急性髓性白血病免疫球蛋白重链基因和T细胞受体γ基因重排的检测意义

免疫球蛋白重链基因(IgH)和T细胞受体(TCR)基因重排常被认为是淋巴细胞的克隆标志。但是，近年来的研究表明，急性髓性白血病(AML)细胞亦可出现IgH和TCR基因重排。为此，我们采集51例AML患者骨髓，利用PCR方法检测IgH及TCRγ基因重排，并初步探讨其临床意义。     

免疫分型结合基因重排对成人急性淋巴细胞白血病诊断及预后的判断价值

目的：探讨用免疫分型组合免疫球蛋白重链（IgH)及T细胞受体γ（TCRγ）基因重排对急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）的分型诊断及预后的判断价值。方法：免疫分型采用碱性磷酸酶抗性磷酸酶复合物（APAAP）免疫组化法,基因重排采用多聚酶链反应技术（PCR法）检测58例初治成人ALL患者。结果：①通过免疫分型检测,58例ALL中,43例（74．1％）为不带髓系相关标记的ALL（My^-ALL),15例（25．9％）为带髓系相关标记的ALL（My^ ALL),以CD15最常见。②采用PCR法检测IgH基因重排和TCRγ基因重排发现,58例ALL中有79．3％（46／58）免疫分型与基因重排结果完全吻合,即T－ALL出现TCRγ基因重排阳性,B－ALL出现IgH基因重排阳性,20．7％（12／58）基因重排结果与免疫分型不能完全吻合。③58例ALL经DOLP或DOCP方案1个疗程后,My^-ALL CR为72．1％（31／43）,My^ ALL为66．7％（10．15）;ALL不同阶段CR率分别是：T－ALL为82．4％（14／17）,ProB-ALL为50．0％（3／6）,C－ALL为90．5％（19／21）,RreB-ALL为33．3％（4／12）,成熟B－ALL为50．0％（1／2）;经基因重排检测与免疫分型吻合的ALL CR率为71．7％（33／46）,不吻合的ALL66．7％（8／12）。结论：对于白血病的分型应在FAB分型的基础上加用免疫分,可提高确诊率且对预后判断有价值;基因重排诊断仅有参考价值,对预后尚无指导意义。     

老年急性淋巴细胞白血病分子生物学改变的初步观察

目的 研究老年急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的分子生物学特征。方法 应用多聚酶链反应技术(PCR)检测了16例老年ALL患者的bcr／abl融合基因、TCRγ基因重排(TCRγRA)以及IgH基因重排(IgHRA)。结果 16例患者中IgHRA11例，TCRγRA4例，两类基因重排均阴性1例；bcr／abl融合基因阳性9例，阳性率56．25％。结论 老年ALL以B—ALL为多，bcr／abl融合基因阳性率较高，可能是其治疗效果较差的原因之一。     

Castleman病10例IgH基因重排检测结果分析

用PCR技术检测10例Castleman病（CD）患者淋巴结组织免疫球蛋白重链（IgH）基因重排情况,免疫组化法观察其细胞表型;对7例患者进行96个月随访。结果1例IgH基因重排阳性,24个月时确诊为B系非霍奇金淋巴瘤,3个月后死亡;6例基因重排阴性,其中3例10～85个月死亡,余3例随访至今仍存活。提示CD可能不是一种单纯的良性淋巴组织增生性疾病,而为交界性具有恶变潜能的疾病,特别是多灶性CD（MCD）。组织学判断CD的恶变倾向困难,基因重排对判定CD的病变性质有重要作用。     

急性非淋巴细胞性白血病免疫球蛋白和T细胞受体基因重排的研究及其意义

采用PCR法对25例不同时期急性非淋巴细胞性白血病（ANLL）患者免疫球蛋白重链（IgH）和T细胞受体γ链（TcRr）基因重排进行了研究。结果显示，3例（12．0％）发生IgH基因重排，3例（12．0％）出现TcRr基因重排，其中1例同时出现IgH和TcRr基因重排，对这种ANLL中序列失真现象的机制及其在白血病基因分型及检测微小残留疾病中的意义进行讨论。     

