应用多重连接探针扩增技术检测X-性连锁鱼鳞病一家系STS基因

目的：检测X-性连锁鱼鳞病一家系STS基因突变情况。方法：提取先证者(男，31岁)及其父母外周血DNA，父母均无鱼鳞病临床表现，运用多重连接探针扩增技术检测所有成员的STS基因是否存在外显子缺失，若无外显子缺失，运用聚合酶链式反应特异性扩增STS基因，检测是否存在基因突变。结果：家系中先证者为STS基因半合子缺失，其母为STS基因杂合子缺失，其父亲未发现STS基因突变。家系中仅先证者出现鱼鳞病的临床表现。结论：STS基因缺失是该X-性连锁鱼鳞病患者发病的遗传因素。     

角膜炎、鱼鳞病、耳聋综合征一例及GJB2基因突变研究

目的 探讨角膜炎、鱼鳞病及耳聋综合征患者临床特征和GJB2基因突变情况,为该病临床与基因诊断提供依据。方法 收集1例角膜炎、鱼鳞病及耳聋综合征患者的临床资料,提取患者及家族成员的外周血DNA,用PCR扩增GJB2基因外显子2及其附近的剪切点,DNA直接测序法进行基因突变检测。结果 该患者存在血管化角膜炎、鱼鳞病及先天性耳聋三联征的典型临床特征,检测到GJB2基因中核苷酸序列外显子2第148位碱基由G突变为A,导致编码的连接蛋白Cx26第50位的天冬氨酸转换成天冬酰胺（D50N）。其未患病的母亲及哥哥未检测到突变位点。结论 GJB2基因突变（D50N）可能是引起鱼鳞病、角膜炎及耳聋综合征患者临床表型的原因。     

家族性泛发性雀斑样痣一家系基因突变分析

目的:研究1个家族性泛发性雀斑样痣家系的临床及遗传学特点,检测分析其致病基因。方法:分析1个家族性泛发性雀斑样痣家系患者的临床特点和遗传规律。抽取先证者及其父亲（患者）、母亲（健康成员）外周血,抽提基因组DNA;采用PCR扩增SASH1基因全部外显子及其侧翼序列,并对其产物进行测序和分析;以先证者母亲及100例无关健康...     

红细胞生成性原卟啉病一家系中亚铁螯合酶基因突变的检测

目的 对一红细胞生成性原卟啉病（EPP）家系进行基因突变研究,探讨基因突变与临床表现的关系,为进一步开展基因诊断和基因治疗奠定基础。方法 收集家系资料,抽取家系中患者、正常人及与该家系无关的50例正常人的外周血,提取外周血基因组DNA。应用PCR方法扩增外周血基因组DNA亚铁螯合酶（FECH）基因的第1至11外显子及其侧翼序列。PCR产物直接进行双向测序以检测突变。结果 根据临床表现和卟啉测定结果,患者明确诊断为红细胞生成性原卟啉病。PCR扩增得到预期DNA片段。PCR 产物直接测序结果：家系中先证者、其妹和其父FECH基因第1内含子供体剪接位点检测到一个杂合突变（IVS1 ＋ 1G→C）,该突变为国际首次报道。还在先证者、其妹和其母FECH基因第1内含子受体端检测到一个与低表达等位基因相关的多态性（IVS1-23C/T）。结论 报道一FECH基因第1内含子供体剪接位点的新突变,该突变可能引发FECH基因缺陷,是EPP家系中患者发病的分子基础。     

A novel PTEN mutation in a Japanese patient with Cowden disease

Cowden disease (CD) is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by multiple hamartomatous lesions and an increased risk for malignancies. Recent evidence has indicated that the PTEN gene, encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase, is the CD susceptibility gene. However, another line of evidence has suggested that CD might be genetically heterogeneous. Clinical features of CD are variable, and there are interfamilial differences in the expression of skin lesions. Therefore, information on PTEN mutations in CD patients should be accumulated to clarify the genotype-phenotype correlation. In the present study, we found heterozygous germline mutations of PTEN in all of three Japanese patients with CD examined, indicating no genetic heterogeneity among our patients. The mutations included two non-sense mutations of R335X and R130X, and a mis-sense mutation of C136R. To the best of our knowledge, the C136R mutation has not previously been reported in CD patients. This novel mutation was located outside the core motif of the phosphatase domain of PTEN protein, where most of the missense mutations previously reported in CD patients were clustered. Mucocutaneous manifestations were far fewer in the patient with this mutation than in the patients with nonsense mutations. Whether the phenotypic difference in mucocutaneous features was due to the different mutations remains unclear.     

