支撑喉镜下CO2激光杓状软骨切除术治疗双声带外展麻痹

目的　探讨支撑喉镜下CO2 激光显微杓状软骨切除术治疗双声带外展麻痹的手术方法、疗效和适应证。方法　 1994～ 1998年收治双声带外展麻痹患者 8例 ,其中 3例曾在外院经颈外进路手术失败 ,全部术前行气管切开术。参照并改良Ossoff窥镜下杓状软骨切除术 ,汽化杓状软骨前部 ,包括声带突和部分肌突 ,一小部分室带及声带后端 ,保留粘软骨膜并缝合切口 ,以消灭创面 ,双侧分次手术。结果　术后无肉芽滋生 ,无误吸 ,保留发音功能。 5例拔管 ,2例日间堵管、因睡眠时喉鸣未予拔管 ,1例等待对侧手术。随诊 6个月～ 3 5年。结论　本方式弥补了单纯窥镜及外科手术不足 ,如粘膜出血、水肿、操作困难等 ,而具备显微外科精细、准确的特点。术后反应轻微 ,保留发音功能。并可作为杓状软骨切除术或神经再支配手术失败后的补充手术     

CO2激光杓状软骨声带突切除与肌腱切断治疗双侧声带外展麻痹

目的：探讨CO2激光杓状软骨声带突切除与肌腱切断治疗双侧声带外展麻痹的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析18例因甲状腺切除术后双侧声带外展麻痹的临床资料,术前预防性气管切开后,行CO2激光杓状软骨声带突切除与肌腱切断术。结果：18例患者术后即可经口鼻呼吸,其中15例于术后8周内拔管;3例于术后4～6周因局部肉芽组织增生再次激光手术后拔管;所有患者随访1．6～2．3年,无呼吸困难及误吸,对发声满意。结论：CO2激光杓状软骨声带突切除与肌腱切断,可有效改善双侧声带外展麻痹造成的呼吸困难,并取得较满意的发声,以及避免误吸。     

单侧杓状软骨黏膜下次全切除并同侧声带外移治疗双侧声带外展麻痹

目的 探讨支撑喉镜下单侧杓状软骨黏膜下次全切除并同侧声带外移治疗双侧声带外展麻痹的适应证及临床意义.方法 支撑喉镜下对9例双侧声带外展麻痹伴呼吸困难的患者实施半导体激光(6例)或自制长针状单极电刀(3例)单侧杓状软骨次全切除术,然后利用穿刺针导入缝线于声带突后缘将声带拉向外侧,固定于甲状软骨上,其中8例为初次手术,1例为单侧杓状软骨激光部分切除术后失败病例.术后通过纤维喉镜检查患者声门的情况,并行发声质量主观评估.结果 9例患者中8例术后恢复了捕意的呼吸功能,其中3例发声质量无明显下降,5例声音质量较术前轻微下降,但不影响日常交流.术后7～14天8例即能全封管,观察至1～3个月拔管,平均拔管时间为45天.术后随访6～25个月,没有出现创面肉芽和再狭窄等并发症.1例(曾手术失败的病例)术后堵管失败,未能拔管,喉镜下见声门裂后端宽约2 mm.结论 支撑喉镜下单侧杓状软骨黏膜下次全切除并同侧声带外移可有效治疗双侧声带外展麻痹,方法简单易行,创伤小,拔管率高,患者的发声功能亦得到了满意的恢复和保留.     

低温等离子单侧声带离断并同侧杓状软骨切除术治疗双侧声带外展麻痹

目的 探讨在内镜支撑喉镜辅助下, 采用低温等离子消融刀头行单侧声带离断加同侧杓状软骨切除术治疗双侧声带外展麻痹的疗效。方法 对双侧声带外展麻痹的患者19例, 采用低温等离子消融术行单侧声带离断加同侧杓状软骨切除术进行治疗, 术后随访6～42个月, 分析评估该术式的临床效果。结果 19例术后呼吸功能恢复满意, 术后1个月内安全拔管18例, 其中术前已行气管切开8例。术后瘢痕挛缩喉腔狭窄未能拔管者1例, 经再次手术行对侧杓状软骨切除后成功拔管。嗓音评估发声效果满意14例, 轻微下降但患者能接受4例, 行2次手术者声嘶较前明显加重1例。结论 低温等离子单侧声带离断及同侧杓状软骨切除术治疗双侧声带外展麻痹, 术后呼吸困难完全缓解, 拔管率高, 发声功能保留良好。此术式创伤小, 术后愈合快, 安全、有效、微创。     

