Congenital choledochal cysts in adults: twenty-five-year experience

Background Choledochal cyst is rare in western countries. The relatively high incidence of coexistent hepatobiliary disease increases the difficulty of the surgical management of choledochal cyst. Here we analyze the diagnosis and treatment of congenital bile duct cyst in 122 Chinese adults. Methods The clinical data of 122 patients with congenital choledochal cysts admitted from 1981 to 2006 were analyzed. Results Clinical symptoms in most cases were nonspecific, resulting in delayed diagnosis. Sixty-one patients (50%) had coexistent pancreatobiliary disease. Among the 122 patients, 119 patients underwent ultrasonic examination; ERCP/MRCP was performed in 63 cases and CT in 102 cases. Abnormal pancreatobiliary duct junction was found in 48 patients. Sixteen patients had malignant lesions in the bile duct, arising in 11 of them from incomplete choledochal cyst that underwent various operations including cystenterostomy or cystojejunostomy. There was significant difference between the patients who underwent incomplete cyst resection and complete cyst resection in malignancy rate of bile duct (Chi square test, P= 0.000; odds ratio, 7.800; 95 % confidence interval, 2.450 to 24.836). Conclusions ERCP, CT and MRCP had proved their great values in the classification of the disease. Cyst excision with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy is recommended as the treatment of choice for patients with type I or type IV cysts. For type V cyst (Caroli’s disease) with recurrent cholangitis, liver transplantation should be considered.     

Application of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in biliary-pancreatic diseases

Background Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP） has been used increasingly for the treatment of choledocholithiasis, gallstone pancreatitis, and benign or malignant bile duct or pancreatic duct stenosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ERCP for the diagnosis and therapy of biliary-pancreatic diseases. Methods A total of 2075 patients who underwent diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP from June 2001 to March 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. Achievement and complication rates were calculated, and the therapeutic effect was observed. Results In all the 64 cases who underwent diagnostic ERCP, the procedure was successful, in 2011 cases therapeutic ERCP was performed, and the success rate was 94.6%. In the therapeutic ERCP cases, 1434 （93.0%） were successful among the 1542 cases of choledocholithiasis, and 422 （90.0%） of the 469 cases with benign or malignant bile duct or pancreatic duct stenosis, or acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis with stent placement or endoscopic nasobiliary drainage were successful. Fifty-nine （90.8%） cases of the 65 who underwent a pre-cut for pancreatic sphincterotomy were successful. Complication rate was 5.1% and the most frequent complication was acute pancreatitis （4.4%）. Conclusions ERCP is one of the major diagnostic and therapeutic methods for biliary-pancreatic disease. Therapeutic ERCP is a minimally invasive, safe and effective treatment method for various biliary-pancreatic diseases.     

Clinical Features and Treatment of Bronchogenic Cyst in Adults

Objective To investigate the clinical features and management of bronchogenic cyst in the adults. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 50 patients admitted to our hospital with histopathologically proved bronchogenic cyst from January 1983 to December 2007. Of all the patients, 28 were male and 22 were female, with an average age of 36.9 （range, 18 to 64） years. The symptoms, location of the cysts, imaging evaluation, surgical treatment manner, and outcome of these patients were analyzed. Results Symptoms were present in 33 of the 50 patients, and cough was the most common symptom. Thirteen patients presented with complications： hemoptysis, infected cyst, dysphagia, paralysis, and hoarseness. The locations of the cysts included the mediastinum （28 cases）, pulmonary parenchyma （12 cases）, hilar area （3 cases）, visceral pleura （1 case）, and some rare locations including the intestinal mesentery （1 case）, retroperitoneum （1 case）, adrenal gland （1 case）, neck （2 cases）, and dura matter of the cervical verte-brae （1 case）. Chest X-ray was performed in 36 patients and computed tomography （CT） was performed in 41 patients. The bronchogenic cyst in CT was characterized as a round, well circumscribed, unilocular mass, with density ranging from that of water to high density （0-50 Hu）. As for treatment, complete resection of the bronchogenic cyst was performed in 47 （94%） patients, subtotal resection was performed in 3 （6%） pa- tients. Open surgery was performed in 45 （90%） patients, and thoracoscopy （video-assisted thoracic surgery） was performed in 5 （10%） paitients. Of the 12 patients with intrapulmonary cyst, 11 patients underwent lobectomy and 1 patient underwent wedge resection. Postoperative sequelae occurred in 2 patients, 1 with persistent air leakage and 1 with hoarseness. All patients were proved with bronchogenic cyst pathologically. The average follow-up period was 6.5 years （range, 4 months to 10 years）, and no late sequelae or recur-rence of the cyst occurred. Conclusions The clinical and imaging presentations of bronchogenic cyst in adults are variable. Surgical resection is the best way for diagnosis and treatment. Both open surgery and thoracoscopy are appropriate for the selected candidates.     

