下腔静脉后输尿管的诊断与治疗(附10例报告)

目的 提高下腔静脉后输尿管的诊治水平。方法 行输尿管造影（RU）或磁共振尿路造影（MRU）等检查,特征性影像学表现为输尿管呈反J形或S形。治疗采用输尿管切断复位矫正术,术中切除下腔静脉后有病变的输尿管2－3cm,无张力吻合输尿管。结果 10例患者术前均明确诊断。术后3－6个月复查症状消失,肾积水均有不同程度减轻,吻合口无狭窄。结论 IVU和RU是诊断下腔静脉后输尿管的首选方法,输尿管切断复位矫正术是治疗此病较好的手术方式。     

盆腔脂肪增多症诊治分析

目的 提高盆腔脂肪增多症的认识。方法 收治盆腔脂肪增多症1例，男，51岁。影像学主要表现为：IVU示双肾轻度积水，典型倒梨形膀胱、后尿道延长；CT示盆腔内均匀低密度脂肪堆积；MRI示膀胱、直肠周围及盆壁明显增厚的软组织影。采用腹腔镜下清除盆腔及输尿管周围脂肪组织、松解输尿管下段方法治疗。结合 文献复习讨论盆腔脂肪增多症诊治特点。结果术中可见盆腔脏器脂肪组织明显增多，膀胱、直肠及乙状结肠周围充满大量脂肪组织，与影像学表现一致。采用腹腔镜手术剔除盆腔及输尿管周围脂肪加输尿管松解术，剔除脂肪组织约500g，术后病理报告为成熟的脂肪组织。术后1周出院。2周后复查B超示双肾输尿管积水减轻，右肾液性暗区最大直径由术前2．9cm降至2．0cm，右侧输尿管上段扩张直径由1．2cm降至1．0cm，左侧肾积水由1．8cm降至1．3cm，左侧输尿管上段扩张直径由0．8cm降至0．5cm。结论 X线、CT及MRI为此病的主要诊断线索及依据，腹腔镜下剔除盆腔及输尿管周围脂肪加输尿管松解术是治疗此病的有效和微创的方法。     

马蹄形肾并右输尿管癌、右肾重度积水和对侧输尿管结石1例报告并文献复习

目的：探讨马蹄形肾并一侧输尿管癌、重度肾积水和对侧输尿管结石的诊治经验。方法：回顾性分析1例马蹄形肾并右输尿管癌、右肾重度积水和对侧输尿管结石患者的临床资料,行右肾及输尿管全段切除和膀胱部分切除术,马蹄形肾峡部切断,左侧输尿管结石ESWL,术后定期行膀胱灌注和膀胱镜检查。结果：随访9个月余无复发。结论：马蹄形肾并输尿管癌的诊断主要依靠静脉尿路造影、B超、CT和病理检查,治疗以手术为佳,术后行膀胱灌注和膀胱镜检查能有效预防膀胱癌复发,并发的对侧输尿管结石行ESWI．是安全有效的。     

An unusual cause of back pain in an achondroplastic man

A case is described of a 47-year-old man with achondroplasia who presented with lower back pain radiating to his left loin. An intravenous urogram (IVU) showed hydronephrosis on the left side and a dilated left ureter passing down into the left inguinal region. A CT scan confirmed a left inguinal hernia containing the left ureter causing ureteric obstruction. The hernia was repaired using the Lichtenstein technique with the ureter replaced retroperitoneally. A postoperative IVU showed recovery in renal function but with a persistently dilated left ureter that was not obstructed. A review of the literature regarding inguinal herniation involving the ureter is presented.     

下腔静脉后输尿管(附21例报告)

目的　总结下腔静脉后输尿管的诊治经验。　方法　对 2 1例下腔静脉后输尿管患者的症状、影像学检查、治疗和随访情况进行回顾性分析。　结果　以右腰酸痛为主要症状者 2 0例 ,其中 4例有典型肾绞痛 ,8例有肉眼血尿及肾盂结石 ;无症状者 1例。诊断主要依靠IVU及逆行输尿管肾盂造影 ,特征为上段输尿管呈S形扩张。 1例保守治疗 ,2 0例行输尿管复位矫形术。术后随访 2个月～ 2 8年 ,平均 13年 ,19例症状消失 ,肾积水明显减轻 ,1例因吻合口狭窄再次手术。　结论　对不明原因的右肾及上段输尿管积水者应考虑有本病的可能 ,顺、逆行尿路造影是主要诊断依据 ,输尿管复位矫形术可获得良好疗效。     