组织学结合分子生物学参数诊断早期胃黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤

背景：胃黏膜相关淋巴组织（MALT）是幽门螺杆菌（H．pylori）感染的特殊征象，临床上较为常见．而胃MALT淋巴瘤则极为少见，两者在形态学上难以鉴别。目的：建立胃活检组织胃MALT淋巴瘤的阶梯式诊断流程，为H.pylori根除治疗提供依据。方法：收集31例胃淋巴样增生（GLH）病例，行组织学、蛋白质、DNA和染色体水平的阶梯式检查。GLH组织学分级参照Isaacson标准，以免疫组化方法检测L26、UCHL-1、免疫球蛋白轻链κ、λ和Ki-67，半巢式聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测免疫球蛋白重链（IgH）基因重排，逆转录（RT）-PCR检测AP12-MALT1融合。29例H.pylori感染者接受根除治疗，比较治疗前后的内镜和组织学表现。结果：23例GLH病例组织学分级为Ⅱ或Ⅲ级。仅2例为胃MALT淋巴瘤（组织学Ⅴ级）。1例胃MALT淋巴瘤表达λ轻链限制，10例GLH（包括2例胃MALT淋巴瘤）检测到单克隆IgH基因重排，2例胃MALT淋巴瘤检测到API2-MALT1融合。随着GLH组织学分级的递增．Ki-67标记率和单克隆IgH基因重排榆出率显著增高（P〈0．05）。根除H．pylori后随访1．5～37个月，18例内镜和组织学完全缓解。4例部分缓解。7例无变化。结论：组织学结合Ki-67、IgH基因重排和API2-MALT1融合检测的阶梯式诊断流程有助于诊断早期胃MALT淋巴瘤，亦有助于药物治疗后的随访。     

琼脂糖凝胶电泳及SSCP法在淋巴瘤克隆性TCRγ基因重排检测中的应用

目的比较琼脂糖凝胶电泳和单链构象多态性分析（SSCP）法对淋巴瘤克隆性T细胞受体（TCR）γ基因重排的检测结果,探讨TCRγ基因重排的有效检测方法。方法从T、B细胞淋巴瘤及反应增生性淋巴组织中提取DNA,分别用两组TCRγ基因重排通用引物进行PCR扩增,扩增产物分别进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳和SSCP。结果T、B细胞淋巴瘤均出现克隆性TCRγ基因重排。SSCP法两组PCR产物在T细胞淋巴瘤中的阳性率分别为77.6%和75.9%,B细胞淋巴瘤均为10%;与SSCP相比,琼脂糖凝胶电泳中两组PCR扩增产物的假阳性率分别为15.3%和14.4%,所有反应增生性淋巴组织均出现假阳性。结论T、B细胞淋巴瘤中都存在克隆性TCRγ基因重排,仅用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测可能出现假阳性,SSCP灵敏性较高。     

应用半重叠TCRγ引物扩增TCRγ基因重排检测淋巴细胞白血病的研究

采用更加敏感的半重叠式T细胞受体（TCR）γ链特异性引物的多聚酶链反应（PCR）法,对28例急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）初治、完全缓解（CR）及骨髓移植（BMT）患儿的骨髓标本进行检测,用消化煮沸及酚抽提法分别对所有骨髓标本进行DNA提取,将PCR结果进行比较。结果表明,消化煮沸法用于微量标本的DNA提取优于酚抽提法。28例ALL患儿中16例检出TCRγ特异性条带,其中微小残留病（MRD）组18例;阳性检出12例,其中免疫分型标记为B细胞型的4例（25.0%）,免疫标记为T细胞型者全部出现TCRγ阳性条带。表明TCRγ基因重排并非克隆性T细胞增生所特有,部分ALL患儿存在双克隆重排。     

T和NK细胞性白血病的诊断分析

目的:分析成熟NK/T细胞性白血病/淋巴瘤的临床特点,提高其诊断率。方法:对3例确诊为成熟NK/T细胞淋巴瘤/白血病患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,分析其临床表现、血常规、骨髓细胞学、外周血或骨髓细胞流式免疫分型及TCR、IgH基因重排的特点。结果:3例均有不同程度乏力、发热、浅表淋巴结和脾肿大、贫血。血常规淋巴细胞比例(2例为62%、69%)或单核细胞比例(1例,25%)增高。白细胞计数(WBC)减少2例,正常1例,外周血细胞流式免疫分型+TCR、IgH基因重排,2例呈成熟T淋巴细胞白血病,1例呈异常NK细胞性。骨髓象及骨髓活检发现白血病/淋巴瘤细胞侵润。结论:对临床表现乏力、发热,白细胞计数减少或正常,而淋巴细胞或单核细胞比例增高的患者,除注意检查皮疹、结节,淋巴结、脾、肝肿大,骨髓象及骨髓活检外,检测外周血细胞或骨髓细胞的流式免疫表型、TCR及IgH基因重排,有助于成熟NK/T细胞白血病/淋巴瘤的诊断。     

