Reduction of blood loss and transfusion requirement by aprotinin in posterior lumbar spine fusion.

Aprotinin reduces blood loss in many orthopedic procedures. In posterior lumbar spine fusion, blood loss results primarily from large vein bleeding and also occurs after the wound is closed. Seventy-two patients undergoing posterior lumbar spine fusion were randomly assigned to large-dose aprotinin therapy or placebo. All patients donated three units of packed red blood cells (RBCs) preoperatively. Postoperative blood loss was harvested from the surgical wound in patients undergoing two- and/or three-level fusion for reinfusion. The target hematocrit for RBC transfusion was 26% if tolerated. Total (intraoperative and 24 h postoperative) blood loss, transfusion requirements, and percentage of transfused patients per treatment group were significantly smaller in the aprotinin group than in the placebo group (1935 +/- 873 vs 2809 +/- 973 mL per patient [P = 0.007]; 42 vs 95 packed RBCs per group [P = 0.001]; 40% vs 81% per group [P = 0.02]). Hematological assessments showed an identically significant (a) intraoperative increase in both thrombin-antithrombin III complexes (TAT) and in activated factor XII (XIIa) and (b) decrease in activated factor VII (VIIa), indicating a similar significant effect on coagulation in patients of both groups (P = 0.9 for intergroup comparisons of postoperative VIIa, XIIa, and TAT). Intraoperative activation of fibrinolysis was significantly less pronounced in the aprotinin group than in the placebo group (P < 0.0001 for intergroup comparison of postoperative D-dimer levels). No adverse drug effects (circulatory disturbances, deep venous thrombosis, alteration of serum creatinine) were detected. Although administered intraoperatively, aprotinin treatment dramatically reduced intraoperative and 24-h postoperative blood loss and autologous transfusion requirements but did not change homologous transfusion in posterior lumbar spine fusion. IMPLICATIONS: In our study, aprotinin therapy significantly decreased autologous, but not homologous, transfusion requirements in posterior lumbar spine fusion.     

Hidden blood loss after surgery for hip fracture

Our aim was to determine the total blood loss associated with surgery for fracture of the hip and to identify risk factors for increased blood loss. We prospectively studied 546 patients with hip fracture. The total blood loss was calculated on the basis of the haemoglobin difference, the number of transfusions and the estimated blood volume. The hidden blood loss, in excess of that observed during surgery, varied from 547 ml (screws/ pins) to 1473 ml (intramedullary hip nail and screw) and was significantly associated with medical complications and increased hospital stay. The type of surgery, treatment with aspirin, intra-operative hypotension and gastro-intestinal bleeding or ulceration were all independent predictors of blood loss. We conclude that total blood loss after surgery for hip fracture is much greater than that observed intra-operatively. Frequent post-operative measurements of haemoglobin are necessary to avoid anaemia.     

腰椎后路融合内固定术围手术期输注悬浮红细胞的危险因素分析

目的 探讨行腰椎后路融合内固定术病人围手术期输注悬浮红细胞的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年6月在广州市番禺区中医院骨伤科施行腰椎后路融合手术的468例病人的临床资料,选取性别、年龄、身体质量指数（body mass index, BMI）、吸烟史、饮酒史、糖尿病、高血压、肺部疾病、心脏疾病、肾脏疾病、骨质疏松症、低蛋白血症、美国麻醉师协会（American Society of Anesthesiologists, ASA）评分、术前血红蛋白（hemoglobin, Hb）、抗凝药物使用史、手术时间、融合节段、椎管减压方式等可能影响围手术期输血的危险因素,先后应用单因素分析和多元Logistic回归分析围手术期输血的独立危险因素。结果 468例病人中有61例（13%）发生输注红细胞事件。单因素分析显示年龄、性别、BMI、术前Hb水平、术前合并心脏疾病、低蛋白血症、骨质疏松症、术前使用抗凝药、ASA评分、融合节段、手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量及术后并发症是输血事件发生的危险因素。多元Logistic回归分析结果提示,年龄≥66岁（OR=2.3,95%CI为1.2~4.7）、术前Hb≤125 g/L（OR=2.6,95%CI为1.3~5.1）、融合节段≥3个（OR=3.0,95%CI为1.4~6.3）、手术时间≥215 min（OR=4.0,95%CI为2.1~7.6）是增加围手术期输血事件发生的独立危险因素。结论 高龄、术前Hb偏低、多节段融合、手术时间过长的病人行腰椎后路融合内固定术围手术期输血风险较高,故在术前准备中应考虑上述预期输血的因素。     

