葛花对大鼠胚胎致畸作用的观察

目的 观察葛花对SD大鼠胚胎的致畸作用.方法 受孕的雌性SD大鼠随机不分为低、中、高剂量组及对照组,称重并编号.大鼠受孕第7 ～16天,以葛花受试物灌胃,第20天处死,分析大鼠胚胎发育指标与胎仔发育指标,观察胎鼠外观和骨骼有无异常.结果 样品各剂量组孕鼠体重、体重增重、子宫连胎重与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;样品各剂量组活胎率、死胎率、吸收胎率与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;样品各剂量组胎仔胎盘重、体重、身长、尾长与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;样品各剂量组胎仔外观畸形率、内脏畸形率、骨骼畸形率与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 安全剂量的葛花对大鼠无母体毒性、胚胎毒性和致畸作用,人体每天葛花摄入量7.5g,属安全推荐量.     

桉叶油对环磷酰胺致大鼠胚胎毒性的保护作用

目的探讨桉叶油对环磷酰胺致大鼠胚胎毒性的保护作用。方法取孕鼠25只,随机分成5组,3个实验组（桉叶油低、中、高剂量组）,溶剂对照组（花生油组）,阳性对照组（环磷酰胺组）。大鼠妊娠第10天开始,实验组分别用100,200,300mg·kg-1桉叶油灌胃,溶剂对照组每只用2mL花生油灌胃,每天1次,连续5d。阳性对照组于孕第13天腹腔注射12．5mg·kg-1环磷酰胺1次。各组孕鼠于孕第19天处死取胚胎,记录孕鼠的体重、子宫重、卵巢重、胎盘重。计胚胎植入的总数、吸收胎数、活胎数、死胎数。观察胚胎外形,并测量胎鼠体重、身长、尾长。另取孕鼠25只,动物分组同前。实验组和溶剂对照组于孕第10天分别用桉叶油和花生油开始灌胃,用药剂量同前,连续灌胃8d。各组于第13天注射12．5mg·kg-1环磷酰胺1次,孕第19天处死取胚胎,记录观察指标同前。结果①桉叶油灌胃孕鼠后,孕鼠的体重增重、子宫重、卵巢重、胎盘重与溶剂对照组比较均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。胚胎植入总数、吸收胎率、活胎率、死胎率与溶剂对照组相比均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。桉叶油各组活胎鼠平均体重、身长、尾长均较溶剂对照组高,但只有桉叶油高剂量组胎鼠平均体重与溶剂组比有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。其余组的指标与溶剂对照组比无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。阳性对照组胎鼠平均体重、尾长明显低于溶剂组,有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。阳性对照组胎鼠平均身长低于溶剂组,但无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。②100,200,300mg·kg-1桉叶油灌胃孕鼠8d后,环磷酰胺诱发的胚胎畸胎率、死胎率明显低于未灌胃桉叶油的阳性对照组,有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。实验组胎鼠平均体重、尾长均高于未灌胃桉叶油的阳性对照组,有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论本实验条件下,桉叶油对孕鼠胚胎无胚胎发育毒性,同时具有拮抗环磷酰胺诱发胚胎畸形的作用。     

芹菜对小鼠生育力及胎鼠生长发育的影响

目的探讨芹菜对雄性小鼠生殖能力及胎鼠生长发育的影响。方法160只成年健康SPF级昆明种雄性小鼠按体质量随机分为7d和56d两个时间组,各时间组随机分为对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组,每天定时给各剂量组小鼠以不同浓度的芹菜汁0．3ml灌胃,对照组0．3ml生理盐水灌胃,灌胃结束后与同种同龄的健康雌性小鼠按雄雌1：1合笼;次日起每日阴道涂片,以查到阴栓为孕0d（合笼7d未见阴栓者,以合笼第4天为孕0d）,并分笼饲养,分别在孕18d剖腹取胎,记录各组孕鼠受孕及子宫仔鼠着床情况,同时测定胎鼠身长及体质量。结果各剂量组与对照组比较雌鼠受孕率、着床数、胎鼠身长、体质量差异均无统计学意义。结论芹菜对胎鼠生长发育无明显影响,对雄鼠生育力的影响不能排除。     

