髌骨下极骨折改良克氏针张力带手术治疗

髌骨下极骨折为髌骨骨折中较特殊类型的关节内骨折，自1998年4月～2001年11月，我们设计双十字克氏针张力带钢丝方法，经临床12例应用，通过提高内固定的稳定性和牢固性，有效的恢复髌骨外形，避免了髌骨的部分切除，不失为一种治疗髌骨下极骨折的安全有效方法。     

Cable-Pin系统减张固定法在髌骨下极粉碎性骨折中的初步应用

髌骨骨折是一种常见的关节内骨折,手术内固定方法很多,但髌骨下极粉碎骨折因固定困难,既往多采用环扎缝合或髌骨下极切除术,虽取得了较好的近期疗败,但环扎式钢丝固定对髌骨的血管分布存在潜在的不利影响[1-2],而髌骨部分切除破坏了髌骨的完整性,可不同程度地引起髌股关节载荷传导紊乱[3-4].我科自2006年4月至2007年4月使用一种新型的内固定物Cable-Pin系统(Zimmer公司)减张固定法治疗11例(12侧)髌骨下极粉碎性骨折患者,疗效良好.     

垂直钢丝结合微型钢板治疗髌骨下极骨折

目的 探讨垂直钢丝结合微型钢板治疗髌骨下极骨折的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年1月我院收治的13例髌骨下极骨折(AO/OTA 34?A1)病人的临床资料,其中男6例,女7例,平均年龄为45.6岁(20～65岁),受伤至手术时间平均为3.2 d(2～5 d).采用垂直钢丝结合微型钢板治疗髌骨下极骨折...     

带线锚钉内固定治疗髌骨下极骨折

目的探讨带线锚钉内固定治疗髌骨下极骨折的手术方法及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析采用带线锚钉内固定治疗髌骨下极骨折33例的临床资料。结果患者获随访3-12个月,骨折愈合时间平均16周．术后膝关节活动均恢复良好,膝关节功能评定结果：优29例,良3例,可1例,优良率达97．0％。结论采用带线锚钉治疗髌骨下极骨折具有手术创伤小、恢复快、可早期行关节功能锻炼、无需二次手术等优点,临床疗效满意。     

经髌骨胫骨结节环形钛缆治疗髌骨下极骨折的效果分析

背景:髌骨下极骨折是常见的关节外骨折,治疗时存在一定困难,经髌骨胫骨结节环形钛缆固定为髌骨下极骨折治疗提供了新的思路。目的:分析经髌骨胫骨结节环形钛缆固定治疗髌骨下极骨折的效果。方法:回顾性分析2014年2月至2016年2月经髌骨胫骨结节环形钛缆固定治疗45例髌骨下极骨折患者的临床资料,根据患者术后随访情况评价治疗效果。结果:45例患者骨折部位左侧23例,右侧22例;受伤至治疗时间3~11 h,平均(5.2±1.5)h。手术时间82~146 min,平均(112.6±22.6)min,术中出血量80~350 ml,平均(202.6±70.7)ml,术后无明显并发症。45例全部获得随访,随访时间为16~36个月,平均(20.6±4.8)个月,术后6周随访时骨折均达到临床愈合。Insall-Salvati指数为0.9~1.2,平均1.1±0.1;Bostman评分为24~30分,平均(27.3±2.0)分。结论:经髌骨胫骨结节环形钛缆固定治疗髌骨下极骨折效果满意,不影响患膝关节术后功能,可作为一种临床治疗方案。     

改良Mclaughlin固定法治疗髌骨下极骨折

髌骨下极骨折,尤其是其中的粉碎性骨折,往往不易固定,甚至不得不将髌骨下极部分切除.我们从1993～1999年采用改良Mclaughlin固定法治疗髌骨下极骨折25例,既保留了髌骨,又获得了良好的膝关节功能,现报告如下.     

钢丝环扎加记忆合金髌骨爪治疗髌骨下极骨折

正2014年6月~2015年8月,我科采用钢丝环扎加记忆合金髌骨爪治疗68例髌骨下极骨折患者,疗效良好,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组68例,男43例,女25例,年龄23~65岁。均为闭合新鲜髌骨下极骨折。受伤至手术时间为2~7 d。1.2治疗方法硬膜外麻醉下手术。取髌横行直切口,显露骨折端,用带眼克氏针引钢丝自髌骨上极大型骨块横行穿过,绕髌韧带紧贴髌骨下极穿出,复位同     

髌骨鹰嘴化结合张力带钢丝治疗髌骨下极骨折

目的探讨应用髌骨鹰嘴化结合张力带钢丝治疗髌骨下极骨折的临床疗效。方法2001年6月～2004年11月应用髌骨鹰嘴化结合张力带钢丝治疗髌骨下极骨折34例,术后2～3周进行屈膝功能锻炼。结果28例随访9～30个月,平均21个月,按陆裕朴疗效评价方法:优21例,良5例,可2例,优良率92.9%。结论髌骨鹰嘴化结合张力带钢丝治疗髌骨下极可以恢复关节面的解剖关系,有利于膝关节早期运动,避免关节僵硬及创伤性关节炎的发生,是治疗髌骨下极骨折较好的方法。     

髌骨下极骨折手术治疗进展

目的 总结近年髌骨下极骨折手术治疗方法及研究进展，为临床应用提供参考。方法 广泛查阅有关手术治疗髌骨下极骨折的文献，总结各手术方法研究进展、优势及局限性。结果 髌骨下极是伸膝装置重要组成部分，具有加强股四头肌力臂作用。该部位骨折相对少见，且多为粉碎性，通常需要手术治疗。目前治疗髌骨下极骨折手术方式较多，包括髌骨下极切除术、张力带技术、钢板内固定术、带线锚钉技术、镍钛聚髌器、独立垂直钢丝固定技术等，不同方式各具特点且各有优劣。研究表明，单一内固定方式并发症较多且容易发生内固定失败，因此目前研究以及临床应用以多种内固定方式相结合为主。结论 对于髌骨下极骨折，如骨折块体积较大且以横形分布为主时，宜选择以张力带技术为主的联合固定方式；骨折块粉碎严重、骨块体积较小时，基于缝合固定的综合内固定方式疗效更佳。     

Cable-pin系统治疗髌骨下极骨折

目的 探讨应用Cable-pin系统治疗髌骨下极骨折的临床疗效. 方法 2009年6月至2011年2月采用Cable-pin系统治疗35例新鲜髌骨下极骨折患者,男19例,女16例;年龄35～74岁,平均51.4岁.致伤原因:交通伤4例,自行摔伤26例,运动伤5例.受伤至手术时间为0～7d,平均2.4d.术中骨折复位后先通过缝合恢复髌骨外形,然后再应用Cable-pin系统进行“8”字固定,必要时加行钢缆环形固定.术后随访观察患者骨折愈合情况和膝关节活动范围,采用Bostman髌骨骨折功能评分标准评定患肢功能. 结果 35例患者术后获平均10.2个月(6～15个月)随访.术后3个月随访无内固定失败患者,术后6个月随访所有患者骨折均获骨性愈合.术后6个月Bostman髌骨骨折功能评分平均为29.4分,其中优29例,良6例,优良率为100％.膝关节稳定性良好,末次随访时关节活动度:伸平均为-0.5°,屈平均为124.0°.所有患者患肢股四头肌肌力为5级.2例患者有皮下触痛,内固定物取出后消失. 结论 Cable-pin系统治疗髌骨下极骨折具有初始稳定性好、术后患者可早期进行功能锻炼及并发症少等特点,临床疗效满意.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.