伴N-RAS及CBL突变的幼年型粒单核细胞白血病快速急变后单倍体移植1例报告并文献复习

目的减少对幼年型粒单核细胞白血病(JMML)的误诊,探讨单倍体造血干细胞移植治疗急变后未获得完全缓解JMML的可行性,并分析JMML快速急变的原因。方法 3岁患儿历经误诊为免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)和传染性单核细胞增多症后确诊为JMML,伴有N-RAS及CBL基因突变,但快速急变为急性髓细胞性白血病AML-M4型,伴有EVI1阳性表达。患儿接受母亲单倍体(HLA 7/10相合)造血干细胞移植,预处理方案为阿糖胞苷+白舒非+猪抗人T细胞免疫球蛋白+环磷酰胺,移植后采用环孢素A+霉酚酸酯(MMF)+短程甲氨蝶呤+甲基强的松龙方案预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)。结果移植后+14d白细胞植活,+18d血小板植活,未发生重度GVHD。移植后2个月减停全部免疫抑制剂,随访至2018年8月1日,患儿无病存活。结论 JMML急变后未获得完全缓解行单倍体造血干细胞移植治疗是可行的,同时存在N-RAS及CBL基因突变且有EVI1阳性可能是患儿快速急变的原因。     

非血缘相关脐血移植治疗儿童高危白血病的临床观察

目的：非血缘脐血具有快速寻求、容易得到和HLA配型不严格的特点，该文进行了非血缘相关脐血移植（UD-UCBT）治疗儿童恶性白血病的研究并探讨其疗效问题。方法：对6例难治性白血病患儿，包括3例急性淋巴细胞白血病（2例高危CR1，1例标危CR2），2例幼年慢性粒单细胞白血病（1例缓解期，1例加速期）和1例急性髓系白血病（AML- M5，CR1）进行了非血缘相关脐血移植，HLA高分辨1例全相合，1例5个位点相合，1例4个位点相合，3例3个位点相合。预处理选用白消安/环磷酰胺/ATG或全身放疗/环磷酰胺/ATG为主方案。于 0 d 回输脐血，有核细胞中位数为8.51×107/kg，CD34+细胞中位数为1.81×105/kg。预防移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）采用环孢霉素A、甲基泼尼松龙和骁悉或CD25单抗。结果：中性粒细胞绝对值（ANC）≥0.5×109/L和PLT≥20×109/L的中位天数分别是+13 d、+30 d，移植证据均为供者型。4例出现Ⅰ~Ⅲ度GVHD，均控制。随访中位时间12个月，未发生慢性GVHD，现存活4例血型均转为供者型，无复发。结论：脐血提供快速有效的造血干细胞，为治疗儿童白血病提供良好时机，非血缘相关脐血移植能耐受HLA多个位点不相合。急性GVHD发生率也较高，存在移植物抗白血病作用。     

父供子单倍体异基因造血干细胞移植治疗高危白血病2例临床分析

目的探讨父供子单倍型造血干细胞移植治疗高危白血病的临床特点及疗效。方法对2例高危白血病接受父供子单倍型造血干细胞移植患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 2例患儿回输有核细胞数分别为17.7×108/kg、8.3×108/kg,白细胞植活时间分别为+7 d和+16 d,血小板植活时间分别为+18 d和+8 d;2例均转为完全供者型;1例出现急性肠道GVHD(Ⅳ度),1例出现皮肤Ⅱ度GVHD;1例因移植后感染于+146 d死亡,1例存活,均无白血病复发倾向。结论非去T细胞性单倍型异基因造血干细胞移植正逐渐成为一种安全有效的治疗方法,为缺乏HLA完全相合相关或无关供者的高危难治性白血病患者提供了新的治疗选择。同时也提示父亲或父系抗原供者同样可以作为异基因造血干细胞来源。     