西洋参胶囊的致畸变试验

目的：探讨西洋参胶囊对大鼠的致畸作用。方法：将Wister孕鼠随机分为5组,每组12只,设0．3g·kg^-1阿司匹林阳性对照组、阴性对照组（给予蒸馏水）和西洋参胶囊0．9,1．8,5．6g·kg^-1剂量组,分别于犬鼠受孕第7～16d连续灌胃给药,第20d解剖取出胎鼠,观察不同西洋参胶囊剂量组与对照组的差别。结果：西洋参胶囊各剂量组在孕鼠增重、子宫连胎重、窝平均活胎数、胎鼠身长、体重方面与阴性对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而且各剂量组和阴性对照组胎鼠外观、脏器及骨骼检查均未见明显异常和畸形。结论：西洋参胶囊对大鼠无致畸作用。     

围产期壬基酚暴露对子代雄鼠胰腺ER表达的影响

目的探讨围产期壬基酚(Nonylphenol,NP)暴露对子代雄鼠胰腺功能的影响。方法将32只受孕SD大鼠随机分为对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组;以适量NP溶于玉米油从受孕第6天到产后21天进行空腹灌胃,其染毒剂量分别为0、25、50和100 mg/(kg·d)。随机选取10只/组雄性仔鼠,每周监测体重,出生60 d后剖杀。分别检测子代雄鼠血糖、胰岛素、ER-α、胰腺NP水平和胰腺ER-α表达;分析上述各指标与NP暴露之间的关系。结果 NP各剂量组子代大鼠0、7、21和42 d体重均低于对照组(P0.05);60 d,高剂量组大鼠体重均大于对照组和低、中剂量组体重(P0.05);中、高剂量组大鼠空腹血糖均高于对照组和低剂量组血糖(P0.05),NP各剂量组胰岛素分泌量均低于对照组(P0.05);胰腺NP水平与血清中ER-α水平与NP暴露剂量呈正相关(rNP=0.921,rER-α=0.977,P0.001)。显微镜下观察到,随着剂量的增加ER-α蛋白表达增强。结论围产期NP暴露可影响仔鼠胰腺ER表达,导致大鼠糖代谢紊乱发生。     

咖啡因暴露对小鼠胚胎发育的影响及机制

目的观察孕前和孕期咖啡因对雌性小鼠受孕及胚胎发育的影响,探讨咖啡因的生殖毒性及其机制。方法灌胃给予雌鼠不同剂量咖啡因(60、120和240mg/(kg.d)),连续7d后雌雄合笼,检雌鼠阴栓日为孕第0天,继续给药至孕第18天,处死孕鼠,剖腹取胎。记录各组孕鼠体重增长率和受孕率,胎鼠活胎体重、身长、尾长,胎盘重量及病理改变。测定胎盘组织丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(Cat)活力,胎鼠肾上腺急性调节蛋白(StAR)和胆固醇侧链裂解酶(P450scc)mRNA表达。结果与正常对照组比较,咖啡因暴露组雌鼠受孕率明显降低,受孕延迟,呈剂量依赖性,孕鼠体重增长率明显降低,胎鼠平均体重、身长、尾长以及胎盘重均明显低于正常对照组(P<0.01,P<0.05),吸收胎和死胎数亦增加,胎鼠宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)发生率分别为6.8%、23.3%和98.3%。光镜下见咖啡因组胎盘滋养层细胞减少,血管壁增厚。咖啡因大剂量组胎盘MDA含量升高(P<0.05),SOD活力降低(P<0.05),Cat酶活力呈降低趋势。咖啡因组胎鼠肾上腺StAR表达均比正常对照组低。结论孕前和孕期咖啡因暴露可致小鼠受孕延迟,胎鼠IUGR发生率升高。胎盘抗氧化功能改变和胎鼠甾体激素合成功能减弱可能是咖啡因致小鼠胚胎发育毒性的重要机制。     

