早期干预促进低出生体重儿神经心理及体格发育的研究

【目的】探讨低出生体重(low birth weight,LBW)儿神经心理体格发育及早期干预作用。【方法】将61例LBW(1850~2450g)随机分为两组,干预组(第1组33例),未干预组(第2组28例),另设正常对照组(第3组30例)。1组实施婴儿抚触、营养指导、早期教育、感知运动、语言等训练。三组于6、12、24、36月进行Gesell婴儿发育量表、婴儿视觉注意习惯化及体格发育(体重、身高)SDS值的测试。【结果】Gesell测试:6月时第1组各能区发育商(DQ)分值高于第2组,但精细动作、应物能、语言能与第2组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。12、24、36月各能区DQ第1组与第2组比较差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。婴儿注视时间(应答下降率H、应答恢复率R):6月时第1组分值高于第2组但差异无显著性(P>0.05),12、24、36月H、R值第1组与第2组比较差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。体重、身高SDS值:6、12、24、36月第1组均显著高于第2组(P<0.01)。【结论】早期干预能有效地促进LBW神经心理及体格的发育。     

早期干预促进低出生体重儿认知发育行为的研究

目的:探讨早期干预对低出生体重儿(LBW)认知生长发育的促进作用。方法:选择61例LBW(1 850~2450 g)随机分为两组;干预组(Ⅰ组33例),未干预组(Ⅱ组28例)。Ⅰ组实施婴儿抚触,营养指导,早期教育,感知运动、语言等训练。Ⅱ组未能参加干预。于6月、12月、24月、36月两组分别进行体格发育(体重、身高)SDS值评定(Z评分)及Gesell发育商(DQ)的测定。结果:Ⅰ组各年龄段的体重、身高SDS值显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.01);Gesell测试:6月时Ⅰ组各能区DQ分值高于Ⅱ组,但精细动作、应物能、言语能与Ⅱ组无显著差异(P>0.05);12月、24月、36月时Ⅰ组各能区DQ分值与Ⅱ组比较有显著差异(P<0.01)。结论:研究表明早期干预能有效地促进LBW体格生长及认知行为发育。     

高危儿行为发育的早期干预治疗

【目的】　通过早期干预促进高危儿的行为发育。　【方法】　将 78例高危儿随机分为干预组、未干预组 ,并设正常新生儿对照组。仅对干预组患儿实施早期康复干预 ,定期随访 ,以《贝莉智能发育量表》进行智能发育评估 ;未干预组、对照组患儿只进行常规体格检查和育儿指导。 1岁时通过《Gesell发育诊断量表》对三组患儿进行智能发育的最终评估。　【结果】　 3、9月龄时干预组患儿智力发育指数及运动发育指数均高于未干预组 (P <0 .0 1) ,可达对照组水平 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;1岁时Gesell智能检查 ,干预组与未干预组比较除大运动能区不存在差异外 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,其它四大能区差异均存在非常显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,与对照组比较五大能区差异均无显著性。　【结论】　早期干预可促进高危儿的行为发育 ,改善其预后。     

抚触和动作训练对婴幼儿生长发育影响的效果评价

【目的】　探讨抚触及动作训练对正常婴儿生长发育的影响。　【方法】　按随机抽样的方法 ,将实验对象分为实验组与对照组 ,对实验组小儿进行抚触和动作训练 ,对照组不给任何干预 ,两组小儿定期进行体格检查 (体重、身长 )并用盖塞尔量表 (Gesell)作发育评估。　【结果】　①出生后开始进行抚触和动作训练者 ,实验组各阶段体重、身高均高于对照组。两组前半年身高、体重增值差异有显著性 ;Gesell测试结果表明 :实验组 6个月五大能区发育商 (developmentalquotient,DQ)均显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,12个月时除大动作 ,其余各能区DQ均显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。② 6个月开始进行抚触和动作训练者 ,12个月时两组体重、身高比较接近 ,但实验组身高增值显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。Gesell测试结果 ,12个月时适应性、运动能、语言及个人 社交能区DQ显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。　【结论】　无论从出生开始 ,还是出生后 6个月开始对婴儿进行抚触和动作训练 ,对婴儿的生长发育均有促进作用。     

规范管理和早期干预对高危儿智能的影响

【目的】探讨高危儿规范管理和早期综合干预对高危儿智能的影响。【方法】高危儿干预组46例,均为2005~2006年中山市博爱医院新生儿重点护理病房(neonatal intensive case unit,NICU)住院新生儿;高危儿对照组230例,为2005年以前本院NICU住院新生儿,同期在本院儿保门诊常规体检的儿童作为正常对照组。用Gesell婴幼儿发育量表进行早期神经心理发育监测。【结果】高危干预组与高危对照组比较:1岁时高危干预组的语言和个人社交2个能区和平均发育商(developmental quotient,DQ)均高于高危对照组(P<0.05);而大运动、适应行为和精细动作DQ两组差异无显著性。高危干预组与正常对照组比较:大运动、个人社交和平均DQ两组差异无显著性;高危干预组精细动作和适应行为DQ比正常对照组儿童低(P<0.05);高危干预组的语言DQ比正常对照组儿童高(P<0.01)。高危对照组5个能区和平均DQ均低于正常对照组(P<0.01)。【结论】高危儿规范管理和早期综合干预能促进高危儿的神经心理发育。     