两种手术方法治疗双侧声带神经麻痹

目的 通过观察经喉外进路及经支撑喉镜下行CO2激光手术切除杓状软骨治疗双侧声带神经麻痹的疗效,对比两种手术方法的优缺点,择优选取合适的术式。方法 对双侧喉返神经致喉狭窄的13例术后患者进行随访,其中7例行喉外进路杓状软骨切除术声带外展固定,6例行经支撑喉镜下行CO2激光手术切除杓状软骨,13例术前均已行气管切开,术后随访6个月至2年。结果 采用喉外进路杓状软骨切除术声带外展固定7例,术后1次拔管3例,2次拔管2例;采用经支撑喉镜下行CO2激光手术切除杓状软骨6例,术后1次拔管4例,2次拔管1例。结论 两种手术方法各有优缺点。     

Nd:YAP激光杓状软骨切除术治疗双侧声带外展麻痹

目的 观察Nd：YAP激光杓状软骨切除术治疗双侧声带外展麻痹的疗效。方法2003年7月～2005年2月收治双侧声带麻痹患者9例，于支撑喉镜下应用Nd：YAP激光行右侧杓状软骨切除术，术前及术后3月以Dr．speech 4．0记录并分析嗓音频率微扰值（Jitter）、振幅微扰值（Shimmer）、标准声门噪声能量值（NNE）、最长声时（MPT）等4个主要参数，术后随访13-29月。结果 8例患者于术后1～3月拔管，1例于第二次手术后2月拔管。术后的噪声参数显示，Jitter与手术前相比差异无显著性意义（P≥0．05）；Shimmer、NNE、MPT等与手术前相比差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论 Nd：YAP激光杓状软骨切除术是治疗双侧声带外展麻痹的有效手段。     

支撑喉镜下CO2激光单侧杓状软骨切除术治疗双侧声带麻痹

目的 探讨支撑喉镜下CO2激光单侧杓状软骨切除术治疗双侧声带麻痹的疗效.方法 对6例双侧声带外展麻痹(均有不同程度呼吸困难)和3例双侧声带完全麻痹(有不同程度声嘶及呼吸不畅)患者实施了支撑喉镜下CO2激光单侧杓状软骨切除术,其中,8例进行了手术创面黏膜吻合术.所有患者手术前后均行频闪喉镜检查观察声门裂大小及通气情况,并由患者本人和医疗小组共同完成发声质量评估.结果 术前行频闪喉镜检查示:6例声带不完全麻痹者声带内收正常,外展受限,仅达旁正中位,其中3例已行气管切开者吸气时声门裂后端宽约1～2 mm,3例双声带完全麻痹者发声时声门不能闭合,吸气时声门裂后端宽约3～3.5 mm.术后随访11～34个月,7例无呼吸困难,均能保持术前的嗓音质量,1例术后1个月局部肉芽增生,另1例术后6个月后瘢痕挛缩,不能堵管,该2例均再次手术后呼吸平稳,未再次出现呼吸困难,但1例发声质量较前次手术后差.术后频闪喉镜检查,所有患者喉内手术创面黏膜愈合良好,声门裂后1/3形成近三角形裂隙,声门裂后端深吸气时宽度均大于4 mm.结论 CO2激光单侧杓状软骨切除术可有效改善双侧声带麻痹导致的呼吸困难,发声功能较满意.     

喉外途径杓状软骨切除声带外展固定术治疗双侧声带外展麻痹

目的评价喉外途径杓状软骨切除声带外展固定术治疗双侧声带外展麻痹的效果.方法回顾分析杓状软骨切除声带外展固定术(Woodman术)治疗双侧声带外展麻痹9例的临床资料.结果8例效果满意,术后1次拔除气管套管6例,2次拔管2例,拔管率为88.9%,拔管时间平均25.5d.结论目前Woodman术仍是治疗声带外展麻痹的有效方法.     

喉中线部狭窄患者手术治疗的改进

喉中线部狭窄的治疗是复杂的喉整复手术。自1946年Woodman提出杓状软骨切除声带外展固定术以来,不少病例已获治疗成功。鉴于在声带外移固定时,受至被动挤压的声带肌和甲杓肌会产生反向对抗作用,使缝线穿割缝合组织而致手术失败,作者提出了喉外杓状软骨声带部分切除并声带外展固定术,即在Woodman术式的基础上切除声带肌和甲杓肌的后部,将声带突和部     