幼年粒单细胞白血病造血干细胞移植疗效初探

目的探讨造血干细胞移植治疗幼年粒单细胞白血病(JMML)的疗效。方法 5例JMML患儿接受无关供者脐血造血干细胞移植治疗。预处理均采用Bu/Cy+Mel+ATG方案:马利兰(0.8～1.0)mg/kg,每6小时1次共用16次(-8d～-5d);环磷酰胺60mg/(kg·d)用2d(-4～-3d);马法兰140mg/m2用1次(-2d):抗胸腺细胞球蛋白2.5mg/(kg·d)连用4d(-4～-1d)。GVHD预防采用CsA+MP±MMF。结果 5例成功植入,3例复发,1例复发后死于卡氏肺囊虫肺炎,1例死于CMV感染相关间质性肺炎,1例长期无病存活。结论 5例JMML移植初步治疗结果不满意,移植失败主要原因为白血病复发。为减少复发,今后需进一步改进移植方法 ,包括选择其他供体、改进GVHD预防方案。     

幼年型粒单核细胞白血病单倍体相合造血干细胞移植1例

目的探讨单倍体相合造血干细胞移植治疗幼年型粒单核细胞白血病(JMML)的可行性。方法 1岁6个月JMML患儿,行单倍体相合造血干细胞移植。采用Bu/Cy+Flu+ALG方案预处理及CSA+MMF+MTX方案预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)。结果于移植+10 d粒系植入成功(1.2×109/L),移植+14 d血小板植入成功(260×109/L),造血初步恢复。移植+21 d查植入证据为100%嵌合。患儿移植后反复出现Ⅰ～Ⅱ度GVHD(皮肤型),给予免疫抑制剂治疗后好转。至今已生存14个月,未见复发。结论单倍体相合造血干细胞移植可能是治愈JMML的可行方法。     

无关脐血移植治疗儿童噬血细胞综合征

目的探讨脐血移植对儿童噬血细胞综合征的治疗效果。方法一例16月龄确诊为噬血细胞综合征的幼儿,经HLH-2004推荐方案进行化疗及免疫治疗7个月后,病情未缓解,行HLA基因位点5/6相合无关脐血移植。预处理采用BU/CY+VP16方案:马利兰(BU)1mg/kg,第6h一次,用4d共16次(-8~-5d);足叶乙甙(VP16)30mg/kg,用1天(-4d);环磷酰胺(CY)60mg/kg,用2d(-3~-2d)。输入脐血有核细胞(NC)5·66×107/kg,CD3+4细胞1·21×105/kg。GVHD预防采用环胞菌素A(CsA)+骁悉(MMF)+抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)。移植后应用G-CSF加速造血重建。结果脐血造血干细胞未植入,自体造血恢复。移植治疗后,患儿病情逐渐好转。随访至移植后14个月,病情持续完全缓解。结论噬血细胞综合征经化疗和免疫治疗不能缓解者,应及时进行移植治疗;供体细胞植入失败的移植,也有可能暂时或长期缓解病情。     

国内首例同胞脐血移植治疗儿童骨髓增生异常综合征

目的：探讨脐血移植对儿童骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)的治疗效果。方法：一例12岁MDS患儿行HLA相合的同胞脐血移植，预处理采用BU/CY+ATG方案：马利兰(BU) 1 mg/kg，每6h一次，用2d；环磷酰胺(CY)每日50mg/kg，用4d；抗胸腺球蛋白(ATG)100mg/d，用4d。输入脐血有核细胞2.57×107/kg，CD34+细胞1.18×105/kg。移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的预防采用环胞菌素A(CsA)+骁悉(MMF)+甲基泼尼松龙(MP)。移植后应用惠尔血、白介素11及重组红细胞生成素以加速造血重建。结果：+21 d粒系植入，+48 d血小板植入，+28 d患者骨髓DNA指纹图示完全嵌合状态。随访11个月，患者各项检查正常，未发生急、慢性GVHD。结论：本例为国内大陆首例成功脐血移植治疗MDS，为今后儿童MDS的治疗积累了经验。     