原发性输尿管癌诊治24例报告

目的提高输尿管癌的诊治水平。方法回顾性总结1990年1月至2005年3月收治的24例原发性输尿管癌患者的临床资料。男19例，女5例。年龄38～72岁，平均年龄59岁。左侧16例，右侧8例。肉眼血尿17例（71％），镜下血尿7例（29％）。尿细胞学检查16例，阳性1例。B超提示肾盂积水19例（79％），提示中下段输尿管低回声占位3例（12％）。IVU提示肾盂积水20例（83％），患侧输尿管充盈缺损3例（12％）。逆行肾盂造影检查21例，插管不成功5例，输尿管充盈缺损16例（76％）。CT检查20例，提示输尿管内软组织肿块14例（70％）。螺旋cT薄层扫描3例均确诊。MRU3例，确诊1例。结果24例均进行手术治疗，18例行肾、输尿管全长加膀胱袖状或膀胱部分切除，6例行肾切除加输尿管部分切除。术后病理报告移行细胞癌23例，腺癌1例。1990—1999年的14例中存活1、2、3、4、5、6年者分别为1、5、3、2、2、1例。2000—2005年的10例中，失访3例，术后存活1、3年者各2例，3例存活未满5年者仍在随访中。结论IVU、逆行肾盂造影检查仍是原发性输尿管癌最常用的基本诊断方法，联合其他影像学检查可减少漏诊。本组病例由于手术时病理分期偏晚，5年生存率较低。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成形术

目的探讨机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部(UPJ)狭窄所致肾积水的临床疗效。方法采用经腹腔途径施行机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗UPJ狭窄25例，男18例，女7例。B超提示重度肾积水10例、中度10例、轻度5例。IVU均显影。结果25例手术均获成功。手术时间60—200min，平均90min；出血量40-80ml；术后住院时间6—9d，平均7d。术后随访3-32个月，25例腰痛症状均消失，逆行肾盂造影(RP)示UPJ吻合口无狭窄；肾积水减轻，10例重度肾积水者中8例转为中度、2例转为轻度，10例中度积水者中3例转为轻度、7例积水消失，5例轻度肾积水者积水消失。IVU、CT尿路造影(CTU)显影良好者18例，显影改善者7例。结论机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成形术治疗UPJ狭窄所致肾积水使手术效率提高，操作更加精确，疗效满意。     

肾盂鳞状细胞癌的诊断与治疗(附16例报告)

目的：探讨肾盂鳞状细胞癌的术前诊断及治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析16例肾盂鳞状细胞癌患者的诊断和治疗等临床资料。所有患者术前均行IVU检查，13例行B超检查，4例行CT和MRI检查；11例行根治性肾切除加局部淋巴结清扫术。结果：行IVU检查者仅提示4例有占位性变病，13例行B超检查者仅显示2例有占位性病变，4例行CT或MRI检查者均提示有肿瘤改变。近50％的患者术后1年内死亡。结论：术前诊断肾盂鳞状细胞癌的敏感方法为CT和MRI，其治疗方法首选根治性肾切除术，但预后差。     

小儿先天性重度肾积水的外科治疗

目的：探讨小儿先天性重度肾积水保存肾脏行肾盂输尿管成形术的指征及疗效。方法;对32例先天 肾积水患者,术前行X线腹部平片,B超,IVU,CT,肾图检查,术中排出积水后观察肾形态及其皮质的厚度和色泽,结果：B超及CT诊断巨大肾积水,而常规IVU造影28例中14例未显,6 肾图检查中3例无功能曲线,但32例中30例术中排出积水后,肾脏体积明显缩小,其皮质厚度大部分在0．3－0．5cm以上,皆有一定泌尿功能,结论：小儿先天性肾积水常规IVU检查不显影及术前肾图的无功能曲线皆不能作为肾切除的指征,应依据肾皮质之厚度,肾脏的病理改变及对侧肾功能情况选择外科手术方法。     

