老年急性心肌梗死并急性左心衰竭的临床分析

目的 分析以急性左心衰竭为主要表现的老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的临床特点,探讨心力衰竭发生的可能机制.方法 回顾性分析26例以急性左心衰竭为主要表现的老年AMI患者的临床资料,根据NYHA心功能分级及左室射血分教(LVEF),探讨AMI时发生急性左心衰竭的机制,并对其中14例患者进行了随访.结果 26例AMI患者中,18例为无痛性梗死;12例为非ST段抬高性心肌梗死,3例并发完全性左束支传导阻滞;LVEF<40%10例,LVEF≥40%16例.随访14例患者中,半年内死亡5例.结论 以急性左心衰竭为主要表现的AMI多为无痛性梗死,心电图表现多为非ST段抬高性心阢梗死.AMI时发生急性左心衰竭的机制可能为左室收缩功能及/或舒张功能的严重损害.     

以急性左心衰为主要表现的急性心肌梗死20例临床分析

目的分析以急性左心衰为主要表现的急性心肌梗死(AMI)的临床特点以及左心衰竭发生机制。方法回顾分析2003年1月—2010年10月我院收治20例以急性左心衰为主要表现的急性心肌梗死患者的临床特点,观察左室射血分数(LVEF)及心功能(NYHA)变化,分析急性左心衰竭发生原因。结果 20例中16例(80%)为无痛性AMI,17例为非ST段抬高型,2例合并完全性左束支传导阻滞。超声心动图示,LVEF<40%7例,LVEF≥40%13例。随诊8例患者,半年死亡2例,均合并糖尿病。结论以急性左心衰竭为主要表现的急性心肌梗死多为非ST段抬高型AMI,多为无痛性心肌梗死,多合并糖尿病、高血压等冠心病致病因素,心力衰竭发生机制多为左室收缩功能及舒张功能严重损害。     

心电图对非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征危险分层的价值

目的探讨心电图变化对非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征患者危险分层的价值。方法自2006年1月-2007年7月，在我院因急性胸痛拟诊不稳定型心绞痛及非ST段抬高心肌梗死而收入住院且记录资料完整的616例患者。人院后采集病史、查体，并在10min内完成常规18导联心电图检查，将患者人院时心电图的改变分为ST段压低组（包括伴有T波倒置者）、单纯T波倒置组、尚不能诊断的心电图组及正常心电图组；又将ST段压低组分为：胸前导联（V4-V6）ST段压低合并负向T波、胸前导联ST段压低合并正向T波、其他导联ST段压低合并正向T波、其他导联ST段压低合并负向T波4组。观察各组住院期主要心血管事件（心脏性死亡、非致命性心肌梗死、反复缺血性心绞痛发作），并随访1-12（7．2±3．8）个月，观察主要心血管事件变化。结果与正常心电图组比较；ST段压低组的复合心血管事件明显增多。胸前导联ST段压低合并T波倒置组的患者较其他导联ST段压低合并或不合并T波倒置组的复合心血管事件明显增多。结论．心电图的ST段变化对非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征患者的危险分层及心血管事件预测均有重要价值。     

急性左心衰竭为主要表现的急性心肌梗死的临床研究

目的探讨以急性左心衰竭为主要表现的急性心肌梗死的发病机制与临床特征,为该病的临床诊治提供参考。方法选取我院2014年8月~2016年4月收治的急性心肌梗死患者150例作为研究对象,遵循随机抽样原则,所有患者的临床主要表现均为急性左心衰竭,通过回顾性分析其临床资料、临床表现特征、心功能变化情况,探讨该病的发病机制。结果 150例以急性左心衰竭为主要表现的急性心肌梗死患者中,非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死52例,无痛性急性心肌梗死98例,其中,合并完全性左束支传导阻滞85例。结论临床主要表现为急性左心衰竭的急性心肌梗死,多为非ST段抬高型、无痛性急性心肌梗死,此外,急性左心衰竭症状的发病机制为左心室舒张功能、收缩功能受损。     

aVR导联S T段抬高预测非S T段抬高型急性心肌梗死的临床价值

目的：探讨aVR导联ST段抬高对非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死的预测价值。方法选取27例心电图改变为ST段压低≥0．1 mV伴aVR导联ST段抬高者作为观察组,另选50例ST段压低≥0．1 mV但不伴aVR导联ST段抬高者作为对照组,追踪观察2组非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死的发生率。结果临床确诊为非 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死者观察组为7例（25．9％）,对照组为1例（2％）;2组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论 aVR导联ST段抬高对非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死具有一定的预测价值,临床应给予重视。     