孕中晚期咖啡因暴露对胎鼠宫内发育的影响及其胎盘损伤机制

目的：建立孕中晚期咖啡因暴露的大鼠宫内发育迟缓（IUGR）模型，观察咖啡因对胎鼠生长发育的影响，并探讨其胎盘损伤机制。方法：成年Wistar大鼠雌雄2：1合笼受孕，孕鼠随机分为四组，于孕第12天咖啡因灌胃（20、60和180mg&#183;kg^-1&#183;d^-1），对照组给予等体积蒸馏水，孕第21天处死孕鼠，颈动脉取血，记录各组胎仔的体重、身长、尾长和胎盘重量。透射电镜观察胎盘超微结构改变，放免法测定孕鼠血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）浓度，RT—PCR检测胎盘血管紧张素受体ATI和AT2表达水平。结果：与对照组比较，咖啡因组胎仔体重、身长、尾长和胎盘重量均明显降低（P〈0．01），且呈剂量依赖性；中、大剂量组IUGR发生率明显升高，分别为19．6％和60．4％（P〈0．01）。透射电镜下见咖啡因大剂量组胎盘绒毛血管数量明显减少，管腔狭窄，滋养层细胞间间距缩小，细胞损伤明显。孕鼠血中AngⅡ浓度高于对照组，尤以大剂量组明显（F〈0．01）。胎盘组织AT2的mRNA表达呈上升趋势，而AT1无显著变化。结论：孕中晚期咖啡因暴露叮明显影响胎鼠的宫内发育，提高IUGR发生率。     

厄多司坦对SD大鼠的致畸作用研究

目的:用SD大鼠研究厄多司坦的致畸作用。方法:SD大鼠于妊娠第6～15d灌胃给予厄多司坦,剂量为1g/kg和0.1g/kg,同时设立阴性对照组和阳性对照组,与孕第20d处死动物,进行各项检查。结果:各剂量组孕鼠增重、活胎率、胎鼠体重、身长及尾长与阴性对照组比较,差异皆无显著性(P>0.05);各剂量组胎鼠外观、内脏和骨骼均无畸形发现。结论:在本实验条件下,厄多司坦对SD大鼠无致畸作用。     

外源性褪黑素对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠行为学及血清相关激素含量的影响

目的通过观察不同剂量的外源性褪黑素对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠行为学及血清中5-HT、CRH、ACTH、CORT含量的影响,探讨外源性褪黑素对抑郁症的治疗作用。方法 48只SD大鼠随机分为4组:空白对照组、模型对照组、褪黑素高剂量组、褪黑素低剂量组,每组12只。采用慢性轻度不可预见性应激和孤养方法复制慢性应激抑郁模型,灌胃给予治疗组不同剂量(5.0、10.0 mg·kg-1)的褪黑素加以干预,以体重、糖水试验、旷野试验观察实验前后大鼠行为学的改变。应用酶联免疫吸附法对大鼠血清中5-HT、CRH、ACTH、CORT的含量进行检测。结果从第7天开始,模型组、褪黑素低量组、褪黑素高剂量组的体重增长趋势开始降低,从第14天开始,模型对照组大鼠体重有下降趋势;从第14天开始褪黑素低剂量组、褪黑素高剂量组的糖水摄入量增长趋势降低,模型对照组的糖水摄入量呈下降趋势;第21天,与模型对照组相比,褪黑素低剂量和褪黑素高剂量组大鼠的水平和垂直运动次数都有显著性增多。与空白对照组相比,模型对照组血清5-HT的含量降低、血清CRH、ACTH、CORT含量升高,与模型对照组相比,褪黑素低剂量组和褪黑素高剂量组的血清5-HT含量均显著升高,血清CRH、CORT、ACTH含量均显著降低。结论外源性褪黑素对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠抑郁行为有改善作用,也可以提高慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠血清中5-HT的含量,降低慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠血清中CRH、ACTH、CORT的含量,但它们之间的具体量效关系有待进一步研究。     

甲磺酸胺银杏内酯B的大鼠胚胎-胎仔发育毒性实验研究

目的：在器官发生期对怀孕大鼠连续给予甲磺酸胺银杏内酯B,观察是否有母体毒性和胚胎毒性。方法：甲磺酸胺银杏内酯B以250、125、62．5mg&#183;k^-1于妊娠第6～15天连续口服灌胃给药,观察孕鼠饮水、摄食、生长等一般状况。每周称重2次,妊娠第20天处死孕鼠,记录黄体数、胎盘重、着床数、死胎数、活胎数、胎仔性别及体重等,观察活仔外观异常。各窝1／2胎仔作骨骼畸形检查,另1／2胎仔作内脏检查。结果：甲磺酸胺银杏内酯B原料高、中、低剂量用药组,母体未出现临床中毒症状,但高剂量甲磺酸胺银杏内酯B组后期体重增加幅度明显低于溶剂对照组。高、中剂量组的着床总数、活胎数、吸收胎数、子宫总重、胎盘总重、黄体数、胎鼠顶臀长、胎鼠体重等与对照组相比有明显差异,低剂量组的各项指标未见统计学差异。高、中剂量组的骨骼畸形也较对照组明显增多,而低剂量组与溶剂对照组相比无显著差异。结论：对母体一般状况和子代发育均安全的剂量为62．5mg&#183;kg^-1。     