高频超声与喉镜诊断声带麻痹的对照研究

目的探讨超声诊断声带麻痹的价值及局限性。方法分析33例声带麻痹的超声表现,并与喉镜对照。结果超声诊断为单侧和双侧声带麻痹者各为30和3例。单侧者声像图表现为单侧声带变形18例,运动和振动减弱或固定27例,声门裂扩大19例,杓状软骨运动减弱或固定30例,伴前移12例,梨状窝扩大25例,环杓后肌变薄、回声增强10例。双侧者声像图均表现为双声带变形、声门裂扩大、杓状软骨运动减弱。喉镜诊断单侧声带麻痹28例,双侧5例。超声诊断声带麻痹的符合率达93.9%。结论超声是诊断声带麻痹的一种无创、便捷、有效的方法,尤其可借助观察杓状软骨的运动来判断声带麻痹。     

The assistance of coblation in arytenoidectomy for vocal cord paralysis

Background: There are many causes for vocal cord paralysis, which can cause difficulty in breathing in serious cases. The common surgical methods for solving vocal cord paralysis include laryngeal splitting or laser surgery, but there are limitations. Plasma radiofrequency ablation is a new treatment with good achievements in clinical applications.

Objective: To investigate the effect of coblation-assisted arytenoidectomy (CSA) in the treatment of bilateral vocal cord paralysis (BVCP).

Methods: All patients had undergone preoperative electrolaryngoscopic examination of the glottidis rima; electronic laryngoscopy can assess the width of the glottis. The purpose of preoperative electronic laryngoscopic evaluation is to assess the width of the glottis, and arytenoid cartilage movement. Unilateral arytenoid cartilage and a section of the vocal cords were removed in all cases.

Results: Of the 14 patients, 13 were successfully extubated after CSA; 1 patient could not be extubated and underwent a second CSA of the contralateral arytenoid cartilage, after which extubation was achieved. All patients were continuously followed up (6 months to 2 years), and all achieved satisfactory results.

Conclusions and significance: CSA can effectively relieve post-CSA dyspnea in patients with BVCP. More patients underwent tracheal cannula extubation after tracheotomy compared with other surgeries.     

A new thread guide instrument for endoscopic arytenoid lateropexy

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The varied etiology of bilateral vocal cord immobility (BVCI) requires a wide range of surgical approaches. A new endolaryngeal thread guide instrument (ETGI) is presented here for a minimally invasive endoscopic lateropexy of the arytenoid cartilage, which might serve as a basis for a simple solution for the main types of BVCI.

Study Design:

Prospective study of BVCI patients who underwent surgery, including 22 bilateral vocal cord paralyses (BVCP), 12 mechanical fixations (MF), 10 posterior glottic stenoses, and two rheumatoid ankyloses.

Methods:

The ETGI is based on a built‐in movable curved blade with a hole at its tip to guide a thread in and out again between the skin and the laryngeal cavity. The loops formed around the arytenoid cartilage cause abduction. In cases of fixations, the cricoarytenoid joints were properly mobilized as a first step with a combination of cold technique and CO₂ laser.

Results:

As spirometric tests proved, 32 patients achieved improved breathing ability. One temporary tracheostomy was necessary and one patient with ongoing radiotherapy could not be decannulated. Subjectively, twelve patients' voices improved or approximated normal quality due to complete vocal cord recoveries on at least one side after lateropexy was ceased. Incomplete recovery with more or less impaired voice was observed in 16 cases. Three MF patients and two BVCP patients with poor overall health condition had severe dysphonia.

Conclusions:

Combined with simple and readily available methods, endoscopic arytenoid lateropexy is an effective solution for BVCIs with various etiologies. The ETGI facilitates this procedure with rapid and safe creation of fixating loops at the proper position. Laryngoscope, 2010     

支撑喉镜下杓状软骨切除联合声带外移治疗双侧声带外展麻痹的临床研究

目的探讨支撑喉镜下单侧杓状软骨全切除联合同侧声带外移治疗双侧声带外展麻痹的手术方法和临床意义。方法支撑喉镜下对30例双侧声带外展麻痹伴呼吸困难的患者行CO2激光单侧杓状软骨全切除并用Ejnell法同侧声带外移扩宽声门,手术前、后纤维喉镜检查声门情况,嗓音分析评估发音功能,肺功能检查评估通气情况。结果 30例患者拔管率100%。随访6个月-5年,全部病例无肉芽生长和再狭窄等并发症,均保持语言交流功能。嗓音分析显示基频微扰、振幅微扰手术前、后差异无显著性意义（P均〉0.05）,但手术前、后声门噪声能量、最长声时差异有显著性意义（P均〈0.05）。肺功能显示FEV1、FEV1/FVC手术前、后差异有显著性意义（P均〈0.05）,客观反映了术后气道通气功能改善。结论支撑喉镜下单侧杓状软骨全切除联合同侧声带外移可有效治疗双侧声带外展麻痹,且拔管早,拔管率高,疗效持久,患者的发音功能得到满意的保留,是治疗该类患者的较为理想的方法。     