脐血移植治疗37例儿童恶性血液病的临床研究-单中心经验

目的 探讨脐血造血干细胞移植（UCBT）治疗儿童恶性血液病的疗效。方法 回顾性分析接受UCBT 的37 例恶性血液病患儿的临床资料，包括急性淋巴细胞性白血病14 例，急性髓细胞性白血病9 例，幼年粒单细胞白血病5 例，慢性粒细胞白血病和骨髓增生异常综合征各3 例，急性混合型白血病2 例，淋巴肉瘤性白血病1 例。其中34 例非血缘相关，3 例血缘相关。HLA 配型6/6 相合5 例，5/6 相合12 例，4/6 相合11 例，3/6 相合9 例。移植中位年龄5.7 岁，中位体重20 kg。结果 中性粒细胞和血小板植入中位天数分别是12 d 和25 d，植入率分别为95% 和78%。中性粒细胞植入率与CD34+ 细胞数呈正相关（P=0.011）。血小板植入率与CD34+ 细胞数和有核细胞数均有关（分别P=0.001、0.014）。急性移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）的发生率为49%，慢性GVHD 为11%。随访中位时间54 个月，5 年移植相关病死率、总生存率和无病生存率分别为27%、57%和41%。结论 脐血移植是快速获得的造血干细胞来源之一，为恶性疾病患儿争取了治疗时间。     

脐血造血细胞含量与白血病脐血移植疗效分析

目的分析4711份库存脐血造血细胞含量及探讨脐血造血细胞含量与白血病脐血移植疗效的关系。方法分析4711例库存脐血总有核细胞数(TNC)和CD34+细胞数分布情况,探讨不同的造血细胞输入量、供受者HLA不相合数、受者性别、年龄、体重和疾病类型间植入率和生存率的差异。结果 4711例库存脐血TNC和CD34+细胞中位数分别为1.14×109/kg和4.06×106/kg,按3.7×107/kg有效TNC输入量计算,93.2%脐血可供体重50 kg以下受者移植。89例白血病患者移植后植入75例,植入率为84.3%。中性粒细胞绝对值≥0.5×109/L、血小板≥20×109/L和≥50×109/L的时间分别为移植后17、34和46 d。75例植入病例中,长期无病存活47例,死亡26例,2例复发;急性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)Ⅰ～Ⅱ度、Ⅲ～Ⅳ度和慢性GVHD发生率分别为54.7%、20.0%、9.3%。影响移植植入率的因素包括受者年龄、TNC和CD34+细胞输入量;影响生存率的因素包括受者年龄、体重和输入CD34+细胞数。结论在无法找到HLA全相合骨髓供者时,可选择脐血作为替代骨髓的造血干细胞来源治疗儿童与成人白血病,TNC和CD34+细胞数仍是选择脐血移植物的参考指标。     

非血缘脐血干细胞移植治疗X连锁慢性肉芽肿7例

目的探讨非血缘脐血干细胞移植(UR-UCBT)治疗X连锁慢性肉芽肿(X-CGD)的疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年5月至2015年5月海军总医院收治7例X-CGD患儿进行UR-UCBT的临床资料并复习相关文献。给7例X-CGD患儿进行UR-UCBT,6例为单份脐血,1例为双份脐血。HLA配型4例全相合,2例5个位点相合,1例4个位点相合。预处理选用白消安/环磷酰胺/兔抗人T-淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白(ATG),其中6例在其基础上加氟达拉滨(Flu)。于0 d回输脐血,有核细胞中位数为8.51×10~7/kg,CD34~+细胞中位数为3.81×10~5/kg。预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)采用环孢霉素A/吗替麦考酚酯,其中1例在其基础上加甲基泼尼松龙。结果 ANC≥0.5×10~9/L和PLT≥20×10~9/L的中位天数分别是+14 d和+30 d。4例出现Ⅰ~Ⅲ度急性GVHD,给予激素后均控制。在+30 d所有患儿通过PCR-SSO/FISH检测均为供者型完全嵌合。ECGD酶活力均于+1个月恢复正常。CYBB基因异常者+2个月未检测出突变基因。随访中位时间10(5~101)个月,未发生慢性GVHD,1例+3个月死于心功能衰竭,现存活6例酶活力均恢复正常,为无病存活。结论非血缘脐血能快速有效的提供造血干细胞,能耐受HLA多个位点不相合,UR-UCBT可对X-CGD起到根治性治疗作用。     