Clinical significance of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography utilizing half-Fourier acquisition single-shot fast spin-echo in diagnosing bile duct diseases

Objective: To investigate the clinical significance of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography(MRCP) utilizing half-Fourier acquisition single-shot fast spin-echo (HASTE) in the diagnosis of bile duct diseases.Methods: Forty-three patients with obstructive jaundice and 4 without were enrolled in this study. The underlying dis-eases included bile duct calculi(13 cases), chronic cholangitis (14 cases) malignant tumors (18 cases) and congeni-tal biliary cysts (2 cases). All patients underwent examinations with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRCP,and 39 were also examined with B-type ultrasonography, 33 with CT and 25 with ERCP and PTC. Three-dimensionalimage reconstruction was performed using volume-rendered technique (VRE) on the basis of the data obtained byMRCP. Results: The biliary calculi were displayed as circular filling defects in MRCP images, with the proximal endof dilated bile duct taking the form of the mouth of a cup. The bile duct of patients with chronic cholangitis showed dis-tal     

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF THE MIRIZZI SYNDROME

Objeetves. The aim of this paper is to describe the clinical characteristics, diagnostie procedure andoperative management of Mirrizi syndrome. Methods. Sixteen cases of Mirrizi syndrome were selected and reviewed from 1987 to 1997. Results. In the 16 eases, 6 cases were male, 10 eases were female, the average age was 62. 7 years old. Ten eases were diagnosed to be Mirrizi syndrome preoperativaly(62. 5 ％ ) ; 3 cases were considered to bile duct tumor, the other 3 eases were emergency, they were confirmed the diagnosis after the operation. Conclusions. Ultrasound is recommended as the first choice of screening method, while ERCP may confirm the diagnosis. Surgical approach is considered to be the choice and technical procedures are sug-gested to prevent intraoperative injury and to repair defects of the common bile duct.     

Surgical Treatment of Bile Duct Cancer at Hepatic Hilum:A Clinical Analysis of 60 Cases

The incidence of bile duct cancer at hepatic hilum has a tendency toincrease in recent years.This paper is to report 60 cases during a10-year-period from 1975 to 1985.The cancer at the hepatic hilum(60 cases)made up 73％ of all extrahepatic bile duct cancers(82 cases),and accounted for1.65％ of 3626 biliary operations done at the same period.The clintcalmanifestations of the patients could be categorized into three types,the presentingsymptoms were obstructive jaundice in 29 cases,of which 25 had beenmisdiagnosed as infectious hepatitis;the symptoms of acute cholangitis were foundin 12 cases;and in 14 cases,various symptoms and signs of biliary diseases hadbeen found for a long time before the diagnosis was established as cancer.In theremaining 5 cases,miscellaneous manifestaions were revealed.The patients wereexamined with B- US(19 cases),ERCP(10 cases)and PTC(39 cases).The finaldiagnosis was established according to the findings of PTC and/or ERCP,surgical exploration,or histopathological examination.Surgery was performed on56 cases.Only 6 out of the 56 received radical resection of the cancer withhemi-hepatectomy;palliative internal drainage of the bile duct was done on 15cases,external drainage on 23 cases,and other palliative measures on 12 cases.The average survival time after operation was 24.5 months in 6 cases with radicalresection,8.7 months in 48 cases with palliative measures,and only 5 months in 4cases without surgical intervention.Early diagnosis is imperative if successfultherapy is expected.It is suggested that a patient over 40 years of age,sufferingfrom“infectious hepatitis”or obstructive jaundice,be watched out for thepossibility of hilum cancer,and appropriate examinations such as B-US,CT,ERCP or PTC be carried out.It is emphasized that PTC plays an important rolein the diagnosis of hilum cancer.In severe cases,the intrahepatic bile ducts couldbe examined with PTC of the two sides at one time.Exploratory laparotomyshould be performed on suspected cases.     