川芎嗪通过抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路诱导自噬改善糖尿病肾病大鼠肾损害

目的 探讨川芎嗪对糖尿病肾病（DN）大鼠肾脏 PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路和自噬标志蛋白 LC3B表达以及 尿微量白蛋白与尿肌酐比值（UACR）、肾脏病理的影响。方法 采用链脲佐菌素建立 DN大鼠模型,将模型大鼠随机 分为模型组,川芎嗪低、中、高剂量组,厄贝沙坦组;另设正常组,每组 12只。分别干预 8周后,采用酶法测定尿肌酐, 免疫比浊法测定尿微量白蛋白,计算 UACR;取肾组织,经甲醛固定后,进行苏木精-伊红（HE）和过碘酸-雪夫（PAS） 染色;通过蛋白免疫印迹法（Western blot）和免疫组化检测大鼠肾组织 PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路以及自噬标志蛋白 LC3B 表达的变化。结果 川芎嗪能减缓 DN 大鼠 UACR 的升高,改善其肾脏病理变化,其中川芎嗪中、高剂量组 UACR显著低于模型组（P＜0.05）,且川芎嗪中、高剂量组与厄贝沙坦组间比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。此外, 川芎嗪能抑制 DN大鼠肾组织 p-PI3K、p-Akt、p-mTOR的表达,进而提高自噬标志蛋白 LC3B的表达水平和 LC3B-Ⅱ/ LC3B-Ⅰ比值。结论 川芎嗪能降低 DN大鼠 UACR的升高、改善其肾脏病理变化,发挥以上肾保护作用的机制可能 与其抑制 PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路,进而促进肾脏自噬有关。     

Comparison of Fetotoxic Effects of a Dermally Applied Complex Organic Mixture in Rats and Mice

A high-boiling (288–454?C), coal-derived complex organicmixture (COM) has been shown to be teratogenic in rats followinginhalation and oral routes of exposure. To determine whethersimilar changes also occur after dermal exposure to this COM,pregnant rats and mice were exposed during periods of organogenesis(Days 11 to 15 of gestation). Shaved backs were painted with0, 500, or 1500 mg/kg of the COM (control, low, or high dose,respectively); the exposed area was not occluded. Maternal weightgain during the gestation period decreased with increasing dosein rats but not in mice. Examination of rat fetuses on Day 20of gestation showed that resorptions had occurred in more than90% of low-and high-dose litters (vs 6% in the control group).In mice, fetal examinations on Day 18 of gestation showed thatresorptions occurred in 71% of litters from both exposure groups(vs 14% in the controls). Fetal measurements indicated thatboth the weight and the length of rat fetuses decreased withincreasing dose, but mouse fetuses were unaffected. Cleft palates,absent in the control groups, were observed in 50 to 55% ofthe high-dose group and 5 to 8% of the low-dose fetuses of bothspecies. Small fetal lungs occurred in nearly 100% of the exposedrat fetuses and in 25% of the high-dose mice; the incidenceof small lungs was 1% in control animals. Other variations observedin exposed groups included edema and reduced ossification inthe rat and renal pelvic cavitation in the mouse. In conclusion,dermal exposure of dams to COM resulted in life-threateningmorphological alterations in fetuses of both species similarto those seen following exposure by Other routes.     

Studies supporting the development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for methyl iodide: pharmacokinetics of sodium iodide (NaI) in pregnant rabbits

