贫困大学生心理资本、应对方式与心理健康的关系

目的探讨贫困大学生心理资本、应对方式与心理健康的关系。方法采用心理资本量表、应对方式量表和症状自评量表对197名贫困大学生和343名非贫困大学生进行测查。结果1通过与对照组非贫困大学生的对比,发现贫困大学生的心理资本及各个维度均显著较低,且其中的自信维度女生又显著低于男生。2层次回归分析结果表明,心理资本、自信、希望、坚韧性和乐观维度对心理健康水平均有正向预测作用。3贫困大学生的积极应对方式在心理资本与心理健康状况之间起着部分中介作用。结论贫困大学生心理资本及各子维度与非贫困大学生存在差异,自信维度上还存在着性别差异,心理资本对心理健康有显著影响,积极应对方式在其中发挥着中介变量的作用。     

大学生心理控制源与学校适应:应对方式的中介作用

目的:探讨应对方式在大学生心理控制源和学校适应间的中介作用。方法:采用问卷调查法,运用内控性、有势力的他人及机遇量表(IPC)、简易应对方式问卷和中国大学生学校适应问卷对523名大学生进行调查。结果:1大学生心理控制源、应对方式和学校适应三者间两两显著相关。2积极应对在内控性与学校适应间有部分中介作用;消极应对在机遇与学校适应间有完全中介作用;消极应对在有势力的他人与学校适应间有完全中介作用。结论:心理控制源和应对方式都是影响学校适应的重要因素,应对方式在心理控制源中起中介作用。     

高职生应激源、应付方式与心理健康的研究

目的为了探讨高职大学生群体应激源、应付方式及其与心理健康之间的关系。方法以武汉市3所高职院校共420名高职生为研究对象,采用应激泺、应付方式问卷以及心理健康自评量表（SCL-90）,对他们的应激源、应付方式和心理健康进行评定分析。结果①在所测评的5类应激源中,高职生所面临的主要应激泺有2类即：就业问题、学习问题;②高职生面临应激源时采取的主要应付方式为：解决问题、求助;③应激源、应付方式与心理健康之间有密切关系,且相关系数迭显著性水平。结论高职生应激源、应付方式与心理健康有显著相关。     

个人资源在生态移民社会适应与心理健康间的中介效应

目的研究生态移民社会适应与心理健康水平间的中介变量,考察应对方式、心理弹性、领悟社会支持等个人资源在生态移民的社会适应与心理健康之间的中介作用。方法本研究采用问卷法对309名生态移民的社会适应和心理健康状况进行调查,研究社会适应对心理健康水平的影响,并且考察个人资源的中介作用。结果心理健康与社会适应、应对方式、心理弹性存在正相关(r=0.323,0.238,0.174;P0.01)。领悟社会支持和社会适应、应对方式、心理弹性正相关(r=0.289,0.217,0.430;P0.01)。考察单一变量在生态移民的社会适应与心理健康之间的中介作用时,应对方式、心理弹性的中介作用显著,中介效应分别为13.61%(P0.01)和9.33%(P0.01);领悟社会支持的中介效应不显著(P0.05);当同时考察应对方式、心理弹性、领悟社会支持在生态移民的社会适应与心理健康之间的中介作用时,中介效应不显著(P0.05)。结论应对方式、心理弹性分别是生态移民社会适应影响心理健康的中介变量。     

心理控制源、社会支持对大学生积极心理的影响

目的探讨心理控制源、社会支持对大学生积极心理的影响。方法对284名大学生施测心理控制源量表（I-E）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）、一般健康问卷（GHQ-20）。结果①大学生不同的控制倾向所得的社会支持及对支持的利用度都有明显的差异；②大学生心理控制原、社会支持与心理健康有显著的相关；③大学生心理控制源与社会支持对心理健康的预测作用显著。结论社会支持是影响大学生积极心理的是中介变量，探讨三者之间的关系对于研究大学生心理健康状况具有重要意义。     

大学生主观幸福感与心理控制源和应对方式的关系

目的:考察大学生的主观幸福感与心理控制源和应对方式之间的关系.方法:对430名大学生进行了幸福感指数量表.内控性、有势力的他人和机遇量表以及简易应对方式问卷的测量.结果:①心理控制源的内控性与主观幸福感得分呈显著的负相关,心理控制源的机遇成分与主观幸福感得分呈显著的正相关.应对方式中的积极应对与主观幸福感得分呈显著负相关;②心理控制源中的内控性和机遇以及应对方式可以显著预测主观幸福感.积极应对与心理控制源可以分别独立预测主观幸福感.积极应对是心理控制源的内控性预测主观幸福感的中介变量.结论:积极应对方式在心理控制源影响主观幸福感中具有部分中介效应.     