药物治疗盆腔脂肪增多症3例报告

目的口服减肥药物治疗盆腔脂肪增多症3例，探讨该病的诊断、治疗和预后。方珐3例男性患者，年龄38岁、52岁、58岁，行腹部平片、静脉肾盂造影（IVP）、CT，膀胱镜检查。均口服减肥药物治疗。治疗后1、3、6个月门诊复查。结果3例患者均有尿频、尿急、夜尿增多、大便困难等症状。其中1例患者伴有间断肉眼血尿，就诊时影像学诊断双肾积水。减肥药物治疗2周后3位患者的尿路刺激症状开始缓解，半年后体重明显减轻。肾积水患者半年后复查B超显示一侧肾积水消失，一侧肾积水减轻，血尿消失。结论盆腔脂肪增多症是一种少见的疾病，影像学检查可以确诊。减肥药物治疗可能是一种简单、有效、可靠的治疗方法。尽管盆腔脂肪增多症的病理学表现为良性病变，但由于会引起尿路梗阻而带来严重的病理生理后果，对盆腔脂肪增多症患者应以防止并发症的治疗为主，并密切随访。     

先天性肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻的诊断与治疗

目的：总结肾盂输尿管连接处理梗阻（PUJO）引起的小儿先天性 肾积水的诊断及治疗经验。方法：回顾性分析22例由PUJO引起的小儿先天性肾积水的临床资料。结果：术前诊断符合率90.9%(20/22),手术治愈率90.0%(18/20)。结论：B超为由PUJO引起的先天性肾积水首选的诊断方法;电视监视IVU为轻度由PUJO 引起的先天性肾积水的主要诊断方法;CT为中重度由PUJO引起的先天性肾积水的主要诊断方法。Anderson-Hynes成形术为其首选的治疗方法。     

腔静脉后输尿管的诊断与治疗

目的:提高对腔静脉后输尿管的认识及治疗水平。方法:回顾性分析12例腔静脉后输尿管患者的临床资料。其主要症状有腰部不适、右肾绞痛、血尿等;静脉尿路造影、逆行肾盂造影等多可明确诊断;11例行输尿管端端吻合术,1例行右肾切除术。结果:随访1~9年,右肾积水缓解,输尿管通畅,肾功能正常,临床症状消失;1例发现输尿管吻合口上段结石,行输尿管镜碎石后留置双J管,4周后拔除,上述各项检查正常。结论:静脉尿路造影、逆行肾盂造影多能确诊、诊断困难时联合MRU或CT检查可明确诊断,不主张Presman法;手术是其首选治疗方法。     

A comparison of non-contrast CT and intravenous urography in the diagnosis of urolithiasis and obstruction

ObjectivesTo compare the diagnostic accuracy of non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography (NCCT) and intravenous urography (IVU) performed in the same patient in the diagnosis of urolithiasis and ureteric obstruction.Subjects and methodsThis is a retrospective review of radiological and clinical data of patients with suspected urolithiasis or ureteric obstruction who had both NCCT and IVU performed within 30 days of each other. The data were analyzed using the statistical packages Epidata? and SPSS?. The number of calculi, presence of hydronephrosis and hydroureter, cysts and ureteric wall thickening were evaluated in both NCCT and IVU. Additionally, perinephric stranding in NCCT and delayed excretion in IVU were also evaluated.ResultsOf the 139 patients (87 male and 52 female), 102 patients (73.4%) had positive findings on NCCT and 71 (51.1%) on IVU. On NCCT 133 stones were detected in 80 patients (57.6%), 67 (48.2%) in the kidney, 63 (45.2%) in the ureter and 3 (2.2%) in the bladder. The findings on NCCT were hydronephrosis in 43 (31%), hydroureter in 34 (24.5%), perinephric stranding in 7 (5%), ureteric wall thickening in 4 (2.8%), renal mass and renal cyst in 1 (0.7%) each. On IVU 86 stones were detected in 46 patients (33.1%), 53 (38.1%) in the kidney, 31 (22.3%) in the ureter and 1 (1.4%) in the bladder. The findings on IVU were hydronephrosis in 31 (22.3%), hydroureter in 18 (13%), delayed excretion in 5 (3.6%), renal cyst and ureteric wall thickening in 1 (0.7%) each. Incidental findings were more common on NCCT (23/139, 16.6%) than IVU (2/139, 1.4%).ConclusionsNCCT compared with IVU had a higher detection rate for ureterolithiasis, especially for stones in the distal ureter. An added benefit of NCCT was the detection of significant additional findings.     