喉返神经修复术及非喉返神经修复术治疗声带麻痹

目的 探讨喉返神经修复术及非喉返神经修复术这两种不同术式治疗声带麻痹的疗效。方法 ①单侧声带麻痹21例, 其中采用喉返神经修复术(喉返神经减压术、颈袢神经与喉返神经吻合术、颈袢神经肌肉蒂环杓侧肌移植术)15例, 采用非喉返神经修复术(声带自体脂肪注射术、自体软骨Ⅰ型甲状软骨成形术)6例;②双侧声带麻痹16例, 其中采用喉返神经修复术(喉返神经减压术、颈袢神经肌肉蒂环杓后肌移植术)6例, 采用非喉返神经修复术(声带外移术、内镜下杓状软骨切除术)10例。治疗前后以电子喉镜、频闪喉镜、声音评估等评价手术疗效。结果 ①单侧喉返神经麻痹患者中喉返神经修复组15例, 术后术侧声带活动不同程度改善, 发音时声带突明显内收, 声带振动及黏膜波均恢复对称性, 声门闭合良好, 手术前后的最大声时为(5.51±1.05)s和(12.10±1.41)s, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);非喉返神经修复术术后声带均不同程度内移, 声嘶症状改善, 但声带均无运动, 手术前后的最大声时为(5.47±0.45)s和(11.83±1.47)s, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。神经修复组和非神经修复组术后最大声时比较, 差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);②双侧喉返神经麻痹患者中喉返神经修复术6例中, 术后呼吸困难缓解及声带外展部分恢复4例;非神经修复术10例术后呼吸困难改善;神经修复组术后拔管率为66.7%, 非神经修复组术后拔管率为100%;Fisher精确概率法比较两组术后拔管率, 差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 对于单侧声带麻痹, 喉返神经修复术及非喉返神经修复术疗效相当, 前者的远期疗效更佳。对于双侧声带麻痹, 非喉返神经修复术疗效更佳, 但喉返神经修复术不影响患者的发音功能。选择喉返神经修复术或非喉返神经修复术治疗声带麻痹, 需要医师根据自身的专业知识及技能、患者的身体状况及需求, 作出慎重的决定, 以取得可靠的疗效。     

Endoscopic percutaneous suture lateralization with syringe needles for neonatal bilateral vocal cord paralysis

ObjectiveTo explore the novel technique of percutaneous endoscopic suture lateralization for bilateral vocal cord paralysis (BVCP) in neonates from Shenzhen, China, and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the operation.MethodsIn this retrospective case series, we present four neonates with BVCP diagnosed within 3 days after birth from Shenzhen Children's Hospital. All had stridor, respiratory distress and hypoxemia requiring respiratory support at diagnosis. Endoscopic vocal fold lateralization was performed under general anesthesia using 3.0 mm endotracheal intubation through the improved technique of percutaneous needle-directed placement of a 4–0 Prolene suture, without the use of specialized equipment. A 4–0 Prolene wire was led out through two 10 ml syringe needles, the left vocal cord was fully moved and fixed under the skin with endoscopy monitoring.ResultsOverall, 3/4 of the patients showed clinical improvement in stridor and dyspnea 2–3 weeks after the operation and avoided a tracheostomy, two of them could breathe and feed normally when they were discharged from hospital, and one patient had a weak ability to suck but could breathe normally. The last patient had to undergo a tracheotomy due to the poor improvement in respiratory distress. None of the babies experienced any complications from this surgery, but case four presented with a series of complications and other problems in postoperative care related to the tracheostomy. At the last follow-up (mean 8 months), complete function of the bilateral vocal cords was acquired in case two (6 months) and partial function of the vocal cords was acquired in case one (13 months), with the other cases still experiencing paralysis.ConclusionEndoscopic percutaneous suture lateralization may be a reversible, effective and minimally invasive primary treatment for neonatal BVCP. Most of neonates with BVCP undergoing this procedure avoided a tracheotomy.     