Surgical Complications from Biliary Tract Surgery

Objective Cholecystectomy is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in general surgery. However, bile duct injury is a rare but one of the most common complications. The injuries are usually encountered when comparatively inexperienced surgeons are operating who are not familiar with the anatomy. These injuries some times present variably after the primary surgery. The timely detection and appropriate management affects the morbidity and mortality of the operation. Methods This is a study of 5 cases of iatrogenic bile duct injury managed at the Department of Surgery First Hospital, Xi＇an Jiaotong University. This study includes all the cases that underwent both the open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy and persistent injury to the biliary tract and were treated accordingly. Results Five cases were found to have various types of bile duct injuries. Four of them are female and one was male, and their average age was 52 years （youngest 22 and oldest was 64）. In two cases the injury occurred during LC and converted to OC surgery, while remaining three cases underwent open cholecystectomy. All the patients were operated and appropriate procedures were performed. Conclusion In case of IBDI it is necessary to perform the operation under the supervision of experienced surgeon who is specialized in the repair of bile duct injuries, and it is also necessary to detect     

Primary tracheobronchial amyloidosis in China: Analysis of 64 cases and a review of literature

Primary tracheobronchial amyloidosis (TBA) is a rare pulmonary disease.A systematic review was performed on 64 cases of primary TBA in China and progress in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease is discussed.The Chinese biological and medical databases from 1970 to 2010 were searched and 75 cases of complete clinical and pathological data were identified.The clinical characteristics of the disease were summarized and longitudinal comparisons were made of diagnostic and treatment methods over time.The results showed that the morbidity associated with primary TBA has increased over recent years.The clinical manifestations were non-specific.Progressive dyspnea, cough and sputum were the most common symptoms.The percentage of patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) scan has increased over the years.The bronchoscopy and transbrochial lung biopsy (TBLB) were usually sufficient to establish the diagnosis.Treatment was reported for a total of 44 cases.Bronchoscopic Nd:YAG laser irradiation, argon plasma coagulation (APC) and drugs administration such as steroids and colchicines were reported to be effective in some patients.It is concluded that the demographic characteristics and clinical manifestations of primary TBA patients in China are largely consistent with findings reported in other countries.Dramatically more cases were reported in recent years, mainly due to the extensive application of bronchoscopy since 1990s.Chest CT scan provides important clues for the diagnosis of the disease.The definite diagnosis was confirmed by bronchoscopic findings and Congo red staining of biopsy specimen.Bronchoscopic Nd:YAG laser irradiation, argon plasma coagulation (APC) and drugs administration, such as steroids and colchicines were reported to be effective in some patients.     

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with ileal neobladder and rectum pouch: the initial experience of 28 cases in China

Background We presented the technique and outcomes of laparoscopic radical cystectomy performed in 28 patients with bladder cancer to evaluate its clinical efficacy and feasibility. Methods Among the 28 patients, aged from 58 to 73 years （mean 68.5 years）, 26 were transitional cell carcinoma grads Ⅱ-Ⅲ and 2 squamous carcinoma. Laparoscopic radical cystectomy plus bladder reconstruction was performed in all cases, among them 15 with ileum, 10 with rectum pouch, and 3 with ureterostomy. The operating time, the blood loss, the intestine function and the complications were observed. Results All procedures were successful. The operating times were 7--10 hours, the blood loss was 400--1500 ml （mean 850 ml）, the intestine function recovered at 72 hours after operation, and all ureteral catheters were removed at 2 weeks after surgery. The results of intravenous urography were hormonal at 3-month, 1-year, and 2-year follow-up after surgery. Conclusions Laparoscopic radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer is safe and efficient, with good operating field, reliable hemostasis, mini-invasion, less celiac complications, and rapid recovery. This surgery is worth being extended.     