Development of a gastric carcinoid tumor following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for early T‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Gastric carcinoid tumor is rarely diagnosed in children. We report a case of gastric carcinoid tumor that occurred after allogeneic HSCT. A 13‐year‐old girl with ETP acute lymphoblastic leukemia underwent allogeneic HSCT from a 7/8 HLA‐matched unrelated donor. She presented with rashes, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, which were suggestive of GVHD, 7 months after HSCT. Immunosuppressive agents failed to resolve these symptoms well. After a series of evaluations, carcinoid syndrome caused by a gastric carcinoid tumor was diagnosed. The tumor was located in the antral region and resulted in partial gastric outlet obstruction. She received subtotal gastrectomy with regional lymph node dissection. However, she had a flare‐up of GVHD 1 month after surgery, and immunosuppressive therapy was intensified accordingly. Although her GVHD was getting better, she developed respiratory syncytial viral pneumonia with rapid progression to respiratory failure. She died of multiple organ failure 2 months postoperatively. This is the first pediatric case of a gastric carcinoid tumor following allogeneic HSCT. Our case also highlights the necessity for pediatric transplant physicians to be aware of carcinoid syndrome caused by this rare tumor in the setting of GVHD with poor response to immunosuppressive agents.     

CD25抗体预防移植物抗宿主病在儿童白血病半匹配骨髓移植中的应用

目的　探讨CD2 5抗体用于预防儿童白血病半匹配未去除T细胞骨髓移植重度移植物抗宿主病 (GVHD)的疗效。方法　 10例儿童白血病患者接受人类白细胞抗原 (HLA) 2～ 3个位点不合半匹配骨髓移植 ,移植方法除了供者用粒细胞集落刺激因子 (G CSF)及受者应用环孢素A(CSA)、氨甲蝶呤 (MTX)、抗胸腺细胞球蛋白 (ATG ,FreseniusHemocare ,Germany)和霉酚酸酯 (MMF)预防GVHD的综合措施外 ,加用抗CD2 5单克隆抗体 (舒莱 ,novartispharmaswitzerland)预防GVHD ,剂量各为 2 0mg ,在移植前 2h和移植后第 4天应用 ,观察移植后的疗效 ,移植结果与前期未用CD2 5抗体移植组作回顾性比较。结果　 10例移植后均获造血重建 ,粒细胞 >0 5× 10 9/L的中位天数是 19d ,血小板大于 2 0× 10 9/L的中位天数是 2 2d ,骨髓植活直接证据检测证实为完全供者造血。无一例发生急性Ⅱ～Ⅳ度GVHD ,未用CD2 5抗体对照组 8例中发生急性Ⅱ～Ⅳ度GVHD有 4例 ,差异有显著性(P =0 0 14 7)。可评价慢性GVHD的 8例均发生慢性GVHD ,为局限性慢性GVHD。中位随访 12个月 (范围 9～ 2 4个月 ) ,2例为移植相关死亡 ,1例移植后 14个月因复发死亡 ,实际无病生存率是70 %。结论　儿童半匹配未去除T细胞骨髓移植中应用舒莱 ,明显降低急性重症GVHD发生 ,临床     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗儿童范可尼贫血5例并文献复习

目的初步探讨异基因造血干细胞移植(HSCT)治疗范可尼贫血(FA)的疗效,为探索更加优化移植方案提供依据。方法回顾性分析2012年6月-2016年12月我院收治5例FA患儿进行HSCT的临床资料并复习相关文献。5例患儿中2例行非血缘相合HSCT治疗,3例行单倍体HSCT治疗。预处理方案以氟达拉滨(Flu)、低剂量环磷酰胺(CTX)、抗人胸腺/T淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白(ATG-G/F)为主干,根据移植前输血总量、是否合并白血病,在主干基础上±白消安(Bu)或±全身照射(TBI)。5例患儿回输CD34~+细胞中位计数为8.46(5.46~15.29)×10~6/kg,单个核细胞(MNC)中位计数为13.07(8.33~14.26)×10~8/kg。采用他克莫司和吗替麦考酚酯联合预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)。随访中位时间40.7(15~42)个月。结果 5例患儿HSCT预处理过程中,除1例合并严重消化道黏膜反应,其余耐受性尚可;中性粒细胞恢复中位时间10(8~13)d,血小板恢复中位时间16(12~61)d,无原发性植入失败发生;移植后3例发生移植物排斥,分别通过停用全部免疫抑制剂、回输供者干细胞后恢复为完全供者型;4例发生不同程度急性GVHD,3例需升级为二线免疫抑制治疗控制病情,2例发展为慢性GVHD;随访至2016年12月,2例无事件存活,2例存在慢性GVHD,目前病情控制理想,1例死亡。4例存活患儿移植后血细胞未再检测出FA相关基因突变,生长发育同正常同龄儿童,目前尚未发现合并实体肿瘤。结论对于缺乏同胞相合供者的FA患者,其他类型HSCT治疗采用"Flu+低剂量CTX+ATG±Bu或±TBI"预处理方案耐受性尚可,无原发性植入失败发生,但加用Bu或TBI对预处理相关毒性及远期预后的影响还需要深入研究;移植物排斥和GVHD仍是影响患儿生存主要因素,探索个体化、优化HSCT方案治疗FA的临床研究已成为必然。     

