血管瘤及血管畸形组织中肥大细胞计数及bFGF和PCNA表达水平差异的研究

目的探讨血管瘤和血管畸形组织结构差异以及两者中肥大细胞计数和bFGF、增殖细胞换抗原(PCNA)表达水平差异的意义。方法采用组织化学及免疫组织化学方法对临床收集的48例手术切除新鲜标本进行研究,包括光镜下组织结构观察、肥大细胞计数及bFGF、PCNA表达水平的检测。结果发现48例标本中有血管瘤36例,血管畸形12例,其中增生期血管瘤16例,退化期血管瘤20例,肥大细胞数量及PCNA、bFGF表达水平在血管瘤增生期明显升高,与退化期有显著的统计学差异穴P<0.05雪。结论血管瘤与血管畸形组织学结构有较大区别,肥大细胞计数及PCNA的检测有利于临床鉴别诊断,肥大细胞、bFGF可能是影响血管瘤病理演变的重要因素。     

大黄酸对受损肠黏膜上皮增殖细胞核抗原及PARP降解产物表达的影响

目的:探讨大黄酸对于受损伤的肠黏膜上皮增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)及细胞凋亡的标志蛋白PARP降解产物(cleaved-PARP)表达的影响。方法:SD雌性大鼠随机分成正常对照组、肠黏膜损伤组、大黄酸治疗组和大黄酸预防组。用牛血清白蛋白+脂多糖+四氯化碳联合用药构建肠黏膜损伤模型,大黄酸预防组和大黄酸治疗组大鼠分别在建模前后用大黄酸悬浊液灌胃。采用免疫组织化学及图像分析仪显示和分析回肠上皮PCNA及cleaved-PARP表达情况。结果:与正常对照组比较,损伤组PCNA表达减少,cleaved-PARP表达增加。与黏膜损伤组比较,大黄酸预防组和治疗组PCNA表达均增加,cleaved-PARP表达均减少,大黄酸预防组效果更显著。结论:大黄酸能增强受损伤的肠黏膜上皮细胞PCNA的表达,抑制cleaved-PARP的表达,促进肠上皮的生长,抑制上皮细胞凋亡,从而为肠黏膜损伤产生保护和修复作用。     

人参皂苷Rg1抑制脂多糖诱导BV-2小胶质细胞增殖

目的探讨人参皂苷Rg1(Rg1)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导BV-2小胶质细胞中增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)和细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclin D1)的调控作用及其对活化的BV-2小胶质细胞增殖的调控作用。方法体外培养BV-2小胶质细胞并分为空白对照组、LPS不同时间(1,3,6,8,12 h)处理组及Rg1不同浓度(10、20和50μmol/L)预处理组。采用Western blotting检测细胞增殖相关因子PCNA蛋白和cyclin D1蛋白的表达变化;RT-PCR检测细胞增殖相关因子PCNA和cyclin D1 mRNA的表达变化;免疫荧光染色法观察细胞内cyclin D1蛋白表达变化。采用流式细胞术检测细胞周期的变化。结果 LPS诱导BV-2小胶质细胞PCNA和cyclin D1mRNA和蛋白表达上调,并呈时间依赖性;不同浓度Rg1预处理下调LPS诱导的BV-2小胶质细胞PCNA和cyclin D1的mRNA和蛋白表达。结论Rg1通过下调LPS诱导的BV-2小胶质细胞PCNA和cyclin D1的表达水平来调控细胞周期进而抑制活化的小胶质细胞的增殖。     

磷酯酰肌醇3激酶抑制剂对碱性成纤维细胞生长因子诱导的平滑肌细胞增殖及迁移的影响

目的:研究磷酯酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)抑制剂Wortmannin (WT)对碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)增殖、迁移及磷酸化Akt蛋白表达的影响,为探讨bFGF诱导平滑肌细胞增殖和迁移的信号通路提供实验依据.方法:采用细胞计数、划痕损伤实验和免疫印迹法,观察Wortmannin对bFGF诱导的VSMCs增殖、迁移及磷酸化Akt表达的影响.结果:干预后24h, bFGF组VSMCs增殖、迁移较对照组明显增强,同时磷酸化Akt的表达平行增高.加用Wortmannin后,明显抑制了VSMCs的增殖、迁移和磷酸化Akt的表达.结论:bFGF诱导的VSMCs增殖和迁移可能是通过PI3K/Akt信号通路发挥作用.     