A case of renal squamous cell carcinoma associated with giant hydronephrosis and ureteral stone: efficacy of imaging modality]

A rare case of squamous cell carcinoma of the right kidney associated with giant hydronephrosis and right ureteral stone was reported. A 60-year-old woman was referred to our department with a complaint of ileocecal dull pain. A plain computerized tomogram (CT) revealed giant hydronephrosis, and a kidney-ureter-bladder X-ray revealed a right lower ureteral stone. A right percutaneous nephrostomy was done and antegrade pyelography revealed giant hydronephrosis and a ureteral stone, but showed no intrapelvic filling defect. Under the diagnosis of right ureteral stone with hydronephrosis, right ureterolithotomy was done. However, since the inflammation did not subside after ureterolithotomy, right nephrectomy was done. The surgically removed right kidney did not show any evident tumor mass, a histological study revealed squamous cell carcinoma involving renal parenchyma. The patient received no adjuvant therapy and died 3 months after nephrectomy with sudden appearance of bone, liver and pulmonary metastases. The preoperative efficacy of imaging modalities for renal squamous cell carcinoma was discussed herein.     

小儿巨大肾积水保留肾脏手术疗效观察

目的探讨小儿巨大肾积水保留肾脏手术的疗效。方法回顾性分析我院1995年3月至2006年8月收治的16例小儿巨大肾积水临床资料。男6例,女10例。平均年龄3岁（4个月～12年）。术前均行KUB,IVU,超声或CT确诊。肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻14例,下腔静脉后输尿管1例,输尿管异位开口1例。术中排出积水后测量肾皮质厚度和肾盂尿PH值,同时手术治疗原发病,患肾实质行内翻折叠成形术。结果16例均手术成功,术中测患。肾尿液PH〈6．1的1例1侧,PH在6．1～7．1的15例16侧。术后6-8d拔除输尿管支架管,术后2周拔除肾造瘘管。16例患儿均获得随访,随访时间中位数6年（6个月～11年）。所有患儿患肾功能有不同程度改善。无1例患儿因患肾功能丧失需再次行。肾切除术。结论小儿巨大肾积水不能作为。肾切除的指征,应结合肾皮质厚度和。肾盂尿PH值等选择外科手术治疗方法,尽可能保留肾脏。手术治疗原发病并行。肾实质折叠缝合是治疗小儿巨大肾积水的有效方法之一。     

腹腔镜膀胱壁瓣法输尿管膀胱再植术

目的 探讨腹腔镜膀胱壁瓣法输尿管膀胱再植术的可行性和临床疗效。方法 采用经腹腔途径施行腹腔镜膀胱壁瓣法输尿管膀胱再植术治疗输尿管出口梗阻9例。左侧1例，右侧7例，双侧1例。4例为单纯性输尿管出口狭窄，1例输尿管出口狭窄伴对侧输尿管结石，1例输尿管出口狭窄者经尿道钬激光切开术后1年出现再次狭窄，1例为开放输尿管膀胱再植术后再发输尿管出口狭窄，1例为泌尿系结核左肾切除术后右侧输尿管出口狭窄，1例为右卵巢囊肿术后双侧输尿管出口梗阻伴发急性肾衰竭2周。B超和IVU检查示重度肾积水6例7侧，中度肾积水3例。结果 9例手术均顺利。手术耗时115～180min/侧，平均132min／侧。术中出血40～150ml，平均62ml。术后1～3d拔除膀胱外引流管下地活动，无一例漏尿。术后1周拔除导尿管，7—14d出院，平均住院时间8d。术后1个月拔除双J管。术后3～6个月膀胱造影显示I度双侧输尿管返流1例，无返流8例。随访3～16个月，B超和IVU、MRU复查无吻合口狭窄，肾积水均得到明显改善，中度肾积水者2例，轻度肾积水者4例，无明显肾积水者3例。结论 腹腔镜膀胱壁瓣法输尿管膀胱再植术手术效果好，抗返流效果佳，刨伤小，是治疗输尿管出口病变的微创新途径。     

