无静脉转流猪原位肝移植模型的建立

传统的体外静脉转流技术在减轻无肝期机体的血流动力学失衡的同时 ,也带来血管受损、血栓形成、操作繁琐等缺点。我们通过完善手术技巧 ,缩短无肝期 ,控制无肝期输血量等处理 ,于 2 0 0 0年 3月— 2 0 0 2年 6月不用静脉转流情况下施行猪原位肝移植 13例。一、材料和方法1.实验动物 :健康杂种猪 2 6头 ,雌雄不限 ,体重 2 5～ 3 0kg ,供、受体各 13头 ;供血猪 3头 (前 3次实验用于供血 ) ,体重 3 0～ 3 5kg。术前禁食 2 4h ,禁水 12h。2 .手术方法 :予氯胺酮 12～ 15mg/kg体重肌肉注射行诱导麻醉后给予气管插管及复合麻醉维持。受体组经耳静…     

小型猪原位肝移植模型的建立与评价

目的 探讨建立放弃静脉转流的小型猪原位肝移植模型的可行性。方法 选用广西巴马小型猪(3-6月龄,8-11kg)为实验动物,共实施原位肝移植10例次。供体肝脏游离、冷灌注、切取、修整以及UW保存按常规方法进行。受体术中肝脏游离后夹闭肝上、肝下下腔静脉和门静脉并切除受体肝脏,各血管断端与供肝相应血管进行端端吻合,肝上下腔静脉和门静脉吻合完毕即开放肝脏血流,在此过程中未使用静脉转流,此后吻合肝动脉、胆管。结果 本组10例次肝移植手术后一周存活率90％(9/10),无肝期时间31.3±2.67min,无肝期血压显著下降(MAP4.5±1.58kPa)但肝血流开放后能较快恢复并渐趋平稳。结论 本组结果表明,非静脉转流条件下的小型猪肝移植模型是一操作方便、易于复制同时又具有较好重复性和稳定性的大动物肝移植模型,能应用于肝移植的系列实验研究。     

猪原位肝移植术体外静脉-静脉转流方法的探讨

目的 体外静脉转流应用于原位肝移植术，观察血流动力学及激活全血凝固时间变化。方法 杂种猪40头，随机分为供体组和受体组，采用人工心肺机单泵，在非全身肝素化下，于实验猪原位肝移植术无肝期行门静脉、下腔静脉至上腔静脉的转流，测定术中血流动力学和激活全血凝固时间的指标。结果 术中血流动力学除在无肝期及开放后早期时间内有明显波动外，余无特殊变化，此外转流期部分肝素化，并不影响转流后凝血功能。体外静脉转流量达1000ml／min，整个过程血流动力学波动小，而静脉转流量小于500ml／min则术中血流动力学不能维持。结论 在原位肝移植过程中，良好的外静脉转流对维持血流动力学稳定有重要意义，转流后及时用鱼精蛋白中和肝素可促进凝血功能正常。     

非转流小型猪原位肝移植模型的建立及评价

目的建立标准化程度高、重复性和稳定性好的小型猪原位肝移植模型。方法选巴马小型猪为实验动物,在非体外静脉转流条件下行同种异体原位肝移植术,观察动物存活率及术中血流动力学、血气和生化指标的改变。结果在非体外静脉转流条件下行同种异体原位肝移植20例,平均手术时间为(181±25.8)min,平均无肝期(28.4±3.2)min。在无肝期,血流动力学和代谢发生急剧变化:平均动脉压(MAP)从无肝前期的(14.59±1.68)kPa(1cm H2O=0.098kPa)降至(5.87±0.91)kPa,中心静脉压(CVP)从(0.66±0.11)kPa降至(0.27±0.10)kPa;体温、pH、剩余碱(BE)及HCO3ˉ显著降低,心率及血清K+显著升高(P<0.05);随着门静脉和下腔静脉血流的开放,血流动力学及代谢紊乱即逐渐恢复正常。动物1周存活率为90%,16头动物存活2周以上。肝功结果:术后第1天ALT、AST和TBIL显著升高并达到峰值,第2天开始下降,第7天降至麻醉后水平。结论非转流条件下的小型猪同种异体原位肝移植模型具有标准化程度及手术成功率高、重复性和稳定性好的优点,是大型动物肝移植系列研究的理想动物模型。     

