2014～2015年成都地区小牛血清去蛋白注射液不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的：统计分析成都地区2014～2015年度小牛血清去蛋白注射液的不良反应报告,提高小牛血清去蛋白注射液临床应用的安全性。方法：收集2014～2015年成都市药品不良反应监测中心数据库中小牛血清去蛋白注射液不良反应报告154例,并对患者的基本情况、ADR 的合并用药、用法用量、发生时间、临床表现、新的和严重的ADR、预后进行统计分析。结果：154例小牛血清去蛋白注射液不良反应报告经因果关系评价,符合标准的有141例。ADR主要发生于成人和老年人;给药途径均为静脉滴注,日剂量均符合说明书推荐的用药剂量。ADR报告中涉及合并用药的25例,其中18例合并应用了中药注射剂。ADR大多发生在首次输液的1h内,临床表现涉及机体多个器官系统。发生严重的ADR共7例,新的不良反应共15例。结论：小牛血清去蛋白注射液新的不良反应和过敏反应的发生率应作为上市后评价的关注要点。还应加强对各医疗机构ADR报告质量的评估和管理。     

南京医科大学附属南京儿童医院104例热毒宁注射液致不良反应报告分析

目的 探讨热毒宁注射液导致儿童不良反应（ADR）的一般规律及特点,促进临床合理用药。方法 对南京医科大学附属南京儿童医院2012年1月-2015年12月使用热毒宁注射液致104例ADR患者的性别、年龄、原患疾病、给药剂量、ADR发生时间、联合用药情况、ADR累及器官/系统及临床表现、转归等进行回顾性分析。结果 男性患儿发生ADR的比例相对较高,占55.77%;以单次给药剂量10 mL发生率最高,占35.24%;ADR出现时间多数在用药初期,用药30 min内发生的占66.34%;临床表现以皮肤及附件损害（38.89%）、全身性损害（30.15%）为主,经停药及对症治疗后均预后良好。结论 儿童是热毒宁注射液ADR的高发群体,临床使用应辨证施治、规范用药,加强用药监测,密切防范不良反应的发生。     

丹参注射剂561例临床不良反应/事件分析

摘 要 目的：分析丹参注射剂所致不良反应发生的特点,为临床安全用药提供参考。方法：采用回顾性研究方法,对2012～2014年湖北省药品不良反应监测中心收集的561例丹参注射剂所致不良反应/事件（ADR/ADE）,以患者性别、年龄、过敏史,ADR/ADE发生时间、临床表现及转归等指标作为考查项,进行统计分析。结果：561例ADR/ADE患者男女比例为1∶1.109,主要发生人群为40岁以上的患者（85.93%）。共发生ADR/ADE 784例次,主要发生时间为给药后30 min以内（56.86%）,主要临床表现为皮肤及其附件损害（34.31%）、全身性损害（16.45%）、心率及心律紊乱（12.76%）,其中严重不良反应构成比为4.5%。结论：丹参注射液可引起不同程度的不良反应,临床用药时应给予足够重视,需加强ADR/ADE监测,提高用药安全性。     

28例血必净注射液严重不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的:了解山东省内收集的28例血必净注射液严重药品不良反应(ADR)的发生特点,为临床安全用药提供参考。方法：收集2012年1月1日～2015年3月31日山东省血必净注射液引起的严重ADR数据,对ADR的患者情况（性别、年龄、原患疾病、ADR史）、药品情况（给药途径、剂量、联合用药情况）、ADR发生时间、分类及临床表现、关联性评价结果与处置转归等进行回顾性分析。结果：血必净注射液严重ADR多集中于40～49岁患者,女性多于男性。临床主要表现为呼吸系统损害,速发型过敏反应;经停药及对症治疗后全部病例预后良好。结论：加强严重ADR监测工作,关注血必净注射液对呼吸系统（速发型）损害。促进临床合理用药, 以保证患者的用药安全。     

41例热毒宁注射液不良反应分析

摘 要 目的:分析41例热毒宁注射液不良反应（ADR）病例,探讨ADR发生的相关因素方法：提取惠州市2013年1月～2014年9月药品不良反应网络管理平台中41例热毒宁注射液ADR病例报告,分别统计患者性别、年龄、原患疾病,ADR累及的系统 器官及临床表现等并作分析。结果：41份ADR报告中,不良反应集中在儿童组,以变态反应居多,主要累及皮肤及其附件损害（53.8%）;78.1%的ADR发生在用药30 min内;82.9%的关联性评价结果为很可能;均为单独用药后发生的ADR。结论：医务人员应该重视热毒宁注射液的不良反应,加强临床使用过程的主动监测,分析ADR的发生特点,尽量减少或避免ADR的发生,确保临床用药安全。     