类风湿关节炎患者腰椎后路融合术隐性失血的研究

目的:评估类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)患者行单纯腰椎后路融合术(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)或PLIF联合腰椎后外侧融合术(posterior lateral fusion,PLF)的隐性失血(hidden blood loss,HBL)和RA活动性的关系,以及改良HBL(modified HBL,mHBL)相对于HBL,能否提供更加准确的计算失血量的依据。方法:回顾性分析我院2012年1月～2018年4月期间单纯行PLIF或PLIF联合PLF手术的RA患者共61例,男性9例,女性52例,年龄66.0±8.0岁,RA平均病程为16.8±12.7年(0.4～60年)。提取人口统计学信息、RA相关指标(治疗时间、抗RA药物、Steinbrocker分级)、手术节段、手术时间以及出血量相关指标[术前和术后红细胞压积(hematocrit,Hct)和血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、术中出血、术后引流量],通过Nadler公式计算血容量(patient volume blood,PVB),通过PVB和Gross公式计算得出TBL。分别通过经典公式[总失血量(total blood loss,TBL)-术中失血量-术后引流量]和改良公式[TBL-术中失血量-引流液中的血液量(drainage blood loss,DBL)]计算HBL和m HBL。采用单因素方差分析,分别对比HBL、m HBL及其TBL在不同手术节段(1节段、2节段和≥3节段)和不同Steinbrocker分级之间的差异,比较术后引流量、HBL和m HBL在是否口服缓解病情的抗风湿药(disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs,DMARDs)两组中的差异,对比HBL和m HBL两者之间以及两者所占TBL的比例的差异。结果:所有患者Steinbroker分级为Ⅰ级14例、Ⅱ级34例、Ⅲ级13例,在抗RA药物中最常见的为单独应用或联合其他药物一起服用DMARDs(71.4%)。平均手术时间为161.4±52.6min,平均手术节段数为2.9±1.7,平均TBL为907.5±332.4ml,术中失血量平均454.4±386.7ml,平均术后引流量和DBL分别为497.0±273.7ml和300.6±178.3ml,平均HBL和m HBL分别为408.8±288.1ml和612.2±220.8ml。在不同节段术中出血量、术后引流量以及DBL存在统计学差异(P0.05),而HBL和m HBL在不同节段均无统计学差异(P0.05);不同RA患者Steinbroker分级之间HBL和m HBL均未见统计学差异(P0.05),口服DMARDs组中引流液中失血量小于未服药组(P0.05),HBL和m HBL在两组中均无统计学差异(P0.05)。对HBL和m HBL之间(P0.05)以及两者所占TBL比值对比(P0.05)显示存在统计学差异,m HBL要大于HBL。结论:隐性失血与RA活动性无明确相关性,改良m HBL要大于HBL,为评估失血量提供了更准确的依据,提示观察术后引流的重要性。     