Methyl iodide (MeI) is a water soluble monohalomethane that is metabolized in vivo to release iodide (I^?). A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model exists for iodide in adult rats, pregnant rats and fetuses, and lactating rats and neonates, but not for pregnant rabbits and fetuses, which have been used extensively for toxicity testing with MeI. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the blood and tissue distribution kinetics of radioiodide in pregnant rabbits and fetuses. Timed-pregnant New Zealand White rabbits received a single intravenous injection of the sodium salt of iodine-131 (Na¹³¹I) at either a high (10?mg/kg body weight) or low (0.75?mg/kg body weight) dose on gestation day 25. At various intervals ranging from 0.5 to 24?h post- injection, blood and tissues (thyroid, stomach contents, and skin) were collected from each doe, and blood, stomach contents, thyroid, trachea, and amniotic fluid were collected from a random sampling of three fetuses per doe per time point. Radioiodide accumulated as expected in the thyroid of maternal animals, where concentrations were the highest of any maternal tissues measured in both dose groups. Radioiodide also accumulated in fetal blood and tissues; levels were consistently higher than maternal levels and, unlike maternal tissues, showed no evidence of clearance over the 24-h sampling period. In contrast to observations in the maternal animals, fetal stomach contents showed the highest accumulation of radioiodide for both dose groups by 1–2?h after dosing, followed by the trachea and thyroid tissues, with the lowest concentrations of radioiodide in the amniotic fluid and blood. There was no evidence for preferential accumulation of radioiodide in fetal thyroid tissues.     

Effect of fosmocyin-Na on reproductive performance of rats and rabbits. I. Teratogenicity test (author's transl)]

The teratogenicity study of fosfomycin-Na (FOM-Na) was undertaken in Wistar rats and New Zealand white rabbits. Rats were treated intraperitoneally at dose levels of 125, 250, 750 and 1,500 mg/kg/day from day 7 to day 17 of gestation, and rabbits were treated intravenously at dose levels of 80, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg/day from day 6 to day 18 of gestation. In the case of rats, two-thirds of pregnant mothers in each group was sacrificed on day 20 of gestation and then their fetuses were examined for external, visceral and skeletal observation. The remaining mothers were allowed to deliver naturally, and then their offsprings were examined for postnatal development. In the case of rabbits, all pregnant mothers were sacrificed on day 29 of gestation and their fetuses were examined. Body weight of rat mothers during gestation were decreased and 4 mothers were dead until day 20 of gestation in the maximum dose. In this dose, foetal toxicity was recognized too. However, external, visceral and skeletal anomalies related with FOM-Na treatment were not observed in all groups. No effect on development of offsprings was observed. No effect of treatment of FOM-Na to rabbits was found except foetal body weight was slightly decreased in the maximum dose.     

Intrauterine growth retardation and lack of teratogenic effects of prenatal exposure to the combination of paracetamol and caffeine in Wistar rats

The effect of the mixture of paracetamol and caffeine on prenatal development in rats was studied. Paracetamol:caffeine was prepared with a 5:1 ratio (w/w) between compounds and administered orally in Tween-80 water suspension once a day to pregnant Wistar rats on gestation days 8 through 14 (plug = day 1). The low dose was similar to the preparation available over-the-counter (OTC), 3.5 mg/kg of paracetamol and 0.7 mg/kg of caffeine. The middle dose was 35.0 and 7.0 mg/kg, and the high dose 350.0 and 70.0 mg/kg for paracetamol and caffeine, respectively. On gestation day 21, fetuses were delivered by laparotomy. Corpora lutea, fetuses, and number of implantation sites were counted. Live fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal malformations. There was a significant decrease in maternal body weight gain and liver weight in all drug-treated groups and reduced kidney weights in the middle and high dose groups. Dose-dependent effects in the middle and high dose groups on fetal body weight/growth and placental weight were found. In none of the three dose groups was there an increase in external or internal congenital malformations.     

双虎清肝颗粒对四氯化碳诱发肝纤维化大鼠血清TGFβ1、TMP1、MMP2及MMP9的影响

目的探讨双虎清肝颗粒对四氯化碳诱发肝纤维化大鼠血清TGGβ1、TMP1、MMP2及MMP9的影响。方法清洁级SD大鼠60只,随机分成6组:正常对照组、模型组、双虎清肝颗粒低、中、高剂量组、水飞蓟素对照组。除正常对照组外,均皮下注射400 mL/L四氯化碳3 mL/kg体重,8周后各治疗组给予不同剂量双虎清肝颗粒干预8周,给予水飞蓟素干预8周,ELISA法检测大鼠血清TGFβ1、MMP2、MMP9及TMP1。结果正常对照组与模型组比较,4项指标均有极显著差异(P<0.01);其他各组与模型组比较,4项指标均有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论双虎清肝颗粒能够通过降低大鼠血清TGFβ1、TMP1,提高大鼠血清MMP2、MMP9而发挥抗肝纤维化作用,并且量效关系明显。     

Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity Study with Erythritol in Rats