HLA,GVHD, and parenteral nutrition are risk factors for hepatic complications in pediatric HSCT

Hepatic dysfunction is common after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the risk factors, frequency, and outcome of hepatic complications post‐HSCT in children. Two hundred and thirty‐seven cases of allogeneic HSCT in children were included. Data on biochemical liver function at start of HSCT, at +1, +3, +6, and +9 months, and at each subsequent yearly follow‐up were extracted. Patients were stratified into groups with hepatocellular (none and mild, and moderate to severe) and hepatobiliary (none and present) dysfunction. Statistical analysis included variables such as diagnosis, age, conditioning regimen, and HLA type. Results: One hundred and fifty‐six (66%) patients displayed hepatocellular dysfunction post‐HSCT. In most cases transient, but 32% had a persistent abnormality three yr post‐HSCT. Risk factors were chronic GVHD (OR 4.20, p = 0.003) and donor HLA‐A*01 (OR 2.97, p = 0.02). HLA‐DQB1*03 decreased the risk (OR 0.35, p = 0.02). Hepatobiliary dysfunction was less frequent (12%) but carried a poor prognosis. aGVHD grade II–IV (OR 2.7, p = 0.02) and long‐term TPN (OR 3.25, p = 0.01) increased the risk. Conclusion: GVHD is an important risk factor for liver dysfunction post‐HSCT. Specific HLA types may also contribute as a risk factor, while others seem to have a protective effect.     

Vaccination

Vaccination has been an important part of antiinfectious prophylaxis in pediatric oncology comprising immunizations with special indication like varicella vaccine and follow-up of routine immunizations after chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Studies from the last decade demonstrate a loss of long term immunity to immunization preventable disease in most patients with chemotherapy and BMT who had received appropriate immunization before. So far routine vaccination programs following intensive chemotherapy have not been studied prospectively. Immunization programs following BMT have shown that immunizations with tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, inactivated poliovirus vaccine and influenza vaccine - given at least 12 months after transplantation - are safe and effective. Vaccination with live attenuated trivalent vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella in patients without chronic "graft versus host disease" (GVHD) and without ongoing immunosuppressive therapy, performed 24 months after transplantation, proved to be safe too. Recommendations have been published by 5 different official groups: (1.) "St?ndige Impfkommission" (STIKO) and (2.) "Deutsche Gesellschaft für p?diatrische Infektiologie" (DGPI) recommend varicella vaccine für children with leukemia in remission for at least 12 months, for children with solid tumors and for patients getting an organ transplantation. Both societies do not comment on the schedule of booster vaccinations (with live attenuated vaccines) after the end of chemotherapy and after BMT. (3.) "Qualit?tssicherungsgruppe" der "Gesellschaft für p?diatrische Onkologie und H?matologie" (QS-GPOH) recommends immunization with nonliving vaccines when the patient is off therapy for at least 3 months and immunization with live attenuated vaccines when he is off therapy for at least 6 months. This group does not comment on varicella vaccine which has been controversial among pediatric oncologists. (4.) The " Infectious disease working party of the European group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation" (EBMT) recommends immunization with nonliving vaccines when the patient is off transplantation for at least 12 months, without GVHD and without immunosuppressive therapy. (5.) The "Guidelines for Preventing Opportunistic Infections Among Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) Recipients" published by the following american institutions and societies: "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", "Infectious Diseases Society of America" and "American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation" recommend that patients should be routinely revaccinated after transplantation if they are off immunosuppressive therapy and do not suffer from GVHD: beginning of vaccinations with nonliving vaccines in the second year after HSCT, beginning of vaccinations with live attenuated vaccines in the third year after HSCT. Life-long seasonal influenza vaccination is recommended for all HSCT candidates and recipients, beginning during the influenza season before HSCT and resuming > 6 months after HSCT. IT would be appreciated if working groups of these societies could find consensus recommendations on open and controversial questions in the near future.     