人参皂苷Rg1对缺氧复氧BMSCs增殖和凋亡的影响

目的　探讨人参皂苷Rg1(ginsenoside Rg1)对缺氧复氧BMSCs增殖和凋亡的影响,并探讨其可能机制。 方法　实验分为BMSCs正常对照组、BMSCs缺氧复氧组(Model组)、人参皂苷Rg1 1×10-7、1×10-6 、1×10-5 mol/L处理组、尼莫地平2.5×10-7 mol/L处理组（阳性对照组）。各组分别于缺氧复氧12h前加入完全培养基（正常对照组、Model组）、人参皂苷Rg1（人参皂苷Rg1各处理组）、尼莫地平（阳性对照组）。建立缺氧复氧BMSCs模型。采用TUNEL法检测各组的细胞凋亡率,免疫荧光和免疫印迹技术定性定量检测各组增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)、Bcl-2、Bax的表达情况。 结果 TUNEL结果显示,BMSCs正常对照组未见明显凋亡细胞,Model组可见明显的凋亡细胞,与Model组比较,其余各处理组凋亡细胞数量均减少,以人参皂苷Rg1（1×10-5mol/L）组最为明显。免疫荧光和免疫印迹结果显示,BMSCs正常对照组可见少量的PCNA 、bcl-2、bax表达;Model组的PCNA 、bcl-2的表达减少,但bax的表达显著增高,bcl-2/bax比值降低;与Model组比较,人参皂苷Rg1各组PCNA 、bcl-2表达均呈不同程度的增高,而bax表达呈现相反的趋势,bcl-2/bax比值增高,以Rg1 (1×10-5 mol/L)组最为明显。 结论 人参皂苷Rg1预处理对缺氧复氧BMSCs具有保护作用,其机制可能与下调bax的表达,上调PCNA 、bcl-2的表达,抑制BMSCs凋亡和促进BMSCs增殖有关。     

穿心莲内酯对人皮肤基底细胞癌A431细胞生长、凋亡及增值细胞核抗原蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨穿心莲内酯（AD）对人皮肤基底细胞癌A431细胞生长、凋亡及增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）蛋白表达的影响。方法 应用酸性磷酸酶（APA）法检测细胞增殖抑制率,荧光显微镜观察细胞形态,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法、流式细胞术（FCM）检测细胞凋亡率, Rh123染色FCM检测细胞线粒体膜电位,免疫细胞化学法检测细胞PCNA蛋白表达。结果AD呈时间、剂量依赖性抑制A431细胞生长增殖;且同一时间点50mg/L、100mg/L AD组与溶媒对照组相比差异显著（P＜0.05）。AD组作用A431细胞24h时,部分细胞核染色质出现典型凋亡形态学改变。不同浓度AD作用A431细胞24h,早期凋亡率、晚期凋亡及坏死率均随AD浓度升高而逐渐增加,且50mg/L、100mg/L AD组与溶媒对照组相比差异显著（P＜0.05）。AD作用A431 24h细胞内PCNA蛋白随AD浓度升高表达逐渐减少。AD作用A431细胞24h后,线粒体膜电位下降明显,与溶媒对照组相比较,50mg/L、100mg/L AD组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 AD可明显抑制A431细胞生长增殖,其抑制细胞增殖可能与下调PCNA蛋白表达有关。AD能诱导A431细胞凋亡,其凋亡机制可能与细胞线粒体膜电位下降有关。     