免疫球蛋白重链基因重排对多发性骨髓瘤的研究及应用价值

为探讨免疫球蛋白重链（IgH）基因重排在浆细胞增殖性疾病中的应用价值，用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术以10例正常人骨髓标本为对照，对57例多发性骨髓瘤（MM）、11例未定性单克隆丙种球蛋白病（MGUS）、10例反应性浆细胞增多症进行了IgH基因重排的研究。MM的外周血和骨髓的IgH基因重排检出率分别为56．9％及84.4％。外周血IgH基因重排的分析显示Ⅱ、Ⅲ期患者检出率高于Ⅰ期。经化疗后缓解的病例其骨髓标本，仍可检出重排带。MGUS及反应性浆细胞增多症均未能测出IgH基因重排。本结果表明：IgH基因重排对MM的诊断、鉴别诊断及指导治疗有重要意义。     

Clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain and T-cell receptor γ gene rearrangements in primary gastric lymphoma

AIM:To study the diagnostic value of immunoglobulin heavy chain(IgH)and T-cell receptorγ (TCR-γ)gene monoclonal rearrangements in primary gastric lymphoma(PGL).METHODS:A total of 48 patients with suspected PGL at our hospital were prospectively enrolled in this study from January 2009 to December 2011.The patients were divided into three groups(a PGL group,a gastric linitis plastica group,and a benign gastric ulcer group)based on the pathological results(gastric mucosal specimens obtained by endoscopy or surgery)and follow-up.Endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS)and EUSguided biopsy were performed in all the patients.The tissue specimens were used for histopathological examination and for IgH and TCR-γ gene rearrangement polymerase chain reaction analyses.RESULTS:EUS and EUS-guided biopsy were successfully performed in all 48 patients.In the PGL group(n=21),monoclonal IgH gene rearrangements were detected in 14(66.7%)patients.A positive result for each set of primers was found in 12(57.1%),8(38.1%),and 4(19.0%)cases using FR1/JH,FR2/JH,and FR3/JH primers,respectively.Overall,12(75%)patients with mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma(n=16)and 2(40%)patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(n=5)were positive for monoclonal IgH gene rearrangements.No patients in the gastric linitis plastica group(n=17)and only one(10%)patient in the benign gastric ulcer group(n=10)were positive for a monoclonal IgH gene rearrangement.No TCRgene monoclonal rearrangements were detected.The sensitivity of monoclonal IgH gene rearrangements was 66.7%for a PGL diagnosis,and the specificity was96.4%.In the PGL group,8(100%)patients with stage IIE PGL(n=8)and 6(46.1%)patients with stage IE PGL(n=13)were positive for monoclonal IgH gene rearrangements.CONCLUSION:IgH gene rearrangements may be associated with PGL staging and may be useful for the diagnosis of PGL and for differentiating between PGL and gastric linitis plastica.     

Molecular immunoglobulin/T-cell receptor clonality diagnosis by gene scan in lymphoproliferative disorders

There remains significant controversy over the techniques used for clonal diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders because of questions regarding the sensitivity, specificity and throughput. This has stimulated us to explore the use of gene scan to determine clonality of Immunoglobulin (Ig)/T-cell receptor (TCR) (gamma gene rearrangement in a variety of morphologically, cytochemically, pathologically and immunophenotypically defined precursor B/T-ALL (12 patients), 5 patients with NHL, 10 patients with CLL and a group of reactive lymphocytosis as a reference group (10 subjects). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done for IgH gene (FR3a, FR2b, LJH and JH primers) and for TCR gamma gene and the malignant clone was identified using gene scan (GS) analysis. In the ALL group, monoclonality was detected using GS and using IgH (FR2b) 75% had a clonal band, 63% with IgH (FR3a) and 88% with a combination of FR3a/FR2b. The results of TCR gamma monoclonality were 50% using primer mix I, 25% using primer mix II and 75% using a combination. In the CLL group, clonal IgH gene rearrangement was detected by FR2b in 80% of cases, while by FR3a clonal rearrangement was detected in 60%, the combination of FR2b and FR3a increased the detection rate to 90%. In B-cell NHL, the FR2b was clonally rearranged in 50% while FR3 was positive in 25%. In reactive lymphocytosis, all cases revealed polyclonal rearrangement with TCR gamma primers. The sensitivity and positive predictive value of GS was 100% and the specificity and negative predictive value was 86.6%. In conclusion, gene scanning provides a sensitive and specific method for detection of the malignant clone in PCR product in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders.     