手术治疗先天性胆总管囊肿临床研究

目的 总结胆总管囊肿切除、肝管空肠吻合治疗先天性胆总管囊肿的经验，以提高本病的疗效。方法 对1994年1月～2002年12月的30例行胆总管囊肿切除、肝管空肠吻合的先天性胆总管囊肿患者进行回顾性分析。结果 获得随访的22例，效果优良者17例，良者2例。差者3例。术中无死亡。结论 胆总管囊肿切除、胆道重建是治疗先天性胆总管囊肿的优选方式，附以适当的抗反流装置，提高手术操作技巧。能最大限度地为患者带来良好的术后效果。     

先天性胆总管囊肿的手术选择--附46例分析

目的 探讨合理的先天性胆总管囊肿术式特点与疗效。方法回顾1988年7月-2003年7月间46例胆总管囊肿分别采用囊肿外引流术5例；囊肿内引流术3例；38例一期囊肿切除胆肠重建术。结果5例囊肿外引流术1-5个月准备后，完成囊肿切除胆肠通路重建术；2例囊肿内引流术因术后症状反复，分别在6-8个月后再次手术切除囊肿胆肠重建术；一期囊肿切除术后1例出血再次急诊手术止血，3例偶有腹痛，2例切口感染，1例切口疝。本组无肠瘘、死亡病例。结论胆总管囊肿全切除胆肠重建是根治本病，减少术后并发症最好方法。在囊肿急性炎症期先行囊肿外引流。情况改善后二期囊肿切除胆肠重建术可提高疗效。     

先天性胆总管囊肿的诊断与治疗体会

目的 探讨先天性胆总管囊肿的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析临沧市人民医院2005年1月至2014年12月收治的36例先天性胆总管囊肿的临床资料.对诊断和手术方法进行总结分析.结果 全部病例均行B超和CT检查,其中19例行MRCP检查,6例行ERCP确诊.36例均行手术治疗,其中3例行急诊囊肿外引流术,择期行囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-y吻合术27例,囊肿空肠Roux-y吻合术6例.出现并发症6例(13.9%),其中术后多器官功能衰竭死亡1例,术中肝动脉切断1例,切口裂开1例,胆漏2例,胸腔积液1例.术后31例获随访,20例症状消失,7例因急诊囊肿外引流术或囊肿内引流术,症状未缓解再次行囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-y吻合术.2例胆管炎偶尔发作,消炎治疗症状消失.2例左肝管多发结石行肝左外侧叶切除术,痊愈.结论 B超是诊断先天性胆总管囊肿的首选方法,囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux-y吻合术是治疗先天性胆总管囊肿可选择的术式.     

ERCP对成人先天性胆管囊肿的诊断及治疗价值

目的:评价经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)对成人先天性胆管囊肿诊断和治疗的价值。方法:ERCP检查24例成人先天性胆管囊肿,并对其中11例合并梗阻性黄疸和化脓性胆管炎的病人及时行内镜下鼻胆引流术(ENBD)治疗。结果:按Todani的分类标准,ERCP检查发现Ⅰ型胆管囊肿14例(58.3%)、Ⅳa型8例(33.3%)、Ⅴ型即Caroli’s病2例(8.3%),其中包括囊肿癌变3例,胰胆管合流异常(APBDJ)4例。ERCP对胆管狭窄范围的判断及APBDJ的诊断优于CT及B超。ERCP治疗10例,包括胆管结石4例,胆管狭窄2例,胆管炎2例,囊肿癌变2例。ERCP治疗后1周内病人血白细胞计数、总胆红素、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、碱性磷酸酶明显下降。结论:成人先天性胆管囊肿Ⅰ型最为常见,胆管囊肿癌变率高、易合并相关的肝胆系统疾病。ERCP对胆管囊肿及APBDJ的诊断和分类较B超和常规CT检查更为直观、准确。ENBD治疗可迅速缓解梗阻性黄疸和化脓性胆管炎病人的症状,为进一步手术治疗创造良好的条件。     

成人先天性胆管囊性扩张症的诊治

目的：探讨成人先天性胆管囊性扩张症诊治。方法：对1980－2000年我院手术治疗的58例成人先天性胆管囊性扩张症病人进行回顾性分析。结果：超声检查是首选的、最普及的辅助诊断方法，而PTC，ERCP，MRCP及CT检查是术前确诊和分型的重要方法。治疗肝外囊肿尽可能切除囊肿重建胆管内引流以降低并发症及再手术率，肝内囊肿的治疗应根据囊肿的具体情况决定手术方法，可行肝叶（段）切除、清除结石、整形等手术，解除主要胆管狭窄，再行胆肠内引流术。结论：成人先天性胆管囊性扩张症临床表现复杂，诊断较难。应根据术前检查了解囊肿的具体情况的分型后采取相应的手术方法治疗。     