输尿管息肉的影像学诊断

目的　提高输尿管息肉的诊断水平。方法　对 35例 37条输尿管息肉患者的临床资料进行分析。结果　①息肉位于输尿管上段者 2 4例 ,占总数的 6 1.5 % ;②中度肾积水 2 2例 ,占总数的 5 6 .4 % ;③输尿管梭形膨大扩张 ,范围大于充盈缺损长度者 37条 ,迂曲走行 2 1条 ;④输尿管及其内充盈缺损的形态可变。结论　尿路造影是诊断输尿管息肉的有效方法。     

Effects of benzalkonium chloride treatment on the intramural innervation of the upper urinary tract

OBJECTIVE: To establish a model for investigating the pathophysiology of pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction, using benzalkonium chloride (BCI) treatment of the upper urinary tract of rabbits, and thus further elucidate the pathophysiology of PUJ obstruction, the most common urinary tract obstruction in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Although various histological abnormalities have been described, PUJ obstruction may be functional. Defective innervation in PUJ has been suggested to be a major factor in the failure to transmit peristaltic waves across the PUJ. Previously established animal models of hydronephrosis deal mostly with surgical obstruction of the PUJ, which does not correlate with human congenital hydronephrosis. BCl has been used to ablate selectively neurones of the gastrointestinal myenteric plexus, which generated spastic segments with impaired peristalsis. Thus 12 rabbits were treated with BCl at the PUJ; the right upper urinary tract was dissected extraperitoneally and treated with a local application of 0.1% or 0.5% BCl (six each) for 15 min. The controls were four sham-operated animals treated with saline. The animals were assessed by intravenous urography (IVU) at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment, after which the animals were killed, the upper urinary tracts removed and whole-mounts prepared. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry, and neurofilament and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) single-enzyme immunohistochemistry were used to detect the intrinsic innervation. RESULTS: None of the animals had hydronephrosis on the IVU or at death. AChE histochemistry, TH and neurofilament immunohistochemistry showed no or very few nerve fibres within the BCl-treated PUJs in both (0.1% and 0.5%) groups. After saline treatment there was normal development of the neuronal plexus within the submucosal, muscular and adventitial layers of the upper urinary tract. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that treatment with BCl is useful for ablating the intrinsic innervation in the upper urinary tract. Defective intrinsic innervation of the upper urinary tract did not lead to clinically or radiologically evident hydronephrosis. Further physiological studies using this model are needed to further elucidate the neuronal and myogenic influence on the development of PUJ obstruction.     

后腹腔镜下肾盂成形术在小儿肾积水手术中的应用

目的总结后腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术治疗小儿肾积水的经验。方法2003年12月至2005年9月收治肾积水患儿21例。男15例,女6例,平均年龄6．3岁。左侧14例,右侧7例。B超、IVU、放射性核素肾图检查均提示梗阻位于肾盂输尿管连接处。均采用后腹腔镜下离断式肾盂成形术。结果21例患儿中手术成功19例,中转开放手术2例。手术时间150～230 min,平均185 min。术中平均出血量＜20ml。术后3个月随访B超或放射性核素肾图,肾积水有明显改善。结论后腹腔镜下肾盂成形术有望成为治疗小儿肾积水的可靠方法,远期效果有待进一步随访。     

小儿后腹腔镜下离断性肾盂成形术

目的 探讨小儿后腹腔镜下离断性肾盂成形术的临床效果.方法 肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(UPJO)患儿24例.平均年龄7(3～14)岁.经B超、IVU、CT,磁共振水成像检查临床确诊,轻度肾积水4例、中度10例、重度10例.均采用后腹腔镜下离断性肾盂成形术治疗.结果 24例手术均获成功,无中转开放手术.手术时间平均180(150～200)min,出血量平均60(40～100)ml,术后住院平均7(5～9)d.随访平均14(6～24)个月,吻合口无狭窄,肾积水消失18例,肾积水明显减轻6例.结论 后腹腔镜下离断性肾盂成形术治疗小儿 UPJO安全、有效,可以替代开放手术.