New approaches to hematopoietic cell transplantation in oncology

The use of high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous HCT and the use of allogeneic HCT in children and adolescents with high-risk ALL, AML, and NBL has successfully improved outcomes. For other diseases, however, the role of HCT in treatment remains a subject of further research. The availability of HCT was significantly expanded by developing alternative graft sources that currently include BM, peripheral blood, and UCB from autologous and allogeneic related or unrelated donors. Progress in autologous HCT has been achieved by the identification of more effective and less toxic preparative regimens and by ex vivo purging of stem cell products. In allogeneic HCT, graft-versus-leukemia or graft-versus-tumor effects are being exploited increasingly to lower relapse rates. In addition, immunomodulation to promote tolerance, as well as allogeneic antitumor reactions have been achieved by antibody therapy, cytokine therapy, or cell-based immunotherapy. Future improvements are likely, as evidenced by promising preliminary results in the development of stem cell collection techniques, in vitro stem cell expansion, and purging techniques of stem cell grafts. The development of less intensive or nonmyeloablative preparative regimens may further reduce regimen-related morbidity and mortality Specific immunotherapy may facilitate tolerance induction in mismatched allogeneic HCT and support allogeneic HCT in the setting of donor-host HLA disparity. Ultimately, advances in cytokine therapy, tumor-specific vaccines, and gene therapy may decrease or even eradicate recurrence of the malignant disease after HCT.     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗儿童血液病

目的观察异基因造血干细胞移植对儿童血液病的治疗效果。方法采用异基因造血干细胞移植治疗15例儿童血液病,其中非血缘脐血移植9例,同胞脐血移植3例,同胞外周血干细胞移植2例,同胞骨髓移植1例。采用马利兰/环磷酰胺(BU/CY)或环磷酰胺/全身照射(CY/TBI)为基础的预处理的方案。结果14例患儿植入成功,白细胞的植入时间各组间差异无统计学意义;脐血移植血小板的植入时间较骨髓或外周血延迟(P<0.05)。主要并发症为CMV感染和复发,11例患儿生存,其中10例无病存活(占66.7%),存活最长时间为6年。Kaplan-meier生存曲线提示:1年生存率为76.6%,预计5年生存率为57.4%。结论脐血移植具有GVHD轻且较容易控制、搜寻时间短等优点,对儿童患者具有广泛的应用前景。     

新型儿童单倍体造血干细胞移植体系治疗儿童血液病结果初探——一个单中心回顾性分析

目的探索采用新型儿童单倍体造血干细胞移植(haplo-HSCT)技术体系治疗儿童血液病的安全性和疗效。方法具备HSCT适应症的血液病患儿共56例,均采用新型儿童haploHSCT技术体系治疗,回顾性分析植入成功率、移植关死亡率、GVHD发生率、总生存率及无病生存率情况。结果56例血液病患儿中,男34例,女22例,恶性血液病45例,再生障碍性贫血10例,家族性噬血细胞综合征1例,新型haplo-HSCT技术体系治疗后评价:(1)回输单个核细胞中位数为10.59(6.36~13.74)×10~8/kg,CD34+细胞中位数为7.02(2.00~25.86)×10~6/kg。全部植入成功;(2)千细胞回输后100 d内,移植相关死亡率为1.8%;(3)100 d内自然发生Ⅰ~Ⅱ度急性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)发生率为32.14%,Ⅲ~Ⅳ度急性GVHD发生率为1.8%;100 d后为治疗和预防复发所进行的供者淋巴细胞输注及减停免疫抑制剂相关的Ⅲ~Ⅳ度急性GVHD发生率5.36%(3例)。100 d后自然发生的广泛型慢性GVHD总发生率为3.6%,为治疗和预防复发所进行的DLI及减停免疫抑制剂导致的慢性广泛型GVHD发生率5.36%;(4)中位随访18(6~40.8)个月,总生存率(OS)92.85%,无病生存率(DFS)为87.5%,复发2例,出现微小残留病2例,观察期超过1年的38例病例中,1年OS为92.11%,1年DFS为89.47%。中位生存时间为20.35个月。采用SPSS 20.0 Log-Rank法比较淋系和髓系恶性血液病总生存及DFS分别为87.5%和95%(P=0.347)及75%和95%(P=0.058)。结论本研究初步显示对于无相合同胞供者、不能及时寻找到非血缘HLA相合供者的儿童血液病患者,本中心所采用的新型haplo-HSCT技术体系有效性及安全性可靠,淋系及髓系两组比较虽然差异无显著性,但是显示髓系恶性血液病DFS优于淋系的趋势,更远期的疗效尚须更长随访时间进一步总结。     