小儿先天性胆总管囊肿30例手术临床分析

目的探讨小儿先天性胆总管囊肿的临床手术方法与治疗效果。方法回顾性研究2005年8月至2011年8月手术治疗的先天性胆总管囊肿(胆管扩张症Ⅰ型)30例,其中男性8例,女性22例,年龄6个月～15岁。全组病例均常规采用二维CT检查和B型超声检查,对部分患儿采用磁共振胆胰管造影及三维彩色B超检查,确诊后根据病情行囊肿-空肠Roux-Y吻合术11例;囊肿及胆囊切除、肝总管-空肠Roux-Y吻合术19例。术后实行常规输液、营养、抗感染、支持治疗。结果获访病例中,行囊肿-空肠Roux-Y吻合术患者,9例远期出现反复腹痛、黄疸与发热症状;行囊肿及胆囊切除、肝总管-空肠Roux-Y吻合术患者,仅有1例远期出现了腹痛症状、1例发生粘连性肠梗阻,无胆管炎及胆管狭窄并发症出现。结论在技术娴熟的情况下,对患儿采用囊肿及胆囊切除、肝总管-空肠Roux-Y吻合术,是治疗小儿先天性胆总管囊肿的最佳手术方法。急诊患者应避免囊肿-空肠Roux-Y吻合,短期的过渡性囊肿外引流,然后尽快做根治手术。     

成人先天性胆总管囊肿的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨成年人先天性胆总管囊肿（CCC）的特点及诊断和治疗要点.方法 对我院普外科1996年1月-2011年1月收治的14例成年人先天性胆总管囊肿患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.患者术前B超确诊率为92.9%,CT确诊率为75.0%,内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）、磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）的确诊率为100%.14例患者中有13例行手术治疗,其中行胆总管囊肿完整或部分切除＋肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术12例.结果 随访10例（71.4%）,平均随访36个月,未发现有恶变病例.结论 B超为先天性胆总管囊肿首选检查,CT、ERCP、MRCP各有其诊断价值.手术为成年人先天性胆总管囊肿的治疗方式,早期手术为关键,胆总管囊肿完整或部分切除＋肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术为其首选手术方法.     

先天性胆管囊肿的外科治疗

目的探讨先天性胆管囊肿的手术方式、手术时机,进一步总结胆管囊肿的诊治经验.方法回顾性分析1990～2004年我院收治的43例先天性胆管囊肿的临床资料并复习文献.结果43例均手术治疗,其中行囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术24例,囊肿大部切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合9例,囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y吻合内引流4例,囊肿外引流5例,左肝、尾状叶及胆管囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术1例.32例获得随访,其中囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术16例,偶发上腹隐痛1例;囊肿大部切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合7例,偶发胆管炎3例;囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y吻合内引流4例,频发胆管炎2例、胆瘘1例;囊肿外引流5例,经再手术获得治愈.结论先天性胆管囊肿一经明确诊断,应尽早治疗,避免急诊手术.囊肿外引流术只能作为急救措施,肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术伴抗反流术式,是囊肿切除术后重建胆道的理想术式.     

婴幼儿先天性胆总管囊肿自发性穿孔的护理体会

目的：探讨先天性胆总管囊肿自发性穿孔的护理经验。方法：回顾性分析11例婴幼儿先天性胆总管囊肿自发性穿孔患儿自发性穿孔的临床资料。结果：本组8例经术前腹腔穿刺确诊胆道自发性穿孔,其中5例经B超或CT诊断胆总管囊肿。3例行一期胆总管囊肿切除加胆道重建术（胆总管-空肠R—Y吻合术）;6例行胆道外引流加腹腔引流术,2例行胆囊置管引流加腹腔引流术,3～6个月后行胆总管囊肿切除加胆道重建术。11例患儿治疗后均恢复良好。结论：婴幼儿胆总管囊肿自发性穿孔容易误诊,掌握其临床特点、根据患儿具体情况选择合理的手术方式以及精心细致的护理是提高其治愈率的关键。