原位肝移植术中的体外静脉转流

目的观察体外静脉-静脉转流对患者血流动力学的影响。方法原位异体肝移植患者14例,术中使用离心泵,部分肝素化方法行体外静脉转流。结果体外静脉转流时间（98.9±23.6）min,转流量（1168±260）ml/min,转流期及新肝5分钟心排血量（CO）明显下降,但仍维持在正常水平,体循环阻力（SVR）、肺循环阻力（PVR）转流30分钟后明显增加,心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、中心静脉压（CVP）、平均肺动脉压（MPAP）、肺毛细血管楔压（PCWP）等在转流期均无明显变化,新肝早期MAP明显下降,SVR明显增加。结论无肝期采用离心泵行体外静脉转流,有助于稳定血流动力学,但新肝早期仍有明显血压下降,主要通过适量快速泵灌注全血来纠正。     

体外静脉转流原位肝移植一例

目的 采用肝脏移植治疗直硬化的原发性肝癌。方法 在动物实验的基础上,供肝发取,４℃ＵＷ液灌注和保存。手术采用体外静脉转流肝脏移植技术。结果 手术历时１２小时,无肝期１００分钟术中血流动力学平稳,术后肾功能正常。结论肝移植治疗肝硬化肝癌本外静脉转汉是十分重要的。     

猪原位肝移植的体位静脉转流

目的　探讨实验性原位肝移植简易的体位静脉转流是否可起到稳定的转流作用。方法　将实验动物分为体外转流泵静脉转流和体位静脉转流两组 ,体位静脉转流组采用头低脚高 15°,利用体位的重力作用回流 ,比较两组的心率、平均动脉压、中心静脉压、肺动脉楔压等血流动力学变化 ,观察转流泵静脉转流与体位静脉转流的差别。结果　两组动物各期的血流动力学变化基本相同 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　在实验中简易的体位静脉转流可起到稳定的静脉转流作用。     

原位肝移植的静脉-静脉转流

目的评价体外静脉-静脉转流技术对原位肝移植术中无肝期血流动力学、生化、体温和肾功能的影响。方法28例原位肝移植术中使用JostraRotaFlow离心泵、热交换器、边缘肝素化进行开放式静脉-静脉转流。结果体外静脉-静脉转流时间（136.7±60.4）min,灌注流量0.5～3.5L/min,动脉压维持在（82.3±3.3）mmHg,中心静脉压维持在（8.12±4.05）cmH     

肝移植手术中的体外静脉转流

目的　观察体外静脉—静脉转流对患者血流动力学、生化和体温的影响。方法　施行原位异体肝移植术 8例 ,术中使用离心泵、血液变温器、部分肝素化方法行体外静脉转流。结果　体外静脉转流时间为 :(10 9± 35 )min ;灌注量 30 0～ 10 0 0ml/min ,平均动脉压 (MAP)维持在 6 0～ 96mmHg(1mmHg =0 .133kPa) ,中心静脉压 (CVP) 4～ 14cmH2 O ,鼻咽温 (35 .9± 0 .8)℃ ,激活凝血时间 (ACT)为 :(2 38± 45 )s ,血气及生化结果基本正常。停止转流后血流动力学稳定 ,未出现心律紊乱。结论　采用离心泵 ,血液变温器和部分肝素化的静脉转流方法可减少患者无肝期血流动力学、生化等方面的影响 ,临床效果好。     

Percutaneous technique for venovenous bypass including a heat exchanger is safe and reliable in liver transplantation

We have introduced and evaluated several modifications of the conventional venovenous bypass (VVBP) in 29 adult patients undergoing liver transplantation (OLT). A percutaneous technique for insertion of a jugular venous return cannula and a femoral vein cannula was applied. The inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) was used for splanchnic decompression, which facilitated dissection of the recipient liver and allowed portal anastomosis to be performed without disconnecting the portal bypass. A heat exchanger was introduced into the bypass circuit to prevent heat loss. The percutaneous technique prevented complications related to dissection in the axilla and groin. Hemodynamic characteristics corresponded to those found using the traditional technique. Complications related to the VVBP were seen in only one patient in whom the femoral catheter was accidentally introduced into the femoral artery. We conclude that percutaneous cannulas, use of the IMV for splanchnic decompression and the introduction of a heat exchanger offer significant benefits and that they are safe and reliable. Received: 23 August 1996 Received after revision: 14 January 1997 Accepted: 27 January 1997     