单倍体造血干细胞移植治疗儿童重型β-地中海贫血

目的：目前仅有30％左右的重型β-地中海贫血患者能找到HLA全相合的同胞供者,使造血干细胞移植治疗该病受到限制。该研究通过探讨单倍体造血干细胞移植治疗儿童重型β-地中海贫血的疗效,希望能够拓展供者源。方法：采用单倍体脐血或骨髓对10例重型β-地中海贫血患儿进行11例次移植。使用以羟基脲、氟达拉滨、白消安、环磷酰胺、抗胸腺细胞球蛋白为基础的预处理方案。结果：6例患者获长期稳定植入并脱离红细胞输注;2例短暂植入后排斥,其中1例恢复地中海贫血状态,另1例在移植早期死亡;1例行2次移植均未植入并出现移植后再障;1例未植入,出现再障,1年后恢复地中海贫血状态。8例植入者均发生急性移植物抗宿主病,仅1例发展为皮肤局限性慢性移植物抗宿主病。随访57.1（2.5～85.1）月,总体生存率90%,无病生存率为60%。结论：单倍体造血干细胞移植治疗儿童重型β-地中海贫血能长期重建造血,在无HLA相合同胞供体时,可以作为造血干细胞移植治疗的一种选择。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（7）：546-548］     

Eltrombopag for thrombocytopenia following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children

Persistent thrombocytopenia is a common complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). While the use of thrombopoietin receptor agonists was retrospectively investigated in adults, data in pediatric posttransplant thrombocytopenia are lacking. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of eltrombopag in nine children with platelet transfusion‐dependent persistent thrombocytopenia after HSCT. Eltrombopag was started at a median of 147 days after allo‐SCT and continued for a median period of 64 days, the starting dose being 50 mg per day. The therapy was well tolerated. After a median time of treatment of 36 days, eight patients (88%) reached sustained platelets count >50 000/μL.     

艾曲波帕治疗儿童造血干细胞移植后血小板减少症24例分析

目的评价艾曲波帕治疗儿童造血干细胞移植(HSCT)后血小板减少症的疗效与安全性。方法回顾性分析2018年8月1日至2019年4月1日于中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院儿科接受HSCT后发生血小板减少症并采用艾曲波帕治疗的24例患儿的临床资料,评估治疗有效率及不良反应,根据造血干细胞来源分为脐带血组和外周干细胞组,根据疾病类型分为恶性病组和非恶性病组,分析各组间临床疗效。组间比较采用秩和检验。结果 24例患儿中男15例、女9例,艾曲波帕用药时的年龄7.7(2.6~13.7)岁,接受艾曲波帕治疗的时间为移植后第27.5(8.0~125.0) d,使用后完全有效的时间为23.5(6.0~83.0) d,用药疗程为36.5(8.0~90.0) d,艾曲波帕总剂量为1 400(200~5 900)mg,完全有效率92%(22/24),未发生艾曲波帕相关不良反应。脐带血干细胞移植(16例)的患儿使用艾曲波帕的疗程及总剂量均明显低于外周干细胞移植组(8例)[24.5(8.0~81.0)比65.5(35.0~90.0)d,900.0(200.0~3 850.0)比2 862.5 (1 175.0~5 900.0) mg,Z=-3.004、-2.604,P=0.002、0.007],而达到完全有效的时间及停药2周后血小板计数、随访终点血小板计数的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。与恶性病患儿(12例)相比,非恶性病患儿(12例)用药后至获得完全有效的时间、用药疗程、总剂量及停药2周后血小板计数、随访终点血小板计数的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论艾曲波帕用于儿童HSCT后血小板减少症有一定疗效,安全性高,尤其在脐带血移植中可能更有优势。     

脐血造血干细胞移植治疗儿童血液病14例临床观察

脐血造血干细胞移植可以根治儿童白血病、再生障碍性贫血、血红蛋白病及先天性免疫缺陷等疾病。自1988年Gluckman等首先应用脐血移植（CBT）成功治疗1例儿童Fanconi贫血以来,CBT发展迅速。由于脐血来源广、采集方便、对供者无害、移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）发生率低而得到广泛应用。我们采用脐血造血干细胞移植治疗14例儿童血液病,现报告如下。     

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children with sickle cell disease

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) represents the only curative treatment for sickle cell disease (SCD), being successful in around 85-90% of patients. Mortality and long-term morbidity (including infertility, gonadal failure, and chronic graft-vs.-host disease) associated with conventional approaches curtail the number of patients who undergo allo-HSCT. Recently, it has been demonstrated that cord blood is as effective as and possibly safer than bone marrow in pediatric patients with SCD. Likewise, transplant strategies based on the use of reduced-intensity regimens and the induction of mixed chimerism have been explored to decrease allo-HSCT short- and long-term complications.     

Levetiracetam for busulfan-induced seizure prophylaxis in children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Anti-seizure prophylaxis is routinely utilized during busulfan administration for HSCT. We evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of levetiracetam in children undergoing HSCT. A total of 28 children and young adults received levetiracetam during HSCT and the outcomes and costs were compared to a historical, but similar cohort of 25 patients who had received fosphenytoin. Levetiracetam was well tolerated and was efficacious in preventing seizures. Cost of drug, administration, and monitoring were also similar among the two groups. Due to non-induction of the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes, levetiracetam may lead to better dose assurance of busulfan in targeted dose regimens for HSCT.     