心电图对应导联ST段压低在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊治及预后价值的回顾性分析

目的:探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者心电图对应导联压低对患者诊治及预后的预测价值。方法:收集我院心内科冠心病监护病房急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者心电图存在对应性压低的患者共102例,选取同期心电图提示相似心肌梗死部位,且临床特征具有可比性的无明显对应性压低的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者102例作为对照。观察两组患者冠脉闭塞部位、左室射血分数及心肌肌钙蛋白I和NT-proBNP水平,记录患者住院期间发生的严重心肌梗死并发症和死亡事件。分析存在对应性ST段压低与无显著压低对照组患者的冠脉闭塞部位、心脏功能及临床心血管事件的差异。结果:急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死伴有对应性ST段压低的患者,其心肌梗死面积显著大于不伴有对应性压低的患者,其心脏左室功能、心肌梗死并发症及存活率均显著低于不伴对应性压低的患者。且急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死同时伴有的对应性导联压低对冠脉闭塞部位具有较好的判断作用。结论:临床上应高度重视ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的对应性ST段压低,是评估心肌梗死患者病情和预后的重要手段。     

心电图表现为aVR导联下斜型ST段抬高的急性左主干病变1例

急性左主干病变病情严重,危险程度等同于急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死,需尽快行冠状动脉介入治疗.本文报道1例急性左主干病变的急性心肌梗死病例,心电图表现为aVR导联ST段下斜型抬高,Ⅰ、aVL导联ST段弓背向下抬高,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF、V4—V6导联ST段压低,并探讨了aVR导联ST段抬高对预测左主干病变的意义.     

aVR导联对急性下壁心肌梗死罪犯血管的预测价值

目的通过与冠状动脉造影（CAG）对比，研究aVR导联ST段改变的特征对急性下壁心肌梗死的相关动脉定位的意义。方法对比65例急性心肌梗死，其中右冠状动脉近段闭塞26例、右冠状动脉远段闭塞29例、左叫旋支（LCX）闭塞10例，分析在病人胸痛发作12h内的心电图变化。结果三组病人下壁导联的ST段抬高差异无统计学意义，伴aVR导联ST段压低，提示右冠状动脉（RCA）闭塞，如不伴aVR导!联卯段膻低，则提示LCX闭塞，右冠状动脉近段闭寒，不影响胸前导联ST段，心电图指标阳性预测值96．7％；右冠状动脉远段闭塞则构成V1～V3导联ST段压低，阳性预测值83％；LCX闭塞虽不影响aVR导联卯段，但构成V1～V3导联ST段压低，阳性预测值87％。结论急性下壁心肌梗死早期除下壁导联ST段抬高外，是否合并aVR导联ST段压低，是区别RCA闭塞或LCX闭塞的关键指标。对预后和决定是否采取血管厦建治疗具有重要的参考价值。     

19例梗死相关动脉为优势左回旋支的急性心肌梗死心电图表现

目的分析19例梗死相关动脉为优势左回旋支的急性心肌梗死患者的心电图表现,总结其特点。方法回顾性分析2000年9月至2005年12月急性心肌梗死患者的心电图资料,25例急性心肌梗死经冠状动脉造影证实梗死相关动脉为优势左回旋支,选取其中发病12h内有12或18导联心电图记录的19例,分析其发病时心电图表现及特征。结果19例患者中2例表现为非ST段抬高性心肌梗死,冠脉造影证实血管已再通,血流正常。17例表现为下壁ST段抬高性心肌梗死,15例合并后壁ST段抬高,2例V4RST段抬高,14例V4RST段压低。12例ST段抬高(STIII↑>STII↑)和ST段压低(STaVL↓>STI↓)同时出现。12例aVR导联ST段压低。19例中3例合并有完全性房室阻滞,1例合并高度房室阻滞。结论梗死相关动脉为优势左回旋支的急性心肌梗死患者心电图图形特点类似右冠脉闭塞的ST段抬高心肌梗死,STIII↑>STII↑,STaVL↓>STI↓,两者很难鉴别,下壁、后壁ST段抬高而RV4和STaVR压低可能是重要特点。     