Hidden blood loss in extreme lateral interbody fusion for adult spinal deformity

BackgroundExtreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) is often used with posterior spinal fixation (PSF) to treat adult spinal deformity (ASD). However, the amount of intraoperative blood loss (IBL) reported for XLIF may underestimate the total blood loss (TBL). The objective of this study was to determine the total perioperative blood loss in XLIF for ASD.MethodsWe assessed 30 consecutive ASD patients with Schwab-SRS type L (mean age: 68.7 ± 8.2 years; mean follow-up 2.0 ± 1.3 years) who were treated by multilevel XLIF (mean, 2.5 ± 0.6 levels) followed by PSF after 3–5 days. We calculated the TBL after XLIF by the Gross equation, by hemoglobin (Hb) balance, and by the Orthopedic Surgery Transfusion Hemoglobin European Overview (OSTHEO) formula. We defined hidden blood loss (HBL) as the difference between the TBL and IBL. Pearson correlation, Spearman correlation, and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to investigate the risk factors related to HBL.ResultsPost-XLIF blood tests showed a significant decrease in the Hb (from 11.8 ± 1.1 mg/dl to 10.6 ± 1.1 mg/dl) and hematocrit (from 36.0 ± 3.2% to 32.5 ± 3.2%). Although the mean IBL was relatively small (33 ± 52 mL), we calculated the TBL as 291 ± 171 mL (Gross equation) and the HBL as 258 ± 168 mL by Gross equation, which was 8 times greater than the IBL on average. There was no difference in the results obtained using the three methods. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated preoperative lumber lordosis was the risk factor of high HBL (Odds ratio = 1.085, 95%CI: 1.006–1.170, p = 0.035).ConclusionsThe HBL in XLIF was 8 times greater than the IBL. During the perioperative course of correction and fusion surgery for ASD with XLIF, surgeons need to pay attention not to underestimate the TBL.     

Hidden blood loss and the influential factors after percutaneous kyphoplasty surgery

Purpose

Percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) is a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). It is generally considered that there is little blood loss during the surgery. However, a significant perioperative hidden blood loss (HBL) is neglected. This study was to examine the amount of HBL and determine the influential factors during PKP.

Methods

From January 2015 to January 2016, 115 patients with OVCFs who were scheduled to have a PKP were enrolled in this study. The factors analyzed included gender, age, body mass index (BMI), percentage of vertebral height loss, percentage of vertebral height restoration, number of fracture levels, bone mineral density (BMD), duration of symptom, cement leakage, and other internal diseases (hypertension, diabetes mellitus). According to Gross’s formula, each patient’s height, weight, and pre-operative and post-operative hematocrit were recorded and used for calculating the blood loss. Influential factors were further analyzed by multivariate linear regression analysis and t test.

Results

The mean HBL was 282 ± 162 mL (mL) and the post-operative Hb loss was 8.7 ± 5.4 g per liter (g/L). According to multivariate linear regression analysis, patients with severe vertebral height loss (P = 0.016), better vertebral height restoration (P = 0.038), and multi-segmental vertebral fractures (P = 0.000) had a higher amount of HBL. Fresh fractures (P = 0.008) and cement leakage (P = 0.004) were also important factors to increase HBL, whereas gender (P = 0.642), age (P = 0.203), BMI (P = 0.075), hypertension (P = 0.099), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.905), and BMD (P = 0.521) were not correlate with HBL. When we compared the incidence of anemia between pre-operative and post-operative, we found that the incidence of anemia was significantly associated with HBL (P = 0.000).

Conclusions

HBL cannot be ignored in perioperative period, especially for poor physical condition and multiple fractures patients. Having a correct understanding of HBL can help improve clinical assessment capabilities, ensuring patients’ safety.

     

Inferior vena cava tear during posterior spinal fusion surgery

Inferior vena cava tear is a rare but potentially lethal event associated with spinal surgery. Early recognition and repair are mandatory to minimize morbidity and mortality. Here we report a case of inferior vena cava tear which occurred during posterior spinal fusion surgery. Without marked bleeding from the surgical field, the patient was suddenly seized with a profound shock. Abdominal distension was found after resumption of the supine position from prone. Emergent exploratory laparotomy disclosed inferior vena cava tear. After repairing of the torn vessel, the patient was transferred to ICU. Unfortunately, patient expired two weeks later due to multiple-organ failure.     

Increased blood loss during posterior spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis in an adolescent with Fontan physiology

A 15-year-old patient with Fontan physiology experienced major blood loss during posterior spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis. Contributing factors for the increased blood loss and potentially useful measures to limit blood loss in patients with Fontan physiology are discussed.     