The effect of venovenous bypass on lactic acid levels during human liver transplantation (OLT)

Abstract Lactate determinations did not contribute to the quantification of the systemic and regional tissue oxygenation during OLT. Venous stasis was not an important factor in the tissue imbalance between oxygen supply and oxygen demand.     

Cavocaval liver transplantation without venovenous bypass and without temporary portocaval shunting: the ideal technique for adult liver grafting?

The influence of the implantation technique on the outcome was studied prospectively in a series of 116 consecutive adult patients undergoing primary liver transplantation during the period January 1991–June 1994. Thirty-eight patients (32.8 %; group 1) underwent classical orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) with replacement of the recipient's inferior vena cava (R-IVC) and with veno-venous bypass (VVB). Thirty-nine patients (33.6 %) had a piggy-back OLT with preservation of the R-IVC (group 2); bypass was used in 17 of them (43.6 %) because of poor hemodynamic tolerance of R-IVC occlusion. Thirty-nine patients (33.6 %) had OLT without VVB and with side-to-side cavocaval anastomosis (group 3). The three techniques were performed irrespective of the anatomical situation and of the status of the recipient at the time of transplantation. The following parameters were assessed in all patients: implantation time, blood product use, morbidity (e. g., hemorrhagic, thoracic, gastrointestinal, neurological, and renal complications), and outcome. Thirty-one patients underwent detailed intraoperative hemodynamic assessment. The early ( < 3 months) post-transplant mortality of 10.3 % (12/116 patients) was unrelated to the implantation technique. Group 3 had a significantly shorter mean implantation time, a reduced need for intraoperative blood products, and a lower rate of reoperation due to intra-abdominal bleeding. After excluding two immediate perioperative deaths and eight patients requiring early retransplantation because of primary nonfunction, the frequency of immediate extubation was significantly higher in group 3. Detailed hemodynamic assessment did not show a difference between 6 group 1 patients and 17 group 3 patients, indicating that partial lateral clamping of the IVC fullfills the function of venous bypass. Similar results were obtained in 6 group 2 patients who did not have IVC occlusion. Cavocaval OLT has become our preferred method of liver implantation. It allows the transplantation to be performed without VVB, regardless of the anatomical situation and of the condition of the patient at the time of transplantation. Moreover, it avoids all of the potential complications and costs of VVB. Received: 25 November 1996 Received after revision: 28 January 1997 Accepted: 30 January 1997     

小型猪小体积肝移植模型的建立

目的研究构建成熟稳定小型猪小体积肝移植模型的方法。方法选用体重一致的广西巴马小型猪20只,按照随机原则分为供体组和受体组各10只。在获取供肝的过程中即进行减体积操作,切除左半肝并保留肝中静脉主干。受体采用经典原位非静脉-静脉转流法行小体积肝移植。记录受体肝移植的手术时间,供肝热缺血时间、冷缺血时间,受体无肝期时间。观察移植术后2周存活情况及手术相关并发症。结果手术时间5～7h,平均6h;供肝热缺血时间2～3min;冷缺血时间(116±16)min;无肝期时间(35±4)min。术中小型猪均无死亡。10只受体猪中,2只死于手术相关并发症,其中1只于术后10h死于肝断面出血,另1只于术后2d死于切口疝。其余8只受体猪皆存活超过2周,2周存活率达80%,均未发生手术相关并发症。结论在供体手术中切除左半肝并保留肝中静脉主干,受体采用经典原位非静脉-静脉转流法行小型猪小体积肝移植模型构建是可行且稳定的。     