11例急性单纯后壁心肌梗死心电图及梗死相关动脉特点分析

目的 分析急性单纯后壁心肌梗死（不包括同时合并下壁及右室心肌梗死）的心电图及冠状动脉造影特点。方法 总结自2001年至2006年门、急诊收治的急性单纯后壁心肌梗死患者11例,随访心电图特点,并行冠状动脉造影确定梗死相关动脉。结果 11例患者除了V7-V9导联ST段有典型的弓背向上抬高1．0—2．0mm外,9例（81．8％）V1-V2导联R／S≥1,5例（45．5％）V1-V4导联ST段压低1．0—2．0mm,4例（36．4％）Ⅰ、aVL导联ST段抬高0．5-1．5mm,5例（45．5％）V5-V6导联ST段抬高0．5—1．5mm。冠状动脉造影显示梗死相关动脉均为左回旋支（LCX）。梗死部位1例在第一钝缘支（OM1）发出前,为95％管状狭窄;6例（54．5％）在OM1发出后,其中4例为100％闭塞,1例为99％次全闭塞,1例为90％长段狭窄;4例（36．4％）在OM1,其中2例为100％闭塞,1例为99％次全闭塞,1例为95％局限性狭窄。单支病变3例（27．3％）,合并左前降支（LAD）病变4例（36．4％）,合并右冠状动脉（RCA）病变2例（18．2％）,同时合并LAD及RCA病变2例（18．2％）。结论12导联心电图,如有V1-V2导联R／S≥1,V1-V4导联ST段压低等特点时,结合临床与心肌酶学改变,高度怀疑急性后壁心肌梗死,需做后壁导联和冠状动脉造影加以证实,而梗死相关动脉多为左回旋支。     

急性前壁ST段抬高心肌梗死伴下壁导联ST段不同改变与冠状动脉病变的关系

目的:探讨急性前壁ST段抬高心肌梗死伴下壁导联ST段不同改变,与冠状动脉病变的关系以及对患者近期预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析308例急性前壁心肌梗死患者心电图表现,根据下壁导联心电图ST段变化分为两组:A组为Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF中至少2导联抬高;B组为Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF中至少2导联压低。比较两组之间心肌梗死面积,左心室重构指标,梗死相关动脉相关性以及近期预后。结果:与B组相比,A组CK-MB最大值较低[(111.46±64.65)vs.(179.79±96.06)IU/L,P<0.0l];左心室射血分数较高,为[(52.28±12.62)vs.(46.81±5.79)%,P<0.01];室壁运动分数低[(20.38±5.65)vs.(38.48±5.28),P<0.01]。两组梗死相关血管(infarct related artery,IRA)A组患者中30例(35.29%)为包绕心尖部前降支(wrapped left anterior descending artery,WLAD),55例(64.71%)为非包绕心尖部前降支(non-wrapped left anterior descending artery,NWLAD),B组患者中7例(3.14%)为WLAD,216例(96.86%)为NWLAD,两组梗死相关血管比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。下壁导联ST段抬高幅度较大,并伴有ST段抬高幅度V1>V3导联。室壁运动分数与左心室功能呈负相关;与心电图抬高导联数呈负相关,与Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联抬高幅度呈负相关;与sumSTE呈负相关;并与血浆尿素氮、LDL、TG及体质量呈负相关。主要心血管事件(major cardiovascular events,MACE)两组间差异无统计学意义。结论:IRA为左前降支(left anterior descending artery,LAD)的急性前壁ST段抬高心肌梗死时,下壁导联ST段改变可能与LAD长度和病变部位有关;前壁导联合并下壁导联ST段同时抬高的患者若IRA为WLAD,其梗死面积较小,心功能较好。     

First myocardial infarction: 5-year survival predicted from routine clinical, laboratory, and radionuclide findings during the acute stage

Five-year survival amongst 485 consecutive patients with their first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was 78.2%. Univariate survival analysis showed that the following variables during the acute stage were of prognostic significance for survival: signs of left ventricular heart failure, enlarged cardiac volume, pulmonary congestion on chest X-ray, anterior myocardial infarction on ECG, and low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), whereas enzyme analysis and Q/non-Q signs on ECG were not. In the multivariate analysis two equivalent models were found. The first pinpointed age and LVEF as independent predictors of mortality, and the second age and left ventricular heart failure. Finally, our subcohort of patients aged less than the mean 63 years and with normal LVEF values of greater than or equal to 50%, or no left ventricular failure had an observed survival for 5 years close to an age- and sex-matched group from the Norwegian population.     