中学生应激与应对方式:情绪弹性的中介作用

目的:探讨情绪弹性在中学生应激和应对方式间的中介作用。方法:采用问卷调查法,运用青少年生活事件量表、青少年情绪弹性量表和中学生应对方式量表对800名中学生进行调查。结果:1中学生应激、情绪弹性和应对方式三者间两两显著相关。应激与积极应对方式显著负相关(r=-0.138,P0.01),而与消极应对方式显著正相关(r=-0.310,P0.01);情绪弹性与应激显著负相关(r=-0.372,P0.01);情绪弹性与积极应对显著正相关(r=0.312,P0.01),与消极应对显著负相关(r=-0.298,P0.01);2情绪弹性在应激与积极应对间起到完全中介作用;情绪弹性在应激与消极应对间有部分中介作用。结论:应激和情绪弹性都是影响应对方式的重要因素,情绪弹性在应对方式中起中介作用。     

大学生家庭环境、应对方式与自我和谐

目的考察大学生家庭环境、应对方式与自我和谐的关系,为改善大学生心理健康提供依据。方法采用问卷调查法对随机抽取的220名大学本科生家庭环境、简易应对方式自我和谐量表施测。结果①大学生自我和谐程度在总体上表现为不平衡;②家庭环境中的各因子、应对方式、自我和谐之间有显著的相关(P0.01);③回归分析发现,大学生家庭环境中的亲密度、控制性、组织性、成功性及应对方式能显著预测自我和谐的水平(Beta=-0.259,0.186,-0.174,0.117,-0.233,0.416;P0.01);④积极应对方式在家庭环境与应对方式上有部分中介作用。结论家庭环境、应对方式影响大学生的自我和谐;积极应对方式在家庭环境和自我和谐之间有部分中介作用。     

生活事件对大学生抑郁的影响:神经质与应对方式的链式中介作用

目的:探讨神经质人格和应对方式在大学生生活事件与抑郁间的链式中介作用。方法:采用艾森克人格问卷、特质应对方式量表、青少年生活事件量表以及流调中心抑郁量表对330名大学生进行调查。结果:相关分析表明,神经质、消极应对以及生活事件与抑郁呈显著正相关;而积极应对与抑郁呈显著负相关。中介作用检验结果表明:生活事件通过神经质到抑郁、生活事件通过神经质和积极应对到抑郁、生活事件通过神经质和消极应对到抑郁这三条中介路径均显著。结论:神经质和应对方式在大学生应激与抑郁间存在链式中介效应。     

大学生应对方式、疏离感与心理健康三者机制

目的:探讨大学生应对方式、疏离感与心理健康之间的内在作用机制,为大学生心理健康教育和心理咨询干预提供实证依据。方法:随机抽取广州某5所高校的305名大学生为研究对象,采用应对方式量表、大学生自我疏离感量表和症状自评量表,对他们的应对方式、疏离感和心理健康进行模型设定和验证。结果:1应对方式对自我疏离感具有显著的预测作用(R2=0.245,F=15.92,P0.001);2自我疏离感对心理健康具有显著的预测作用(R2=0.275,F=115.11,P0.001);3应对方式对心理健康具有显著的预测作用(R2=0.137,F=20.12,P0.001);4自我疏离感在工具性应对方式与心理健康之间起中介效应(χ~2/df=3.63,RMSEA=0.093,CFI0.900,IFI0.900);5自我疏离感在防御性应对方式与心理健康之间起中介效应(χ~2/df=3.70,RMSEA=0.094,CFI0.900,IFI0.900)。结论:大学生自我疏离感是应对方式作用于心理健康的中介因素。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.