无关供体造血干细胞移植治疗46例儿童难治性白血病疗效分析

目的 评估无关供体造血干细胞移植(UDT)治疗儿童难治性白血病的疗效.方法 回顾性分析连续在我院接受UDT的46例白血病患儿的临床资料.急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)患儿接受全身放疗为主的预处理、急性髓细胞性白血病(AMI)和慢性粒细胞性白血病(CML)患儿采用白消安清髓.结果 中位年龄8.0(2～17)岁,3年总存活率(OS)63.0%,23.9%患儿死于移植相关并发症,13.0%患儿死于白血病复发.移植过程中33.3%出现Ⅲ～Ⅳ度急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD),55.6%发生慢性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)(13.9%为慢性广泛性GVHD).大于10岁、小于10岁患儿的OS差异有统计学意义(45.0%vs. 76.9%,P=0.015);ALL患儿3年OS明显差于CML和AML(38.4%、66.7%vs. 80.0%,P=0.034);高危白血病疗效明显差于低危患儿(45.8% vs.81.8%,P=0.012);人类白细胞抗原(HLA)高分辨6/6全相合、1/6不合较2/6位点不合患儿的OS显著增高(75.0%,75.0% vs.16.7%,P=0.007);移植中出现Ⅲ～Ⅳ度与0～Ⅱ度aGVHD患儿相比OS差异无统计学意义(66.0% vs.66.7%,P=0.494).结论 UDT治疗我国儿童难治性白血病疗效令人满意.小于10岁、HLA相合度高是UDT的有利因素,髓系、低危白血病疗效优于其他白血病.     

Haploidentical stem cell transplantation as a salvage therapy for cord blood engraftment failure in a patient with Fanconi anemia

A 7‐year‐old male with Fanconi Anemia who developed primary graft failure following one antigen‐mismatched unrelated cord blood transplantation and a nonradiation‐based conditioning, underwent a second hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from his 2‐loci mismatched haploidentical father, using a nonradiation‐based regimen, 79 days after the first HSCT. A sustained hematological engraftment was achieved at 9 days post‐second HSCT. At 15 months post‐second HSCT; the patient demonstrated normal blood counts, sustained donor chimerism, and no evidence of GVHD. Haploidentical HSCTs as primary or secondary sources of stem cells, with appropriate T‐cell depletion, may be a readily available option in the absence of HLA‐matched related or unrelated donors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:580–582. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia following hematopoietic stem cell transplant: A critical review of the literature

Autoimmune cytopenias (AIC) post‐hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) are rare but exceptionally challenging complication. We conducted a comprehensive literature review and identified a pooled incidence of post‐HSCT autoimmune hemolytic anemia and/or immune thrombocytopenia of 2.66% (SE = 0.27) in pediatric patients. Nonmalignant disease, unrelated donor transplant, peripheral or cord blood stem cell source, conditioning regimen without total body irradiation, and presence of chronic graft‐versus‐host disease were prominent risk factors. Treatment was highly variable, and cytopenias were commonly refractory. AIC represent a significant post‐HSCT complication. We report here the incidence, risk factors, and possible biology behind the development of AIC in pediatric post‐HSCT patients.     

Unrelated cord blood transplantation in children with sickle cell disease: review of four-center experience

UCBT was performed in seven children with SCD and stroke (HLA match 4/6 n=5; 5/6 n=2). Four received myeloablative regimens (BU, CY, ATG plus FLU in one patient). One had primary graft failure, three had sustained engraftment, two with grade III-IV GVHD (one died, one developed chronic GVHD), one with stable mixed chimerism. Three patients treated with reduced-intensity regimens (FLU, BU or CY, ATG, TLI) failed to engraft; one engrafted after second UCBT (HU, TT, RXA, ALZ, TBI). Four patients (57%) developed viral infections. Engraftment, GVHD, and infection remain challenges.