早期综合干预对新生儿高胆红素血症智能的影响

【目的】探索早期综合干预对新生儿高胆红素血症(以下简称高胆儿)智能的影响,为制订更有效的高胆儿的随访干预措施提供理论依据。【方法】将高胆儿(均没有合并核黄疸)随机分为干预组及对照组,同时随机选取正常对照组进行随访。干预组出生后即从产科和新生儿科开始建立专科档案,进行规范管理和早期综合干预。各组均在1岁时用Gesell婴幼儿发育量表进行智能监测。【结果】①1岁时高胆对照组5个能区和平均发育商(develop-mental quotient,DQ)均低于正常对照组,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01);②高胆干预组的5个能区和平均DQ均高于高胆对照组,差异有非常显著性(P<0.05);③高胆干预组的精细动作和适应行为DQ均比正常对照组儿童低,差异有显著性(P<0.05);大运动、语言、个人社交和平均DQ两组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。【结论】高危儿规范管理和早期综合干预能促进高胆儿的智能发育,到1岁可赶上正常儿童,尤其在大运动、语言和个人社交方面,今后干预的重点是精细动作和适应行为。     

儿童保健系统管理更新模式的临床研究

【目的】 探讨神经行为发育监测和早期教育及干预在儿童保健系统管理中的重要作用,为建立儿保更新模式提供依据。 【方法】 分别将同期出生的46名正常新生儿和46名高危儿随机分为新模式组和对照组,新模式组的正常儿和高危儿除常规模式儿保外,定期进行神经行为发育监测和早期教育及干预。对照组只做常规模式儿保。各组均在3、6月和1岁时用Gesell婴幼儿发育量表进行发育商(developmental quotient,DQ)的测评。 【结果】 1)3月、6月和1岁时,高危新模式组5个能区的DQ逐步提高,到1岁时明显高于高危对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);并已达到正常对照组水平。2)生后3月时,正常新模式组的DQ 与正常对照组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);到6月和1岁,正常新模式组5个能区的DQ明显高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。 【结论】 将神经行为发育监测和早期教育及干预纳入常规儿保中的更新模式,可以促进婴幼儿智能发育,利于儿童早期发展。     

早期干预对高危儿认知发育影响

【目的】探讨早期干预对高危儿认知发育的影响,为临床进行有效的防治提供参考依据。【方法】将86例高危儿分为干预组(46例)和未干预组(40例),参照鲍氏早期教育资料制定干预计划,采用家庭式干预模式对干预组患儿进行早期干预,定期随访,以Gesell发育量表测定发育商,根据评估结果进一步指导干预。【结果】3月龄时两组发育商差异无显著性(P>0.05),6月龄时两组在精细动作和个人-社会交往方面存在差异,9~24月龄除大运动存在差异外其它四个能区差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。【结论】对高危儿进行早期干预、系统管理,可明显促进其认知发育,减少伤残的发生。     

规范管理和早期综合干预对窒息儿智能的影响

[目的]探索规范管理和早期干预对窒息儿智力发育的影响,为制定更有效的个体化针对窒息儿的随访干预措施以及管理方案提供理论依据.[方法]将窒息儿随机分为干预组及对照组,同时随机选取正常对照组进行随访.干预组出生后即从产科和新生儿科开始建立专科档案,在本院高危儿随访中心进行规范管理和早期综合干预.各组均在1岁时用Gesell婴幼儿发育量表进行智能监测.[结果]①1岁时窒息干预组的5个能区和平均发育商(developmental quotient,DQ)均高于窒息对照组(P＜0.05);②窒息干预组的大运动、适应行为、语言、个人社交和平均DQ与正常对照组差异无显著性(P＞0.05);窒息干预组精细动作DQ低于正常对照组(P＜0.05);③窒息对照组5个能区和平均DQ均低于正常对照组(P＜0.01).[结论]利用高危儿监测网,统一管理,多学科合作并配合家庭式的干预模式,对窒息儿进行规范管理和早期综合干预能促进窒息儿的智能发育.     

贝莉婴儿发育量表-Ⅱ在我国的引进和使用初探

【目的】检验贝莉婴儿发育量表-Ⅱ(Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Ⅱ,BSID-Ⅱ)的信度和效度及家长的可接受性,探讨其在我国引进和使用的可行性。【方法】对30例婴幼儿先后行BSID-Ⅱ及Gesell量表的测试,并在BSID-Ⅱ测试中由2名专业人员同时进行评分,之后对家长做有关两种量表的问卷调查。【结果】BSID-Ⅱ量表的效度较好,其中智力发育指数(mental development index,MDI)与Gesell的应物能发育商(developmental quotience,DQ)、言语能DQ、应人能DQ及三能区总DQ之间均呈高度相关,r为0.66~0.76。神经运动发育指数(psychomotor developmentindex,PDI)与Gesell的动作能DQ之间亦呈显著相关。量表的二人信度高,且家长对BSID-Ⅱ的总体评价高于Gesell。【结论】BSID-Ⅱ量表在我国引进和使用既是可行的,又是必要的。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.