Novel mutation of EDA causes new asymmetrical X‐linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia phenotypes in a female

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a rare hereditary disorder that affects tissues derived from the ectoderm including hair, teeth and sweat glands. EDA is the major causative gene of HED. This study recruited a Chinese family with HED, including a male proband and his mother with a fetus. The proband had typical clinical features of HED and the mother had identical but milder features. Interestingly, some phenotypes of the mother appeared asymmetrically between the right and left side of the body that were not reported in previous studies. Targeted sequencing was performed in the proband and a novel frame‐shift mutation (NM_001399.4: c.381_382delinsG, p.Q128Rfs*9) in EDA was found. Sanger sequencing validated the mutation and identified the same mutation in the mother. Our study expands the clinical and genetic spectrum of EDA‐related disorders and reports new asymmetrical phenotypes in a female.     

新发MBTPS2基因突变致毛囊性鱼鳞病、秃发、畏光综合征一例

【摘要】 本文首次报道1例MBTPS2基因c.1165C>T突变致毛囊性鱼鳞病、秃发、畏光综合征。先证者主要临床表现为皮肤干燥、先天性无头发、毛囊角化性丘疹、畏光,伴癫痫,智力、运动发育落后。应用二代测序及一代测序验证显示,先证者和其母亲在MBTPS2基因第9外显子区域存在c.1165C>T（p.pro389Ser）突变。根据患儿临床表现和MBTPS2基因突变遗传学特点,确诊为毛囊性鱼鳞病、秃发、畏光综合征。     

A novel A97P amino acid substitution in alpha-galactosidase A leads to a classical Fabry disease with cardiac manifestations

BACKGROUND: Fabry disease results from a genetic deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A (GLA) activity. Phenotype-genotype correlations in this condition have not as yet been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To report a case of a male patient with classical Fabry disease and his mother, a heterozygous female with Fabry disease, showing cardiac involvement, and to identify the underlying GLA gene mutation in this particular phenotype. PATIENTS/METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from the patient, his mother and the unaffected family members. Biopsy specimens of skin, heart and kidney were examined using light and electron microscopy. The mutation was identified by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing and was confirmed by restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: The G-->C transversion was identified in codon 97 of the GLA gene and resulted in an A97P amino acid substitution that was a novel pathogenic GLA gene mutation. The male patient who had classical Fabry disease was hemizygous and his mother was heterozygous for this mutation. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the A97P amino acid substitution in GLA might tend to induce classical Fabry disease.     

毛囊角化病ATP2A2基因突变二例及家系调查

【摘要】 例1男，16岁，面部、颈部及双腋下见密集褐色毛囊角化性丘疹，部分融合成斑块，局部可见疣状增生；母亲与其有相似的病史及临床表现。例2男，21岁，头面部、颈部、躯干、双腋下及臀部见弥漫性毛囊角化性丘疹，部分融合成片，局部可见疣状增生；家族成员均无类似症状。例2颈部皮损组织病理：表皮角化过度伴灶状角化不全，棘层部分区域棘刺松解并有腔隙形成，可见绒毛、圆体和谷粒细胞，真皮浅层炎症细胞浸润。2例患者及其父母基因检测：例1及母亲ATP2A2基因存在第15外显子c.2300A>G错义突变；例2第15外显子与第15内含子交界处存在c.2097+5G>A 剪切区域突变。2例患者其他家族成员未见上述突变。     

TP63基因突变导致的不伴指（趾）畸形的ADULT综合征1例

【摘要】 目的 检测1例以外胚层发育不良为主要临床表现的ADULT综合征患者的致病基因。方法 收集先证者临床资料,采集先证者及其父母的外周血,提取基因组DNA,对先证者行遗传性皮肤病目标基因外显子测序,确定候选突变位点,在家系中对该位点行Sanger测序验证。结果 先证者男,22岁,表现为毛发稀疏、变细,颜面部散在雀斑,恒牙缺失,角膜混浊,掌跖红斑、角化,指（趾）甲营养不良,乳头发育不良等。基因检测显示,先证者外周血基因组DNA中TP63基因第8号外显子中存在杂合突变（c.1040G＞T）,导致氨基酸序列发生改变（p.C347F）,其父母表型正常且未检测到该突变位点,突变与疾病表型符合共分离。结论 TP63基因的新发杂合错义突变是先证者的可能致病突变,结合先证者临床表现,诊断为不伴指（趾）畸形的ADULT综合征。     