Long-term parental distress after pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for nonmalignant diseases

Background

Survival rates have continued to increase for pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for nonmalignant diseases. Despite the crucial role of caregivers in this high-intensity treatment, knowledge about long-term parental impact is lacking.

Procedure

This cross-sectional study assessed parental distress and everyday problems in parents of patients 2 years and older after pediatric HSCT for a nonmalignant disease using Distress Thermometer for Parents (DT-P), and compared outcomes to matched Dutch parents of healthy children and Dutch parents of children with a chronic condition (CC).

Results

Median follow-up was 5.3 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 2.9–8.6). Underlying diseases were inborn errors of immunity (N = 30), hemoglobinopathies (N = 13), and bone marrow failure (N = 27). Mothers of pediatric HSCT recipients (N = 70) reported comparable overall distress levels to mothers of healthy children, but experienced more distress related to parenting problems, specifically managing their child's emotions, discussing disease consequences, and fostering independence. Fathers of HSCT recipients (N = 45) reported higher overall distress levels and had more emotional distress compared to fathers of healthy children.

Conclusions

Overall, parental distress and everyday problems of parents of HSCT recipients are comparable to those of parents of children with CC. However, there is ongoing parental burden, both emotional and in parenting, long-term after HSCT compared to parents of healthy children, and the type of burden differs between mothers and fathers. These results indicate that individualized parental supportive care should not remain restricted to the acute hospitalization phase, but also be actively offered during long-term follow-up after pediatric HSCT.     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗儿童急性髓系白血病临床研究

目的评估应用异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)治疗儿童急性髓系白血病(AML)的临床疗效及相关影响因素。方法回顾分析2002年1月至2017年11月49例确诊中、高危及复发AML行allo-HSCT患儿的临床资料,分析危险度分级、HLA分型、移植前状态、移植方式、干细胞来源及急慢性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)等对allo-HSCT治疗效果的影响。结果 49例患儿中男35例、女14例,中位年龄9岁。三年总体存活率(OS)为(59.2±7.3)%,无白血病存活率(LFS)为(50.9±7.4)%。其中第1次缓解状态移植、非血缘移植、外周血干细胞移植、中危组移植的三年LFS分别为69.8%、69. 2%、73. 7%、65. 8%。19例死亡,分别为复发13例、严重感染5例、多器官衰竭1例。COX回归模型结果显示,急性GVHD是影响移植OS的独立危险因素(RR=3. 16,95%CI:1. 23～8. 09,P=0. 017),移植前状态为部分缓解及未缓解是影响移植LFS的独立危险因素(RR=4.76,95%CI:1.52～14.94,P=0.008;RR=5.28,95%CI:1.68～16.58,P=0.004)。结论移植前状态及急性GVHD是影响Allo-HSCT治疗儿童AML疗效的关键因素;白血病复发及感染是导致死亡的主要原因。     

Engraftment syndrome following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children

Abstract:  ES is a complication that occurs immediately before or at the timing of neutrophil engraftment following autologous or allogeneic SCT. It is characterized by fever, skin rash, and non-cardiac pulmonary infiltrates. We evaluated the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of ES following allogeneic SCT in children. Of 100 pediatric patients, 20 (20%) developed ES occurring at a median of 14 days (range 8–27 days) post-transplant. Patients presented with fever (100%), skin rash (100%), diffuse pulmonary infiltration (25%), and body weight gain (85%). On multivariate analysis, significant risk factors for ES included younger age (<8 yr old) and human leukocyte antigen disparity between donors and recipients. Univariate analysis showed that patients with ES had a higher incidence of developing chronic graft-versus-host disease and ES was not associated with other complications. Event-free survival did not significantly differ between patients with and without ES regardless of the presence of malignant or non-malignant diseases.     

Acute neurological complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children

Children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) may develop toxicity-related neurological complications (NC). Known risk factors include total body irradiation (TBI) and the use of busulfan or cyclosporine A, but other risk factors might also be of importance. The medical records of 144 children (0-18 yr) who underwent their first HSCT at Karolinska University Hospital (Huddinge) between 1995 and 2002 were reviewed retrospectively concerning pretransplantation parameters and clinical course during the first 3 months after HSCT. Sibling donors were used in 49 transplantations, unrelated donors in 88 and haploidentical donors in seven cases. Nineteen patients (13%) developed NC within the first 3 months after HSCT. A significant association was seen between pretransplant viral status, defined as a higher number of positive herpes group viral serologies in the recipient before transplantation, and NC (p = 0.04). A significant association was also seen for CMV-positive recipients and NC (p = 0.01) as well as for disturbances in serum levels of sodium, potassium and calcium and NC. No association was found between sex, age at HSCT, underlying disease, previous neurological symptoms, the conditioning regimen, GVHD, donor type and NC. Number of positive herpes group viral serologies in the recipient before transplantation and certain electrolyte disturbances may contribute to neurological complications after HSCT.