胃黏膜相关淋巴样组织淋巴瘤早期诊治的探讨

目的　探讨胃黏膜相关淋巴样组织 (MALT)淋巴瘤早期诊断的方法及根除幽门螺杆菌(Hp)治疗的临床意义。方法　观察胃淋巴增殖症 (GLH)患者根除Hp前后组织学、Ki 6 7标记率及免疫球蛋白重链 (IgH)重排克隆性变化的情况 ,组织学参照Isaacson组织学评分标准 ,免疫组化检测L2 6、UCHL 1、抗κ、抗λ及抗Ki 6 7,半巢式PCR检测IgH重排。结果　 31例GLH以慢性胃炎及胃溃疡为主 ,男女比例 1.8∶1,平均病程 6 .8年。 2 9例感染Hp。组织学评分以Ⅱ、Ⅲ级者多见。仅 1例表达λ轻链限制性 ,10例 (32 .3% )检测到单克隆IgH重排。随着组织学分级递增 ,Ki 6 7标记率及单克隆重排递增 (P <0 .0 5 )。对 2 8例抗Hp治疗 ,2 4例获得根除 ,平均随访 4 .6个月。治疗后 18例组织学及内镜完全缓解 ,10例部分或无缓解。 4例Ⅳ级以下者Ki 6 7标记率全部下降且逆转为多克隆 ,而 4例Ⅳ级无变化。结论　组织学、Ki 6 7及IgH重排结合 ,有助于筛选早期干预病例及早期诊断胃MALT淋巴瘤。PCR检测IgH重排对Ⅲ或Ⅳ级的病例意义更大。     

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Better Therapeutic Responses of Patients with B- or T-Cell Clonality than Patients without Clonality

Results of recent studies of the pathogenesis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) have suggested activated helper T-cells drive B-lymphocytes to produce antibodies. Twenty-eight children and 85 adults with ITP entered this study. We performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using framework III variable region (V(H) FRIII)- and joining region (J(H))-specific primers to analyze immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene rearrangement (IgH GR) for B-cell clonality. We used multiplex PCR to analyze T-cell receptor (TCR) gamma-chain gene rearrangement (TCRgamma GR) for T-cell clonality. We diagnosed 10 cases as acute ITP and 97 cases as chronic ITP. The IgH GR result was positive in 77.8% of the acute-form cases and in 58.8% of the chronic-form cases. The TCRgamma GR result was positive in 11.1% of the acute cases and in 10.6% of the chronic cases. There was no difference in frequency of clonality between the acute and chronic forms. After treatment the platelet count normalized in 81.8% (36/44) of the chronic ITP cases with B-cell clonality and in 88.9% (8/9) of the chronic ITP cases with T-cell clonality, compared with a normalized platelet count in 46.2% (12/26) of the chronic ITP cases without clonality. The patients with T- or B-cell clonality appeared to have better therapeutic responses than patients without clonality. In conclusion, T- and B-cell clonality may play a positive role in determining therapeutic response.     

胃淋巴增生性疾病IgH基因重排的检测及意义

目的 探讨免疫球蛋白重链（ＩｇＨ）基因单克隆性重排的检测对胃ＭＡＬＴ淋巴瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。方法 应用半巢式聚合酶链反应技术检测石蜡包埋的３１例胃ＭＡＬＴ淋巴瘤、２６例淋巴细胞性胃炎及１１例对照标本免疫球蛋白重锭基因重排的克隆性。引物选用互补于ＩｇＨ基因Ｖ区及Ｊ区保守序更的Ｆｒ２,Ｆｒ３。结果 （１）用Ｆｒ３为引物扩增,７４．２％的胃ＭＡＬＴ淋巴瘤获得单克隆性重条带;联合Ｆｒ２扩增,可使其检出     

骨髓增生异常综合征患者T细胞受体基因重排的检测价值

目的 为了解骨髓增生异常综合征（ＭＤＳ）患者Ｔ细胞受体（ＴＣＲ）基因重排情况。方法 应用聚合酶链反应检测３６例ＭＤＳ患者ＴＣＲＶγＩ－Ｊγ基因重排。结果 ８例（２２．２％）ＭＤＳ患者检测出克隆性ＴＣＲＶγＩ－Ｊγ基因重排;难治性贫血伴有原始细胞增多（ＲＡＥＢ）,慢性粒－单细胞白血病（ＣＭＭＬ）和转化中的ＲＡＥＢ（ＲＡＥＢ－Ｔ）组ＴＣＲＶγＩ－Ｊγ基因重排阳性ＭＤＳ转化为急性白血病时间显著短于重排阴     