Neuromuscular disorders presenting as congenital bilateral vocal cord paralysis

Congenital bilateral vocal cord paralysis (BVCP) can be associated with an underlying neuromuscular disorder, and may present before other features of the neuromuscular disorder become apparent. All infants less than 12 months of age presenting with BVCP between July 1987 and July 1999 at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, in whom a neuromuscular disorder was subsequently diagnosed were followed. Three children in whom BVCP was diagnosed soon after birth and before recognition of an underlying neuromuscular disorder were identified. All presented with upper airway obstructive symptoms at birth, had a diagnosis of bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis made at awake flexible laryngoscopy, and had no underlying structural laryngeal abnormality on microlaryngoscopy and bronchoscopy. Two children required a tracheostomy, and 1 child was weaned from nasopharyngeal continuous positive airway pressure after 3 weeks. Subsequent neuromuscular symptoms were recognized between 4 months and 7 years later, leading to diagnoses of facioscapulohumeral myopathy, spinal muscular atrophy, and congenital myasthenia gravis. In each case, the prognosis for recovery from symptoms related to BVCP reflected that of the underlying neuromuscular disorder. This experience suggests that congenital BVCP may be a feature of an unrecognized neuromuscular condition. This possibility should be considered particularly in the presence of associated neurodevelopmental or neuromuscular dysfunction, or in cases in which BVCP is progressive.     

CO2 surgical laser in the management of bilateral vocal cord paralysis

Six patients with bilateral vocal cord paralysis who had worn tracheostomy tubes for varying periods of time were treated by CO2 surgical laser. Excision of the vocal process of the arytenoid was done on one side, with ipsilateral cordectomy involving the vocal fold and the vocal ligament. All these patients have been successfully decannulated. The scientific basis of this procedure, and its simplicity and effectiveness without complications, are the main assets of this technique. It is hoped that, by adopting this method of treatment, the management of patients tracheotomized for bilateral vocal cord paralysis will not remain a problem.     

环状软骨上喉部分切除环舌根会厌吻合术保留一侧杓状软骨手术方法及发声的观察

目的：探讨环状软骨上喉部分切除环舌根会厌吻合术中保留一侧杓状软骨的手术方法及在改善患者术后发声的作用。方法：26例双声带受累的声门型喉癌（T1b、T2和T3分别为11、12和3例）病变重侧均行半喉全部切除,病变轻侧声带受累未超过膜部的2／3,离杓状软骨的声带突尚有3mm的安全界,在保留杓状软骨的同时保留该侧甲状软骨板后下1／3,以防喉返神经损伤,从而确保杓状软骨的正常运动。上提修复后的残喉体与舌根、会厌吻合,重建新喉。结果：全部病例术后7～23d内恢复正常饮食。25例拔除气管套管,拔管率为96．2％（25／26）。全部病例恢复了发声功能,术后有不同程度的声嘶,18例发声时有响声,能胜任室内言语交流,言语可被清楚理解;8例发声时响度较低,1m内近距离言语交流无障碍,在安静环境下言语可被清楚理解。术后无咽瘘和肺部并发症,2例局部感染者7d内治愈。术后局部复发率为3．8％（1／26）,颈部淋巴结转移率为3．8％（1／26）。用直接法计算生存率,术后满3年者17例,死亡1例、失访1例,3年生存率为88．2％（15／17）;术后满5年者10例,死亡2例,5年生存率为80．0％（8／10）。结论：经过选择的双声带受累病例,保留一侧杓状软骨有助于改善患者术后发声质量。杓状软骨主动的前内方向运动和会厌的相向运动可能是发声质量得以改善的原因。     

Submucosal arytenoidectomy: new surgical technique and review of the literature

OBJECTIVE: Arytenoidectomy is indicated in cases of bilateral median vocal cord paralysis (most commonly due to recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis), ankylosis of the cricoarytenoid joint due to arthritis, and tumours of the arytenoid cartilage. We propose the use of the submucosal approach, to excise the arytenoid cartilage in cases of vocal cord paralysis. We present the surgical technique and review the history and relevant literature, as well as the pros and cons of various surgical techniques for arytenoidectomy. SETTING: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel. METHOD: We present six cases: five cases of bilateral vocal cord paralysis and one case of a chondroma of the arytenoid with mechanical fixation of the cord. All patients suffered from dyspnea on mild exertion. An arytenoidectomy using the submucosal approach was performed on all six patients. RESULTS: Airway results were evaluated via fibre-optic videotape laryngoscopy and direct microlaryngoscopy. Voice was evaluated subjectively by the patients and by a speech therapist before and after surgery. Following the surgery, all six patients showed clinical improvement, they no longer suffered from dyspnea at rest or upon mild exertion, and they retained reasonable voice quality. CONCLUSION: The submucosal approach is not difficult to perform and preserves an intact laryngeal mucosa, which prevents the formation of granulation tissue and scarring, which may further obstruct the lumen. The resulting airway is good, with minimal compromise of phonation. We feel that the submucosal approach to arytenoidectomy is an important addition to the arsenal of many surgical techniques for the treatment of bilateral vocal cord paralysis.