantly higher than that of the control eye, indicating that TNF-α was clearly involved in the pathological change and it played an important role in the process.     

Effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits

Objective To observe effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits. Methods 10 adult healthy grey rabbits were used for the experiment. The rabbit eye model of comea blast injury was developed by using a single firecracker. For each rabbit, the right eye was the experimental eye (seawater was injected into the anterior chamber through the cornea incision, simulating seawater immersion) and the left eye was the control (treated with 0.9% sodium chloride). Levels of aqueous humor TNF-α were detected by using double-antibody sandwich ELISA on the 1st, 2nd, yrd, 4th, 5th, and 7th days following seawater immersion or 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Results Following development of the model, levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd days were 190.338, 156. 107,117.018 ng/L respectively, and significant differences could be seen when comparisous were made between the experimental and control eyes. The level of aqueous humor TNF-α on the 1st day was the highest and obviously reached the peak. Conclusions Level of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye with penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion was significantly higher than that of the control eye, indicating that TNF-α was clearly involved in the pathological change and it played an important role in the process.     

Effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits

Objective To observe effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits. Methods 10 adult healthy grey rabbits were used for the experiment. The rabbit eye model of comea blast injury was developed by using a single firecracker. For each rabbit, the right eye was the experimental eye (seawater was injected into the anterior chamber through the cornea incision, simulating seawater immersion) and the left eye was the control (treated with 0.9% sodium chloride). Levels of aqueous humor TNF-α were detected by using double-antibody sandwich ELISA on the 1st, 2nd, yrd, 4th, 5th, and 7th days following seawater immersion or 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Results Following development of the model, levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd days were 190.338, 156. 107,117.018 ng/L respectively, and significant differences could be seen when comparisous were made between the experimental and control eyes. The level of aqueous humor TNF-α on the 1st day was the highest and obviously reached the peak. Conclusions Level of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye with penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion was significantly higher than that of the control eye, indicating that TNF-α was clearly involved in the pathological change and it played an important role in the process.     

Effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits

Objective To observe effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits. Methods 10 adult healthy grey rabbits were used for the experiment. The rabbit eye model of comea blast injury was developed by using a single firecracker. For each rabbit, the right eye was the experimental eye (seawater was injected into the anterior chamber through the cornea incision, simulating seawater immersion) and the left eye was the control (treated with 0.9% sodium chloride). Levels of aqueous humor TNF-α were detected by using double-antibody sandwich ELISA on the 1st, 2nd, yrd, 4th, 5th, and 7th days following seawater immersion or 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Results Following development of the model, levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd days were 190.338, 156. 107,117.018 ng/L respectively, and significant differences could be seen when comparisous were made between the experimental and control eyes. The level of aqueous humor TNF-α on the 1st day was the highest and obviously reached the peak. Conclusions Level of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye with penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion was significantly higher than that of the control eye, indicating that TNF-α was clearly involved in the pathological change and it played an important role in the process.     

Effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits

Objective To observe effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits. Methods 10 adult healthy grey rabbits were used for the experiment. The rabbit eye model of comea blast injury was developed by using a single firecracker. For each rabbit, the right eye was the experimental eye (seawater was injected into the anterior chamber through the cornea incision, simulating seawater immersion) and the left eye was the control (treated with 0.9% sodium chloride). Levels of aqueous humor TNF-α were detected by using double-antibody sandwich ELISA on the 1st, 2nd, yrd, 4th, 5th, and 7th days following seawater immersion or 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Results Following development of the model, levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd days were 190.338, 156. 107,117.018 ng/L respectively, and significant differences could be seen when comparisous were made between the experimental and control eyes. The level of aqueous humor TNF-α on the 1st day was the highest and obviously reached the peak. Conclusions Level of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye with penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion was significantly higher than that of the control eye, indicating that TNF-α was clearly involved in the pathological change and it played an important role in the process.     

Effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits

Objective To observe effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits. Methods 10 adult healthy grey rabbits were used for the experiment. The rabbit eye model of comea blast injury was developed by using a single firecracker. For each rabbit, the right eye was the experimental eye (seawater was injected into the anterior chamber through the cornea incision, simulating seawater immersion) and the left eye was the control (treated with 0.9% sodium chloride). Levels of aqueous humor TNF-α were detected by using double-antibody sandwich ELISA on the 1st, 2nd, yrd, 4th, 5th, and 7th days following seawater immersion or 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Results Following development of the model, levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd days were 190.338, 156. 107,117.018 ng/L respectively, and significant differences could be seen when comparisous were made between the experimental and control eyes. The level of aqueous humor TNF-α on the 1st day was the highest and obviously reached the peak. Conclusions Level of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye with penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion was significantly higher than that of the control eye, indicating that TNF-α was clearly involved in the pathological change and it played an important role in the process.     

Effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits

Objective To observe effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits. Methods 10 adult healthy grey rabbits were used for the experiment. The rabbit eye model of comea blast injury was developed by using a single firecracker. For each rabbit, the right eye was the experimental eye (seawater was injected into the anterior chamber through the cornea incision, simulating seawater immersion) and the left eye was the control (treated with 0.9% sodium chloride). Levels of aqueous humor TNF-α were detected by using double-antibody sandwich ELISA on the 1st, 2nd, yrd, 4th, 5th, and 7th days following seawater immersion or 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Results Following development of the model, levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd days were 190.338, 156. 107,117.018 ng/L respectively, and significant differences could be seen when comparisous were made between the experimental and control eyes. The level of aqueous humor TNF-α on the 1st day was the highest and obviously reached the peak. Conclusions Level of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye with penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion was significantly higher than that of the control eye, indicating that TNF-α was clearly involved in the pathological change and it played an important role in the process.     

Effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits

Objective To observe effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits. Methods 10 adult healthy grey rabbits were used for the experiment. The rabbit eye model of comea blast injury was developed by using a single firecracker. For each rabbit, the right eye was the experimental eye (seawater was injected into the anterior chamber through the cornea incision, simulating seawater immersion) and the left eye was the control (treated with 0.9% sodium chloride). Levels of aqueous humor TNF-α were detected by using double-antibody sandwich ELISA on the 1st, 2nd, yrd, 4th, 5th, and 7th days following seawater immersion or 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Results Following development of the model, levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd days were 190.338, 156. 107,117.018 ng/L respectively, and significant differences could be seen when comparisous were made between the experimental and control eyes. The level of aqueous humor TNF-α on the 1st day was the highest and obviously reached the peak. Conclusions Level of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye with penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion was significantly higher than that of the control eye, indicating that TNF-α was clearly involved in the pathological change and it played an important role in the process.     

Effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits

Objective To observe effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits. Methods 10 adult healthy grey rabbits were used for the experiment. The rabbit eye model of comea blast injury was developed by using a single firecracker. For each rabbit, the right eye was the experimental eye (seawater was injected into the anterior chamber through the cornea incision, simulating seawater immersion) and the left eye was the control (treated with 0.9% sodium chloride). Levels of aqueous humor TNF-α were detected by using double-antibody sandwich ELISA on the 1st, 2nd, yrd, 4th, 5th, and 7th days following seawater immersion or 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Results Following development of the model, levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd days were 190.338, 156. 107,117.018 ng/L respectively, and significant differences could be seen when comparisous were made between the experimental and control eyes. The level of aqueous humor TNF-α on the 1st day was the highest and obviously reached the peak. Conclusions Level of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye with penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion was significantly higher than that of the control eye, indicating that TNF-α was clearly involved in the pathological change and it played an important role in the process.