遗传性对称性色素异常症2例ADAR基因突变分析及家系调查

【摘要】 目的 对2个遗传性对称性色素异常症（DSH）家系进行家系调查并基因检测。方法 收集2家系DSH先证者及其家族成员的临床资料,同时采集先证者及其父母和100名无亲缘关系健康对照的外周血标本,应用二代皮肤靶向测序包检测基因突变,再用Sanger测序验证。结果 例1男,双手背、足背5岁时出现散在粟粒大小色素沉着斑和色素减退斑,母亲有类似表现。患者及母亲ADAR基因5号外显子检测到1个新的c.1970dupT（p.F657fs）杂合移码突变,父亲未检测到该突变。例2男,面颈部、腰背部、臀部、双下肢及双手足背夹杂分布米粒至黄豆大小褐色沉着斑和色素减退斑,父亲有类似表现,患者及父亲ADAR基因7号外显子检测到1个已知c.2433_2434delAG（p.T811fs）杂合移码突变,母亲未检测到该突变。无亲缘关系的100例健康对照均未发现上述突变。结论 本研究在DSH患者中检测到1个新的ADAR突变位点c.1970dupT。     

国内首报Legius综合征一家系及基因突变分析

【摘要】 目的 检测1例以多发咖啡斑为主要临床表现的Legius综合征家系的基因突变情况,并明确其诊断。方法 收集1例以多发咖啡斑为主要临床表现的先证者及其父母和外祖父母临床资料,采集上述受试者外周血提取基因组DNA,对先证者进行全外显子组测序,确定突变位点,再在家系中对突变位点进行PCR扩增及Sanger测序进行验证,并明确其诊断。结果 先证者男,12岁,躯干可见10余处长径 > 5 mm的咖啡斑,腋窝、腹股沟多发雀斑。先证者外周血基因组DNA中编码Sprouty相关EVH1功能域蛋白1的SPRED1基因第7号外显子中存在小片段杂合缺失（c.1220_1238del）,引起氨基酸序列发生移码突变（p.L407fs*）,先证者患病母亲检出该突变,外祖父母及父亲未检出该突变。该突变为新发突变,先证者突变遗传自母亲,突变与疾病符合共分离,确诊为Legius综合征。 结论 Legius综合征与神经纤维瘤病Ⅰ型早期临床症状相近,基因检测有助于早期诊断、判断预后和制定随访计划。     

Skin abnormalities in individuals with macrocephaly: Cowden disease from a dermatologist's point of view

Cowden disease is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multiple hamartomas and (malignant) tumors affecting major organs including the breast, thyroid, endometrium, brain, skin and mucosa. Diagnostic criteria as formulated by the International Cowden Consortium serve as a guideline to clinically identify patients in which Cowden disease is suspected. However, the spectrum of abnormalities associated with PTEN mutations is very broad, such that the term PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PTHS) is often used. The diagnostic criteria for Cowden disease do not always serve to reliably identify patients who fall within the PTHS spectrum. Therefore, it is important that clinicians are aware of features that should raise the suspicion of such a syndrome. To illustrate this point, we present three patients with clinical features of the PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome spectrum. These patients have macrocephaly in common. Two of them meet the criteria for Cowden disease; one patient refused mutation analysis, while mutation analysis in the other patient revealed no PTEN mutation. The third patient does not meet the criteria for Cowden disease; however, genetic analysis showed a pathogenic mutation in the PTEN gene. Dermatologists regularly encounter the (muco-)cutaneous abnormalities that can be seen in PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome. These findings combined with a (family) history of internal malignancy or a macrocephaly should raise the suspicion of PTHS, even in the absence of classical Cowden criteria.     

Overrepresentation of the founder PPOX gene mutation R59W in a South African patient with severe clinical manifestation of porphyria

A patient, who presented with abdominal pain and severe photosensitivity that resulted in scarring and mutilation of the fingers, nose and ears, was referred for biochemical assessment of porphyria and DNA screening. Although these clinical manifestations were suggestive of both acute porphyria and congenital erythropoietic porphyria, the biochemical profile was consistent with variegate porphyria (VP). Analysis of the protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX) gene underlying VP resulted in the identification of the founder mutation R59W in a heterozygous state in this patient. Despite extensive mutation analysis, no other potential disease-causing genetic alterations could be detected in the PPOX gene or the uroporphyrinogen III synthase gene. Slight overrepresentation of the mutant PPOX allele was however, observed repeatedly in DNA of the proband compared to other R59W heterozygotes, including his mother who also tested positive for mutation R59W using restriction enzyme analysis and direct DNA sequencing. Confirmation of this phenomenon by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis and microsatellite analysis, using highly informative markers flanking the PPOX gene, raised the possibility of partial homozygosity for VP in this patient. This study represents the first report of overrepresentation of mutation R59W in a patient with a severe form of VP. A homozygote for the R59W mutation has never been detected, and the severe clinical manifestation observed in our patient is consistent with the hypothesis that such a genotype will not be compatible with life.     

