Ocular Injury in Squash Players

S ummary
The figures presented show that the game of squash is a major cause of ocular injuries. The aim of this paper is to alert the squash player that the danger of his sport is such that to play without protection is foolhardy. Wearable masks which afford such protection are available.     

眼表微环境与泪膜稳态对视觉质量影响的新认识

2020年发布的中国干眼专家共识第一次将眼表微环境的概念新增到了干眼的定义中。强调了泪膜不稳定和眼表微环境失衡在干眼发病机制中的重要地位,并将视功能障碍作为干眼病情发展的重要结局之一。为了加强对新共识的认识,推动相关的基础与临床研究的开展及转化,为广大干眼患者提供更为细致的诊疗建议,专家组于2021年3年26日在江西吉安召开讨论会,对眼表微环境和泪膜稳态这两方面的研究现状及存在的问题进行分析,主要围绕干眼的这两个核心机制的新认识、与视觉质量的关系、临床的评估和治疗手段的建议和未来发展新方向等提出建议和推荐意见。     

Interfacial Phenomena and the Ocular Surface

Ocular surface disorders, such as dry eye disease, ocular rosacea, and allergic conjunctivitis, are a heterogeneous group of diseases that require an interdisciplinary approach to establish underlying causes and develop effective therapeutic strategies. These diverse disorders share a common thread in that they involve direct changes in ocular surface chemistry as well as the rheological properties of the tear film and topographical attributes of the cellular elements of the ocular surface. Knowledge of these properties is crucial to understand the formation and stability of the preocular tear film. The study of interfacial phenomena of the ocular surface flourished during the 1970s and 1980s, but after a series of lively debates in the literature concerning distinctions between the epithelial and the glandular origin of ocular surface disorders during the 1990s, research into this important topic has declined. In the meantime, new tools and techniques for the characterization and functionalization of biological surfaces have been developed. This review summarizes the available literature regarding the physicochemical attributes of the ocular surface, analyzes the role of interfacial phenomena in the pathobiology of ocular surface disease, identifies critical knowledge gaps concerning interfacial phenomena of the ocular surface, and discusses the opportunities for the exploitation of these phenomena to develop improved therapeutics for the treatment of ocular surface disorders.     

The Retinal Ganglion Cell Response to Blast-Mediated Traumatic Brain Injury Is Genetic Background Dependent

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the influence of genetic background on the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) response to blast-mediated traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Jackson Diversity Outbred (J:DO), C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ mice.MethodsMice were subject to one blast injury of 137 kPa. RGC structure was analyzed by optical coherence tomography (OCT), function by the pattern electroretinogram (PERG), and histologically using BRN3A antibody staining.ResultsComparison of the change in each group from baseline for OCT and PERG was performed. There was a significant difference in the J:DOΔOCT compared to C57BL/6J mice (P = 0.004), but not compared to BALB/cByJ (P = 0.21). There was a significant difference in the variance of the ΔOCT in J:DO compared to both C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ mice. The baseline PERG amplitude was 20.33 ± 9.32 µV, which decreased an average of −4.14 ± 12.46 µV following TBI. Baseline RGC complex + RNFL thickness was 70.92 ± 4.52 µm, which decreased an average of −1.43 ± 2.88 µm following blast exposure. There was not a significant difference in the ΔPERG between J:DO and C57BL/6J (P = 0.13), although the variances of the groups were significantly different. Blast exposure in J:DO mice results in a density change of 558.6 ± 440.5 BRN3A-positive RGCs/mm² (mean ± SD).ConclusionsThe changes in retinal outcomes had greater variance in outbred mice than what has been reported, and largely replicated herein, for inbred mice. These results demonstrate that the RGC response to blast injury is highly dependent upon genetic background.     

Epidemiology,economic and humanistic burdens of Ocular Surface Chemical Injury: A narrative review

Ocular surface chemical injury (OSCI) is a common type of ocular emergency that can potentially cause significant and permanent visual impairment. However, the global prevalence, demographic factors, socioeconomic burden, and psychological impact of OSCI have not been well investigated or reported. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of these aspects, highlight gaps in the literature, and advocate key strategies in reducing the incidence of OSCI. OSCI was responsible for 0.1–15% of all ocular emergency presentations, with an estimated incidence of 5.1–50 per 100,000 population-year. Young working adult men were the most at-risk group, though high rates of OSCI were also observed in young children in developed countries, especially from detergent pods. Low- and middle-income countries were noted to have higher proportions of assault-related and pediatric OSCI cases, often with more severe presentations. Direct and indirect costs for some hospitalized patients led to loss of all personal and household income after the injury. Emergency department costs in the United States were estimated at $106.7 million over four years and costs of treating long term complications such as glaucoma were estimated to be as high as $93,003 over five years. Significant negative impacts on visual and health-related quality of life and psychological well-being have been reported after injury, with higher rates of anxiety, depression, and psychological distress compared to the general population.     

Ocular Defocus and the Friedmann Central Visual Field Analyser

ABSTRACT Several normal subjects were assessed using the Friedmann central visual field analyser whilst wearing either their full spectacle correction or +2.00 DS or more of contact lens-induced defocus. The results suggest a need to provide a patient with an appropriate spectacle correction during assessment with this device.     

Langerhans Cells of the Ocular Surface

Recent evidence has been collected by several investigators defining a distinct population of dendritic cells (Langerhans cells) of mesenchymal origin residing in the epidermal surfaces of many mammalian species. These cells play a dominant role in the processing of antigens presented through cutaneous surfaces and carry a Class II histocompatability antigen felt to be of central importance in the afferent arm of allograft rejection. They also possess many of the characteristics of macrophages active in the efferent arm of immunologic responses. An equivalent subset of dendritic cells (Langerhans cells) in ocular surface epithelium of the human, mouse, rat, and guinea pig has been identified by enzyme histochemistry, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. Ocular surface Langerhans cells proliferate in the setting of corneal inflammation (remote and recent) and are depleted by topical and systemic corticosteroids. Ocular surface Langerhans cells may play a central role in ocular contact hypersensitivity, corneal allograft rejection, and ocular surface immune surveillance.