退变性腰椎侧凸后路长节段固定融合术中大量失血的相关危险因素分析

目的 :探讨退变性腰椎侧凸(degenerative lumbar scoliosis,DLS)后路长节段固定融合术中大量失血的相关危险因素。方法:收集173例在我院行后路长节段(≥4节段)固定融合术的DLS患者的临床资料,根据术中失血量分为大量失血组(失血分数≥30%)和非大量失血组(失血分数30%)。比较两组患者术前、术中及术后相关资料,患者人口学资料包括性别、年龄、体重指数(body mass index, BMI)、吸烟史、饮酒史、术前骨质状况、术前美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分级等;影像学资料包括术前Cobb角、冠状面和矢状面失衡情况、顶椎偏移距离(apical vertebral translation,AVT)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)、Cobb角和LL矫正值;手术相关资料包括手术时间、固定节段、减压节段、椎间融合节段、术中截骨及截骨级别、固定骶骨、术中使用氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TXA)情况等、术中失血量、术中及术后输血资料和医疗费用。采用单因素分析及多因素Logistics回归分析导致术中大量失血的危险因素。结果:67例患者纳入大量失血组,106例患者纳入非大量失血组,单因素分析结果显示大量失血组相较非大量失血组,BMI较小(P=0.046)、术前Cobb角较大(P0.001)、AVT较大(P=0.002)、Cobb角矫正值(P0.001)较大、固定节段较多(P0.001)、椎间融合节段较多(P=0.043)、截骨级别较高(P0.001)、术中TXA使用比例更小(P=0.046),大量失血组在围手术期输血量(P=0.015)、输血率(P=0.035)、术后住院时间(P=0.035)、住院费用(P=0.023)显著高于非大量失血组。多因素Logistics二元回归分析结果显示BMI每增加1kg/m2,术中大量失血风险降低9.3%;术中Cobb角矫正值每增加1°、固定节段每增加1个节段,术中大量失血风险分别增加5.9%、58.9%;椎间融合节段每增加一个节段,术中大量失血风险增加1.174倍;术中行三级及以上截骨使术中大量失血风险增加9.262倍;术中使用TXA使术中大量失血风险降低71.2%。结论:BMI较小,术前Cobb角和AVT较大,Cobb角矫正值增加、固定节段增加、椎间融合节段增加、术中截骨、截骨分级高、术中未使用TXA等因素是导致DLS患者长节段固定融合手术术中大量失血的潜在危险因素,其中,BMI较小、Cobb角矫正值增加、固定节段增加、椎间融合节段增加、行3级及以上截骨、术中未使用TXA是导致术中大量失血的独立危险因素。     

Control of blood loss during scoliosis surgery

By combining surgical and anesthetic techniques that minimize blood loss with the use of autotransfusion, it should now be possible to complete a routine posterior spinal fusion without using allogeneic blood transfusions. Surgical efforts should include careful preoperative planning, positioning with the abdomen hanging free, use of topical hemostatic agents, and decortication late in the procedure. Preoperatively donated autogeneic blood or reclaimed red cells from suction can take the place of allogeneic transfusions. Blood loss during scoliosis surgery correlates closely with left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI), a measure of blood flow calculated from systemic vascular resistance, cardiac output, and heart rate. All of these parameters are under the anesthesiologist's control, making him the primary determinant of blood loss in scoliosis surgery. Induced hypotensive anesthesia may be ineffective in controlling blood loss if the cardiac output or heart rate is high. Halothane, a commonly used hypotensive agent, is not very useful for scoliosis surgery because spinal cord monitoring and wake-up testing are not possible. Rebound hypertension has been noted with the use of sodium nitroprusside. Trimethaphan works well clinically but experimentally it reduces spinal cord blood flow, which may increase the risk of spinal cord injury.     

Visual loss after spine surgery

Incidence of perioperative visual loss ranges from 0.06% to 0.2% with the most common cause as ischemic optic neuropathy. We report one-year follow up of a 50-years-old hypertensive housewife who underwent lumbar decompression and fusion for degenerative scoliosis, but woke up with painless unilateral visual loss. Fundus examination was normal. Her visual acuity improved from initial finger counting close to face to finger counting at 3 m at 1 year. Identification of high risk patients may help in appropriate preoperative counselling, prevention and early recognition of this devastating complication.     