大鼠视网膜发育过程中细胞增殖与凋亡的形态学

目的:观察视网膜发育过程中增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的表达变化及细胞凋亡状态。方法:14~20 d胎鼠(E14-20 d)、生后0~15 d幼鼠(P0-15)及成年鼠(P36),取出眼球组织,免疫组织化学显色及原位末端标记(TUNEL)观察PCNA的表达和细胞凋亡变化。结果:发育早期E14~P7,可观察到有较强PCNA阳性表达,P9时PCNA阳性细胞数目明显减少,P15开始未见明显PCNA阳性表达。E18可观察到凋亡细胞,随着发育的进行,凋亡细胞逐渐增多,P7时凋亡细胞数目最多,之后又逐渐减少,成熟的视网膜组织内未见明显凋亡细胞。结论:在视网膜神经细胞发育过程中,细胞的增殖和凋亡呈现了有序的动态变化,正是这种有序的增殖和凋亡的平衡才使视网膜最终发育成了正常的组织结构及功能。     

自体预变性腓总神经调节大鼠受损视神经的细胞凋亡和增殖及其基因表达

目的 研究预变性自体腓总神经对受损大鼠视神经细胞凋亡和增殖的作用。 方法 115只成年雄性大鼠分为正常组、损伤组、移植组，分别用HE染色、流式细胞仪、免疫印迹、基因芯片、荧光定量PCR检测视神经细胞数量、增殖和凋亡；增殖性细胞核抗原（PCNA）表达；增殖、凋亡相关基因表达谱的变化。 结果 损伤组视神经细胞较正常组增加，移植组较损伤组增加。损伤组与正常组相比，凋亡细胞明显增加，增殖细胞明显减少；移植组与损伤组相比，凋亡细胞减少，增殖细胞增加。与正常组相比，损伤组PCNA表达下调，移植组较损伤组明显上调。损伤组与正常组相比，差异表达的细胞凋亡和增殖相关基因37条；移植组与损伤组相比，差异表达的相应基因3条。 结论 视神经损伤致远侧段细胞凋亡，增殖减弱，移植自体预变性腓总神经能减轻细胞凋亡、促进细胞增殖，并伴相应的基因表达变化。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对兔晶体上皮细胞增殖作用的免疫组织化学研究

目的 :晶体后囊混浊 (后发性白内障 )是白内障术后影响视力的主要远期并发症。残留的晶体上皮细胞的增殖、并移行至后囊下和向成纤维细胞的转化是后囊混浊的基本病理过程。探讨影响晶体上皮细胞增殖的因素 ,对后囊混浊的发病机理及防治有极其重要的意义。方法 :在ＨＥ染色观察细胞形态的基础上 ,用免疫组织化学法观察成纤维细胞生长因子 (ｂａｓｉｃｆｉｂｒｏｂｌａｓｔｇｒｏｗｔｈｆａｃｔｏｒ,ｂＦＧＦ)作用于兔晶体上皮细胞后ＰＣＮＡ(ｐｒｏｌｉｆｅｒａｔｉｎｇｃｅｌｌｎｕｃｌｅａｒａｎｔｉｇｅｎ)的表达。首先进行兔眼晶体上皮细…     

川芎嗪对血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖中CaN活性及增殖细胞核抗原表达水平的影响

目的：观察川芎嗪对血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）诱导的血管平滑肌细胞（VSMCs）中钙调神经磷酸酶（CaN）活性及增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）表达水平的影响。方法：建立AngⅡ诱导VSMCs增殖模型，应用免疫细胞化学法观察血管平滑肌细胞PCNA表达；并用酶促反应定磷法测定CaN活性。结果：AngⅡ组能够明显刺激VSMCs增殖，VSMCs细胞数目和细胞增殖活度明显高于正常对照组（P＜0.01）；CaN活性和PCNA表达量（A值）显著高于正常对照组（P＜0.01）。同时加川芎嗪处理，各组CaN活性和PCNA表达水平均显著低于AngⅡ组（P＜0.01）。结论：川芎嗪对AngⅡ诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖有显著抑制作用，其机制与抑制CaN介导的信号转导进而抑制PCNA的表达有关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.