PR段偏移的特点及临床意义

目的探讨PR段偏移的特点及临床意义。方法收集不同时期首次心电图记录有PR段偏移者68例,测量各导联PR段及ST段的偏移情况,观察其各项临床资料特点。结果①PR段改变的方向与同导联ST段改变的方向相反,下移的幅度在0.05-0.15mV,抬高的幅度在0.05-0.10 mV;②68例PR段偏移者中急性心包炎59例（其中肿瘤性13例、结核性10例、尿毒症性8例、心脏手术性7例、化脓性7例、病毒性5例、自身免疫性5例、外伤性4例）,在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVL、aVF、V3-V6导联出现普遍PR段下移而ST段抬高,aVR导联则表现为PR段抬高而ST段下移;③急性心肌梗死或合并有心房梗死9例,在面向梗死区的导联PR段下移而ST段抬高,对应导联PR段抬高而ST段下移。结论心电图PR段偏移强烈提示为急性心包炎或心房梗死。     

A method of precordial cartography in the evaluation of the severity of the necrotic phase of posterior myocardial infarction

A study of 61 patients with acute left ventricular posterior myocardial infarction examined ventricular complex variations, recorded from standard and precordial leads; in fatal cases, ECG findings were compared with pathoanatomical studies of the heart. Precordial mapping was shown to considerably increase the efficiency of electrocardiographic diagnosis of posterior myocardial infarction, permitting more accurate assessment of the site and spread of the infarction focus. Changes of the ST segment and summary R(V1-V4)20 amplitude may serve as an indicator of the severity of posterior myocardial infarction, and an instrument of early outcome prognosis.     

急性下壁心肌梗死患者心电图胸前导联ST段改变的临床意义

目的探讨急性下壁心肌梗死患者心电图胸前导联ST段改变与冠状动脉造影(CAG)所见冠状动脉病变部位的关系及其临床意义。方法 187例急性下壁心肌梗死患者,按入院时18导心电图胸前导联ST段改变分为3组,ST段无变化组(47例),ST段抬高组(16例),ST段压低组(124例);所有患者均行CAG。结果急性下壁心肌梗死伴胸前导联ST段抬高时多为右冠状动脉(RCA)近段闭塞(14例,82.3%),尤其是伴圆锥支动脉闭塞,与RCA中远端闭塞(2例,5.9%)比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),且14例(73.7%)伴有右心功能不全和血流动力学障碍。下壁心肌梗死胸前导联ST段压低者可见于RCA、回旋支(LCX)闭塞及RCA、LCX闭塞与前降支(LAD)、对角支(D)病变的不同组合,其中LCX闭塞伴RCA病变者多表现为朐前ST V_4～V_6的压低,RCA闭塞伴LAD近端病变多有胸前ST V_1～V_6的压低,RCA伴D病变胸前ST V_1～V_3压低,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论急性下壁心肌梗死合并胸前导联ST段抬高表明为RCA近段或丌口闭塞且多伴右心室心肌梗死和心功能不全;下壁心肌梗死伴胸前导联ST段压低提示为多支病变,ST V_1～V_3压低多伴有对角支严重狭窄,STV_1～V_6压低多伴有前降支的严重狭窄。     

Adverse Prognosis of ST Depression on the Resting Electrocardiogram in Stable Patients Following Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of stable patients with resting ST segment depression on the resting electrocardiogram (ECG) following an acute ischemic event (i.e., infarction or unstable angina) to better understand its association with subsequent cardiac death and nonfatal infarction. The recent Multicenter Study of Myocardial Ischemia (MSMI) demonstrated that the resting ST segment depression had an independent prognostic value. Methods: We studied clinical features, noninvasive test results and coronary arteriography findings in 99 patients with ST depression on the resting ECG and 837 patients without ST segment depression with respect to endpoints of cardiac death and hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina. Results: Our results showed that patients with resting ECG ST depression were significantly older with a higher incidence of hypertension, angina, claudication, and tobacco use. ST depression on the resting ECG correlated closely with ST segment depression on the 24-hour ambulatory ECG and the exercise ECG but not with redistribution on the thallium perfusion scan. Left ventricular diastolic pressure was higher and exercise duration less in patients with ST depression. Although not achieving statistical significance, patients with ST depression did show more extensive coronary disease and a lower ejection fraction. Conclusions: ECG ST depression was associated with cardiac death and nonfatal reinfarction over the follow-up period only in patients originally admitted with an acute infarction but not in patients hospitalized for unstable angina. The reason for this appears to be an association of ST depression with increased age, the presence of hypertension, the presence of more severe coronary disease, and more extensive myocardial damage.     