Complications in posterior cervical spine surgery

The posterior approach to the cervical spine has been described since the early 1900s and it is still commonly used to treat various cervical pathologies. It allows for an extensile exposure of the posterior cervical spine, and when employed for the correct indications it yields good results. However, there are various complications associated with this approach that can negatively impact patient outcomes. In general, avoiding complications is best achieved with careful diagnostic assessment, good patient selection and meticulous technical execution of the surgical procedure. This article reviews some of the most common complications following posterior cervical spine procedures.     

Reducing perioperative blood loss and allogeneic blood transfusion in patients undergoing major spine surgery

At present, individual techniques, including intraoperative acute normovolemic hemodilution, use of tranexamic acid, use of intrathecal morphine, proper positioning, and modification of operative techniques, seem most promising for reducing perioperative blood loss and allogeneic blood transfusion in patients undergoing major spine surgery. Other techniques including preoperative autologous predonation; mandatory discontinuation of use of antiplatelet agents; intraoperative and postoperative red-blood-cell salvage; use of aprotinin, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, recombinant factor VIIa, or desmopressin; induced hypotension; avoidance of hypothermia; and minimally invasive operative techniques require additional studies to either establish their effectiveness or address safety considerations.     

Mechanical implant failure in posterior cervical spine fusion

Purpose  

The aim of this study was to determine whether the recent refinement and downsizing of the implants for posterior cervical fusion increase the occurrence of implant failure.     

Transient meralgia paresthetica after pediatric posterior spine fusion

Meralgia paresthetica (MP) rarely occurs during posterior spine surgery. The study goal was to examine risk factors associated with the incidence of MP. A review of 56 consecutive pediatric patients undergoing posterior spine fusion for scoliosis was performed. Patients with abnormal sensation in the lateral thigh preoperatively and prior spine surgery were excluded. All patients were positioned prone on the Jackson (Orthopaedic Systems, Inc., Union City, CA) spinal table with either (1) the lower leg support table and thigh supports or (2) the lower leg suspension sling. Data on patient weight, diagnosis, surgeon, duration of surgery, presence of MP, symptoms, and symptom duration were collected. A logistic regression analysis was performed between independent variables and presence of MP. There were 10/56 patients with MP (18%). Symptoms were anterolateral thigh numbness without pain or weakness. Symptoms in all cases were resolved, on average, before the 6-week postoperative visit (range 2-24 weeks). Patients with MP more often had idiopathic scoliosis (28% vs 7%; P < 0.05) were positioned with the lower leg sling instead of the flat table support (31% vs 13%; P < 0.05) and trended toward longer surgery times (451 vs 388 minutes; NS). Abnormal body mass index, age at surgery, surgeon, and sex did not correlate to MP. MP can occur after pediatric posterior spine surgery. Symptoms were minor, temporary, and did not require treatment. Shorter surgical times and use of thigh pads in conjunction with the lower leg support table may decrease the incidence of MP.     

微创腰椎后路减压椎间植骨融合内固定术中出血量与骨密度的关系

 目的 探讨骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)对微创腰椎后路减压椎间植骨融合内固定(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)术中出血量的影响。方法　回顾性分析2005至2010年间61例单节段微创PLIF手术患者的病历资料。采集患者年龄、性别、BMD、体重指数、手术时间、术中和术后出血量、术前常规实验室检查等数据。按BMD将患者分为骨量正常、骨量减少两组,独立样本t检验和χ2检验比较两组手术出血量及其他参数;分析所有患者术中出血量与其他因素的相关性,独立样本t检验分析性别对术中出血量的影响;在此基础上,采用多元线性逐步回归分析本研究条件下术中出血量的相关性因素。结果　骨量正常组38例,术中出血量为(346.41±199.53) ml;骨量减少组23例,术中出血量为(552.62±300.21) ml,差异有统计学意义。相关性分析显示术中出血量与BMD呈负相关(r=-0.37,P=0.035),与手术时间呈正相关(r=0.34,P=0.008),与其他因素无相关性;独立样本t检验显示术中出血量在男女性别组间的差异无统计学意义。多元线性逐步回归分析显示,术中出血量=-0.63×BMD+1.46×手术时间。结论　BMD是预测腰椎PLIF术中出血量的重要因素之一。