免疫组化联合基因重排检测对发热待查伴骨髓分类不明细胞的诊断价值

目的:探讨发热待查伴有骨髓中发现分类不明细胞免疫组化联合基因重排检测的诊断价值。方法:对23例长期发热并骨髓或外周血中有分类不明细胞浸润的患者分离骨髓或外周血的单个核细胞进行免疫组化染色和基因重排检测。结果:23例患者中,诊断为非霍奇金淋巴瘤12例,其中滤泡性淋巴瘤(FL)3例、套细胞淋巴瘤(MCL)1例、弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)2例、间变性大细胞淋巴瘤-T(ALCL)3例、血管免疫母细胞性T细胞淋巴瘤(AITCL)1例,侵袭性NK细胞白血病/淋巴瘤(ANKCL)1例,恶性组织细胞病1例;2例结合脾脏病理学诊断SLE;诊断为骨髓转移癌5例;4例未能确诊。结论:联合运用免疫组化和基因重排技术对长期发热并骨髓分类不明细胞浸润患者有一定的诊断价值。     

HCV-associated B cell clonalities in the liver do not carry the t(14;18) chromosomal translocation

Infection with HCV can be associated with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification assays for Bcl-2/IgH rearrangement were performed on nucleic acids extracted from portal tract inflammatory infiltrates, isolated with laser capture microdissection (LCM), from liver biopsy sections of 16 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients with and without extrahepatic B cell-related disorders. Results were compared with total DNA extracted from core liver biopsy specimens and from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We failed to demonstrate specific Bcl-2/IgH amplicons either in liver tissue or in PBMCs in all patients of the current series. Multiple PCR assays for variable diversity joining (VDJ) IgH gene rearrangements were also performed in the liver compartment. Selective amplification compatible with mono or oligoclonal B cell clonotypes was demonstrated in 80% (6/8) and 25% (2/8) of patients with and without clinical evidence of B-cell disorders. V(H)1 and V(H)3 were the most represented V(H) families. In situ expression of Bcl-2 protein was carried out by immunohistochemistry on liver biopsy sections. Bcl-2 protein was detected in 2 (12.5%) patients who did not associate extrahepatic disorders. In conclusion, current data support the concept that production of IgH gene rearrangements is not associated with Bcl-2/IgH chromosomal translocation in hepatic compartment. Liver overexpression of Bcl-2 protein may occur in at least a minor proportion of HCV-infected patients.     

Analysis of Ig and T-cell receptor genes in 40 childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias at diagnosis and subsequent relapse: implications for the detection of minimal residual disease by polymerase chain reaction analysis

The rearrangement patterns of Ig and T-cell receptor (TcR) genes were studied by Southern blot analysis in 30 precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALLs) and 10 T-ALLs at diagnosis and subsequent relapse. Eight precursor B-ALLs appeared to contain biclonal/oligoclonal Ig heavy-chain (IgH) gene rearrangements at diagnosis. Differences in rearrangement patterns between diagnosis and relapse were found in 67% (20 cases) of precursor B-ALLs (including all eight biclonal/oligoclonal cases) and 50% (five cases) of T-ALLs. In precursor B-ALLs, especially changes in IgH and/or TcR-delta gene rearrangements were found (17 cases), but also changes in TcR-beta, TcR- gamma, Ig kappa, and/or Ig lambda genes (11 cases) occurred. The changes in T-ALLs concerned the TcR-beta, TcR-gamma, TcR-delta, and/or IgH genes. Two precursor B-ALLs showed completely different Ig and TcR gene rearrangement patterns at relapse, suggesting the absence of a clonal relation between the leukemic cells at diagnosis and relapse and the development of a secondary leukemia. The clonal evolution in the other 23 ALL patients was based on continuing rearrangement processes and selection of subclones. The development of changes in Ig and TcR gene rearrangement patterns was related to remission duration, suggesting an increasing chance of continuing rearrangement processes with time. These immunogenotypic changes at relapse occurred in a hierarchical order, with changes in IgH and TcR-delta genes occurring after only 6 months of remission duration, whereas changes in other Ig and TcR genes were generally detectable after 1 to 2 years of remission duration. The heterogeneity reported here in Ig and/or TcR gene rearrangement patterns at diagnosis and relapse might hamper polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) using junctional regions of rearranged Ig or TcR genes as PCR targets. However, our data also indicate that in 75% to 90% of ALLs, at least one major rearranged IgH, TcR-gamma, or TcR-delta band (allele) remained stable at relapse. We conclude that two or more junctional regions of different genes (IgH, TcR-gamma, and/or TcR-delta) should be monitored during follow-up of ALL patients for MRD detection by use of PCR techniques. Especially in biclonal/oligoclonal precursor B-ALL cases, the monitoring should not be restricted to rearranged IgH genes, but TcR-gamma and/or TcR-delta genes should be monitored as well, because of the extensive changes in IgH gene rearrangement patterns in this ALL subgroup.