The embryotoxicity/teratogenicity of erythritol, a low-calorie polyol sugar substitute, was examined in Wistar Crl:(WI) WU BR rats. Erythritol was fed at dietary concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, and 10% to groups of 32 female rats from Day 0 to 21 of gestation. The treatment was generally well tolerated and no mortality occurred in any group. Weight gain during gestation, food consumption, and food efficiency were similar in all groups except for a significantly reduced weight gain in the 10% erythritol group in Week 2 of gestation. Reproductive performance was not affected by the treatment but the fertility index was generally rather low (69% in both control and high-dose group). Examination of the fetuses for external, visceral, and skeletal alterations did not reveal any fetotoxic, embryotoxic, or teratogenic effects. The slightly lower maternal body weight in the high-dose group was interpreted as a trivial result of the consumption of a low-calorie test substance in high amounts. In conclusion, no adverse effects were observed at erythritol doses of up to about 6.6 g/kg body wt/day, i.e., the highest dose tested.     

除草剂百草枯对大鼠胎儿动脉管的毒性作用

目的研究除草剂百草枯对胎儿动脉管的毒性影响。方法(1)取妊娠21 d大鼠100只,随机分成每组20只。皮下注射25 mg/kg百草枯,于不同时间测定母体和胎儿血液中百草枯浓度;(2)取妊娠21 d大鼠随机分成4组,实验组分别皮下注射2、7和25 mg/kg百草枯后,于不同时间观察胎儿动脉管收缩情况;(3)取妊娠19 d(上午)1、9 d(下午)、20和21 d的大鼠各8只,随机分成2组。实验组于不同时间皮下注射25 mg/kg百草枯,3 h后观察动脉管收缩情况。结果百草枯在母体及胎儿血液中呈不同迁移。百草枯可引起胎儿动脉管收缩,且存在剂量-效应关系。百草枯引起胎儿动脉管收缩的临界期在胎龄19.5和19.7 d之间。结论百草枯对胎儿动脉管具有毒性作用。     

Effect of fosfomycin-calcium on reproductive performance of rat and rabbit: teratogenicity test (author's transl)]

The teratogenicity study of fosfomycin-Ca (FOM-Ca) was undertaken in Wistar strain rats and JW strain rabbits. Rats were treated orally at dose levels of 140,700 and 1,400 mg/kg/day from 7th to 17th day of gestation, and rabbits were treated orally at dose levels of 80, 140 and 420 mg/kg/day from 6th to 18th day of gestation. In the case of rats, two-thirds of pregnant mothers in each group were sacrificed on 20th day of gestation and then their fetuses were examined for external, visceral and skeletal observation. The remaining mothers were allowed to deliver naturally, and then their offsprings were examined for postnatal development. In the case of rabbits, all pregnant mothers were sacrificed on 29th day of gestation and their fetuses were examined. No effect of FOM-Ca treatment to rat and rabbit mothers was found except soft stool was seen with maximum dose in rats. Dead or resorbed rate of fetuses increased, external anomalies (short tail, abdominal hernia) were found and skeletal anomalies slight increased with maximum dose in rats. However, there was no significant difference from the control or background data. While, no effect of FOM-Ca treatment was observed in rabbits and rat offsprings. Consequently, it can be concluded that FOM-Ca has no teratogenicity effects on rats and rabbits.     

The prediction of plasma and brain levels of 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine following transdermal application

The purpose of this study was to construct a pharmacokinetic (PK) model and to determine PK parameters of 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) after application of TMP transdermal delivery system. Data were obtained in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats following a single dose of TMP transdermal delivery system. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 16, and 24 hours after the transdermal application. In the brain level study, 18 SD rats were divided into 6 groups. Three SD rats before and after transdermal application were culled and sacrificed at each of the following time intervals: 2, 4, 6, 16, and 24 hours after the TMP-TTS application. TMP concentrations in plasma and brain tissues were determined using high performance liquid chromatography and data were fitted using a zero-order absorption and a firstorder-elimination 3-compartment PK model. Fitted parameters included 2 volumes of distribution (V₁, V₂) and 2 elimination rate constants (k₁₀, k₂₀). The elimination half-life for TMP in plasma and brain was 26.5 and 31.2 minutes, respectively. The proposed PK model fit observed concentrations of TMP very well. This model is useful for predicting drug concentrations in plasma and brain and for assisting in the development of transdermal systems.