北京地区2003~2013年银杏叶提取物注射液不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的：调查北京地区银杏叶提取物注射液（金纳多）所致药品不良反应（ADR）发生情况,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法：对北京地区2003~2013年银杏叶提取物注射液ADR上报信息进行统计归类,对发生人群、ADR症状和累及器官、发生时间、合并用药情况及处理预后情况进行回顾性分析。结果：在114例不良反应报告中,老年患者的构成比大于青壮年患者,女性患者的构成比大于男性,累及皮肤及其附件损害的ADR例数最多（35例）,其次为累及神经系统、心血管系统等。ADR发生时间无规律。银杏叶提取物注射液ADR报告中存在9例合并用药现象。新的ADR 8例,无严重ADR。结论：临床应合理使用银杏叶提取物注射液,保证临床用药安全,降低药品不良反应发生风险。     

小牛血清去蛋白注射液辅助治疗急性前循环脑梗死的近期疗效与安全性观察

摘 要 目的：观察小牛血清去蛋白注射液辅助治疗急性前循环脑梗死的近期疗效和安全性。方法：采用随机、单盲、对照设计,96例患者随机分为对照组和观察组各48例,在常规治疗的基础上,分别静滴0.9%氯化钠注射液或小牛血清去蛋白注射液,连续21 d。分别采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）、Barthel指数（BI）、改良Rankin量表（mRS）评价临床神经功能缺损、日常生活能力及预后功能残疾水平,记录药品不良反应。结果：治疗21 d后,两组患者NIHSS、BI及mRS评分均较治疗前有明显改善（P<0.05）,且观察组上述指标改善明显优于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组临床总有效率为81.3%,明显高于对照组的62.5%（P<0.05）。用药前后两组患者血尿常规、肝肾功能、心电图等检查无异常变化,未见与小牛血清去蛋白注射液相关的不良事件。结论：小牛血清去蛋白注射液辅助治疗,对急性前循环脑梗死具有较好的治疗作用。     

重组人促红细胞生成素不良反应149例文献分析

摘 要 目的：分析重组人促红细胞生成素（rHuEPO）药品不良反应（ADR）的发生情况,为临床安全用药提供参考。方法: 收集国内外公开报道的rHuEPO的ADR文献资料,按患者年龄、性别、原患疾病、ADR发生时间、累及器官及临床表现、转归等进行整理并分析。结果:经检索,rHuEPO的ADR共计149例,累及器官主要有心血管系统损害（43.4%）、血液系统损害（20.8%）、皮肤及其附件损害（12.7%）。临床表现前3位分别是高血压、再生障碍性贫血、高钾血症。发生时间多集中在用药后5~12周内（43.0％）。结论:rHuEPO在临床使用过程中应关注其ADR、发生时间,注意患者用药教育及随访,避免严重ADR的发生。     

23例肾康注射液新的、严重的不良反应分析

摘 要 目的：分析肾康注射液新的、严重的药品不良反应（ＡDR）相关因素，为临床安全用药提供参考。方法：检索2000年1月～ 2018 年4月中国期刊全文数据库，同时收集我院上报国家药品不良反应监测系统的ADR报告，筛选出肾康注射液新的、严重的ADR病例报告，并对其性别、年龄及原患疾病、过敏史情况，肾康注射液给药方式、溶媒、合并用药，ADR出现时间、临床表现、关联性评价和转归等进行统计分析。结果：23例肾康注射液ADR中，新的ADR 15例（65.22%），严重的ADR 8例（34.78%），新的、严重的ADR 6例（26.08%）。患者中男11例，女12例，60岁及以上的老年患者占52.17%。5例患者既往有药物过敏史。多数ADR发生在用药后30 min 内。ADR以全身性损害最为常见，表现为发热、寒战、过敏样反应及过敏性休克等。结论：临床应重视肾康注射液ADR 的预防，规范肾康注射液的临床应用，加强用药过程中的监测，从而保障患者用药安全有效。     

284例静脉用铁剂不良反应的调查研究和报告质量分析

目的 分析静脉用铁剂不良反应（ADR）的相关数据和报告质量,为临床静脉用铁剂的合理使用提供参考。方法 收集整理2015年1月—2019年12月江苏省药物不良反应监测中心收集到的284例静脉用铁剂ADR报告,对患者的一般情况、累及器官–系统及临床表现、合并用药、ADR转归、报表质量等进行统计分析。结果 共有10例疑为右旋糖酐铁注射液和274例疑为蔗糖铁注射液引起的ADR报告纳入分析。右旋糖酐铁注射液引起的ADR以全身性损害为主,蔗糖铁注射液引起的ADR以皮肤及其附件损害为主;284例ADR中有13例溶媒用量不适宜,有4例联合用药不适宜;报告平均分为78.95,分值<60分为7份（2.46%）;分值>90分为32份（11.27%）,其余245份（86.27%）分值为60～90分。主要影响其报告质量的原因有用药情况、ADR发生过程描述不全或缺失,以及用药原因与原患疾病混淆,药品不良反应分析与关联性评价结果不准确等。结论 静脉用铁剂的不良反应报告中暴露了不合理用药问题,安全、有效、合理的使用药物仍是临床当务之急。同时静脉用药不良反应报告表在规范性和完整性方面的填报质量仍有待提高。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.