ST段抬高急性心肌梗死患者心电图对应导联ST段改变不同类型的临床预后

目的探讨ST段抬高急性心肌梗死（STEMI）患者心电图（ECG）对应导联ST段改变（R-ST-D）不同类型与罪犯冠状动脉病变及临床预后的关系。方法选择住院初发STEMI资料完整967例,根据R-ST-D振幅分4种类型,即R-ST-D振幅无下移（I组）143例;R-ST-D下移振幅小于或等于梗死区ST段抬高振幅（1I组）664例;R-ST-D下移振幅大于梗死区ST段抬高振幅（Ⅲ组）93例;R-ST-D和梗死区ST段均抬高（IV组）67例;分析其ECGR-ST-D4种类型与罪犯冠状动脉病变和临床高危预后的关系。结果R-ST-D4种类型中I组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组发生率分别为14．8％,68．7％,9．6％,并以前降支为主单支病变多见。Ⅳ组发生率6．9％,主要累及复合前壁,前降支,回旋支及右冠状动脉。泵衰竭、低血压、严重心律失常、AMI扩展、室壁运动失调、左室射血分数≤50％及住院病死率分别为71．6％,41．8％,61．2％,34．3％,100．0％,40．3％和16．4％（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论STEMI患者ECGR．ST-D不同类型对罪犯冠状动脉病变和临床近期预后具有预测作用。     

Prognostic significance of transient myocardial ischaemia after first acute myocardial infarction: five year follow up study.

OBJECTIVE--To assess the five year prognostic significance of transient myocardial ischaemia on ambulatory monitoring after a first acute myocardial infarction, and to compare the diagnostic and long term prognostic value of ambulatory ST segment monitoring, maximal exercise testing, and echocardiography in patients with documented ischaemic heart disease. DESIGN--Prospective study. SETTING--Cardiology department of a teaching hospital. PATIENTS--123 consecutive men aged under 70 who were able to perform predischarge maximal exercise testing. INTERVENTIONS--Echocardiography two days before discharge (left ventricular ejection fraction), maximal bicycle ergometric testing one day before discharge (ST segment depression, angina, blood pressure, heart rate), and ambulatory ST segment monitoring (transient myocardial ischaemia) started at hospital discharge a mean of 11 (SD 5) days after infarction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Relation of ambulatory ST segment depression, exercise test variables, and left ventricular ejection fraction to subsequent objective (cardiac death or myocardial infarction) or subjective (need for coronary revascularisation) events. RESULTS--23 of the 123 patients had episodes of transient ST segment depression, of which 98% were silent. Over a mean of 5 (range 4 to 6) years of follow up, patients with ambulatory ischaemia were no more likely to have objective end points than patients without ischaemic episodes. If, however, subjective events were included an association between transient ST segment depression and an adverse long term outcome was found (Kaplan-Meier analysis; P = 0.004). The presence of exercise induced angina identified a similar proportion of patients with a poor prognosis (Kaplan-Meier analysis; P < 0.004). Both exertional angina and ambulatory ST segment depression had high specificity but poor sensitivity. The presence of exercise induced ST segment depression was of no value in predicting combined cardiac events. Indeed, patients without exertional ST segment depression were at increased risk of future objective end points (Kaplan-Meier analysis; P < 0.0045). These findings may be explained in part by a higher prevalence of left ventricular dysfunction in patients without ischaemic changes in the exercise electrocardiogram (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION--There seem to be limited reasons to perform ambulatory ST segment monitoring in survivors of a first myocardial infarction who can perform exercise tests before discharge. Patients at high risk of future myocardial infarction or death from cardiac causes are not identified. Ambulatory monitoring and exertional angina distinguish a small subset of patients who will develop severe angina pectoris demanding coronary revascularisation during follow up. Patients without exercise induced ST segment depression comprise a high risk subgroup in terms of subsequent objective end points. The role of ambulatory ST segment monitoring performed in unselected patients immediately after infarction when risk is maximal remains to be clarified.     

急性下壁心肌梗死心电图胸前导联V1-3 ST段抬高的临床意义

目的 探讨急性下壁心肌梗死患者心电图胸前导联ST段抬高与冠状动脉造影所示冠状动脉病变的关系及其临床意义.方法 187例急性下壁心肌梗死患者,按入院时18导心电图胸前导联ST段改变分为2组,ST段抬高组（16例）和非ST段压低组（171例）.所有患者均行冠状动脉造影术,病变适合行经皮腔冠状动脉成型术并检测B型钠尿肽（BNP）.结果 急性下壁心肌梗死伴胸前导联ST段抬高时多为右冠状动脉近段闭塞,尤其是圆锥支闭塞（P＜0.01）,且伴有右心功能不全和血流动力学障碍,与下壁右室心梗相比BNP差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 急性下壁心肌梗死合并胸前导联ST抬高表明为右冠状动脉近段或开口闭塞且多伴右室心肌梗死和心功能不全.