Familiäres Auftreten einer segmentalen Typ‐2‐Manifestation der kutanen Leiomyomatose

Background: There are several malignant or benign skin diseases which can be explained by the phenomenon of mosaicism or segmental manifestation, e. g. segmental neurofibromatosis 1 or cutaneous leiomyomatosis. Loss of heterozygosity is a crucial element for segmental manifestations. Two types of segmental manifestations can be defined in autosomal dominant skin diseases such as cutaneous leiomyomatosis. Type 1 is caused by a novel postzygotic segmental mutation; type 2 reflects an additional postzygotic loss of heterozygosity of the gene locus responsible for cutaneous leiomyomatosis in a initially heterozygous embryo. Loss of heterozygosity is a genetic process when a heterozygous cell becomes homozygous or hemizygous by loosing the corresponding wild‐type allele. This phenomenon can be regarded as a precondition for tumor growth. In type‐2 cases, the segmental manifestation is more distinctive with additional disseminated disease because of a germline mutation with heterozygosity of all somatic cells outside the strongly affected area. Patients and Methods: A 74‐year‐old female patient and her 52‐year‐old son presented with segmental leiomyomas following the lines of Blaschko as well as disseminated skin tumors. The woman has undergone hysterectomy at the age of 29 because of multiple uterine leiomyomas, as had her mother and grandmother. Results: Based on their typical clinical appearance, these cases represent the rare familial occurrence of type‐2 manifestation of leiomyomas which indicates a postzygotic loss of the wild‐type allele. Conclusion: Very unusual is the familial occurrence in mother and son of this type‐2 manifestation of cutaneous leiomyomatosis. Apparently the gene locus is prone to a postzygotic loss of heterozygosity.     

X‐linked dominant protoporphyria: The first reported Japanese case

A 12‐year‐old boy with photosensitivity since 3 years of age presented with small concavities on both cheeks, the nasal root and the dorsal surface of both hands. According to the clinical features, erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) was suspected. Urine and blood samples were tested for porphyrin derivatives, which revealed a markedly elevated level of erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) and a diagnosis of EPP was made. The patient's mother had no photosensitivity, however, lesions appearing slightly as small scars were found on the dorsum of her right hand; his elder sister and father showed no rash. The EP levels were elevated in samples from his mother and mildly elevated in those from his elder sister and father. To obtain a definitive diagnosis, genetic analyses were performed using samples from all family members, which revealed no mutations in the ferrochelatase‐encoding gene (FECH), which is responsible for EPP. Instead, a pathological mutation of the 5‐aminolevulinic acid synthase‐encoding gene (ALAS2) was identified in samples from the patient, his mother and his elder sister, confirming a definitive diagnosis of X‐linked dominant protoporphyria (XLDPP). This is the first Japanese family reported to have XLDPP, demonstrating evidence of the condition in Japan. In addition, because XLDPP is very similar to EPP in its clinical aspects and laboratory findings, a genetic analysis is required for the differential diagnosis.     

中国家族性良性慢性天疱疮临床和遗传学研究分析

目的：了解中国已报道的家族性良性慢性天疱疮（HHD）临床与遗传学的特征。方法：利用CNKI、NCBI数据库结合手工检索1962～2006年底的相关文献，总结中国HHD有关临床特点及遗传学特点。结果：（1）据不完全统计在此期间中国共报道HHD病人430例，男女比例约2：1；发病年龄3天～73岁。多数患者表现为典型的HHD特征，少数表现不典型，如4例表现为仅累及会阴、1例单侧躯体受累呈线状排列、6例泛发全身、4例合并其它疾病。（2）中国HHD致病基因ATP2C1基因共检测到26种不同的突变位点，其中22种是未报道的，有部分HHD患者未检测到突变。（3）尚未发现临床表型与基因型间的关系。结论：皮肤科医生需了解HHD不典型表现。HHD的致病基因有待进一步深入研究。