猪原位肝移植模型改进的研究

目的　探讨猪同种异体原位肝移植模型的改进方法。方法　选封闭群小型猪为实验动物 ,对既往猪原位肝移植模型进行系列改进 ,观察新建动物植模型的成功率、重复性和稳定性。结果在实验动物选择、手术方式及术中监护管理等方面进行改进的基础上行同种异体原位肝移植 2 0次 ,手术时间 (181.0± 2 5 .8)min及无肝期 (2 8.4± 3.2 )min较传统猪原位肝移植术明显缩短。动物术后肝功能恢复顺利 ,1周存活率 90 % ,15例动物长期存活。长期存活动物的血管和胆管并发症发生率低。结论　改进后的猪同种异体原位肝移植模型具有操作简便 ,标准化程度及手术成功率高 ,重复性和稳定性好的优点 ,是大动物肝移植系列研究的较理想动物模型     

简化型腹部多器官移植动物模型的建立

目的建立一种非静脉转流的简化型猪腹部多器官移植模型。方法采用健康长白幼猪,供、受猪为同一胎猪,按体重相近原则配对。供者器官原位灌洗,摘取全腹脏器以及与之相连的腹主动脉和下腔静脉,修剪成肝、胰、胃、十二指肠以及近端2 m空肠的器官簇,整块移植到切除整个前肠和中肠器官(肝、胰、胃、十二指肠、全部小肠和大部分结肠)的受者腹腔。术中未使用静脉转流。术中监测受者的血流动力学、pH值及电解质变化。结果25次手术中,仅19次手术顺利完成,受者术后存活时间为2～146 h。与无肝前期相比,无肝初期、新肝初期及新肝期的平均动脉压、中心静脉压明显下降(P<0.05);与无肝初期相比,新肝期的平均动脉压、中心静脉压也明显下降(P<0.05);新肝期受者处于严重的代谢性酸中毒状态。结论在非静脉转流下建立简化型猪腹部多器官移植模型是可行的。     

Piggyback technique and selective use of veno-venous bypass in adult orthotopic liver transplantation

Background. The piggyback technique (PT), with preservation of the cava, is being used more frequently in adult orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The advantages of PT include hemodynamic stability during the anhepatic phase without a large‐volume fluid infusion and obviating the need for veno‐venous bypass (VVB). At our center, we changed our practice in July 1997 from the standard technique (ST) of OLT with routine use of VVB to PT and selective use of VVB. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the results with the two different practices, ST‐routine VVB versus PT‐selective VVB.
Methods. Forty OLTs were performed during the period July 1995–July 1997 using ST‐routine VVB (group I) and 36 during August 1997–December 1998 using PT‐selective VVB (group II). The etiology of liver disease was similar in the two groups, with hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease accounting for half of the patients in each group. The UNOS status, age, sex, and percentage of patients with previous upper abdominal surgery were also similar between the two groups.
Results. In the PT‐selective VVB era (group II), 34/36 patients (94%) underwent OLT with PT and VVB was used for 8 (22%) patients. The decision to use VVB was elective for 3 patients (fulminant hepatic failure, 2; severe portal hypertension, 1) and urgent for 5 patients (hemodynamic instability during hepatectomy). The intraoperative use of packed red blood cells (PRBC) (mean±SD) was 15±12 units for group I and 9±8 units for group II (p=0.023). Anastomosis time and total operating time (mean±SD) were 91±30 min and 9.5±3.2 h, respectively, for group I patients compared with 52±28 min and 7.6±1.6 h, respectively, for group II patients (p<0.0001 and 0.002, respectively). Median post‐operative stays in the intensive care unit (ICU) and in the hospital were 5 and 17 d, respectively, for group I and 4 and 11 d, respectively, for group II (p=NS). Mean serum creatinine on day 3 was similar in the two groups. Median hospital charges for group I patients were $105 439 compared with $91 779 for group II patients (p=NS). The 1‐year actuarial graft and patient survival rates were 78% and 82%, respectively, for group I, and 92% and 95%, respectively, for group II.
Conclusions. PT is safe and can be performed in the majority of adult patients (>90%) undergoing OLT. With the routine application of the piggyback procedure, the use of VVB has been reduced to 20% of OLTs at our center. The practice of piggyback technique with the selective use of VVB is associated with shorter anhepatic phase and total operating time, lower blood product use, a trend towards shorter hospital length of stay, and reduced hospital charges compared with standard technique of OLT with routine use of VVB.