Residence of College Students Affects Dietary Intake, Physical Activity, and Serum Lipid Levels

Objective Dietary intake, physical activity, and serum lipid levels of college students living on and off campus were compared.Design Subjects completed a questionnaire regarding lifestyle factors and a 3-day food record. Lipid levels were determined.Subjects College students enrolled in an introductory nutrition class.Main outcome measures Energy and nutrient intakes and serum lipid levels.Statistical analyses performed Analysis of variance and Student's t tests were used to determine differences in energy and nutrient intakes and serum lipid levels between men and women living on and off campus; χ² analysis was used to determine whether there were associations between residence and lifestyle factors; stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to investigate relationships among serum lipid levels, nutrient intakes, and exercise levels.Results Of the 104 participants, 81% were women and 19% were men; 51% lived on campus. In women, there was a statistically significant difference in age based on residence. Reported percentage of energy from protein was significantly higher in subjects living off campus. Serum triglyceride level and the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein were also significantly higher in students living off campus.Applications/conclusions Residence may affect serum lipid levels; living arrangements influence lifestyle factors such as food choices, nutrient content of the diet, and activity patterns. University foodservice directors are challenged to offer low-fat foods that students will choose to eat. Nutrition education is important for all students because their lifestyle may predispose them to development of chronic disease. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:35-38.     

Modified eggs are compatible with a diet that reduces serum cholesterol concentrations in humans.

The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines recommend dietary restriction of fat and cholesterol to reduce high circulating cholesterol concentrations in adult Americans. Thus, diet counselors recommend consumption of fewer than four egg yolks per week. The present protocol was designed to determine whether the efficacy of an NCEP diet would be reduced by the incorporation of 12 modified eggs per week, and whether the resulting low fat, high cholesterol diet would increase serum lipid concentrations in adults with initial undesirably high (5.17-7.76 mmol/L) concentrations of serum total cholesterol. Feeding a controlled ration to laying hens produced modified eggs that consistently contained more vitamin E and iodine, and more unsaturated fat, than generic eggs. Subjects were randomly assigned to and NCEP diet including either no whole eggs or 12 whole study eggs a week. Ninety-eight subjects completed the parallel study. Subjects in both groups significantly reduced their serum total, LDL and HDL cholesterol (P < 0.001 for total and LDL cholesterol, P < 0.02 for HDL cholesterol) over the 6 wk of study. No significant differences were found between diet groups. We conclude that the study eggs did not adversely affect measured lipid concentrations when added to a low fat diet that favorably alters lipid profiles in hypercholesterolemic subjects.     

Yoghurt enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus does not lower blood lipids in healthy men and women with normal to borderline high serum cholesterol levels.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether intake of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain L-1 lowers serum cholesterol in healthy men and women. DESIGN: Randomised, placebo-controlled parallel trial. SETTING: Subjects were free-living. Blood sampling and distribution of yoghurts were administered at a local hospital. SUBJECTS: Seventy-eight adult men and women with cholesterol levels of 3.9-7.8 mmol/L (mean +/- s.d., 5.4+/-0.7). INTERVENTIONS: Subjects consumed 500 mL of control yoghurt daily for two weeks. They were then randomly allocated to receive 500 mL per day of control yoghurt or of yoghurt enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus L-1 for another six weeks. The yoghurts were spiked with a trace of lithium; compliance as assessed by plasma lithium was excellent. RESULTS: Energy and nutrient intake was constant, and identical for the two groups. Mean body weight was stable. Baseline blood lipid concentrations in the control and treatment groups were highly similar. The effect of consumption of Lactobacillus acidophilus L-1 vs. control on total cholesterol was -0.02 mmol/L (95% CI, -0.18-0.15) after three weeks and 0.04 mmol/L (95% CI, -0.12-0.20) after six weeks. Serum LDL and HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels were also unaffected. CONCLUSIONS: Yoghurt enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus L-1 does not lower serum cholesterol in men and women with normal to borderline high cholesterol levels.     

Incorporation of Lean Red Meat into a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I Diet: A Long-Term,Randomized Clinical Trial in Free-Living Persons with Hypercholesterolemia

Objective: Clinicians often recommend that intake of all meat, particularly red meat, be reduced in conjunction with a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. This study was designed to determine the long-term effects of lean red meat (beef, veal and pork) compared to lean white meat (poultry and fish) consumption on lipoprotein concentrations in free-living hypercholesterolemic subjects consuming a National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Step I diet.

Methods: A randomized, crossover design was utilized. Hypercholesterolemic men and women (LDL cholesterol between 3.37 and 4.92 mmol/L) (triglycerides <3.96 mmol/L) (n = 145) were counseled to consume ≥80% of their 170 g/d meat intake as either lean red meat or lean white meat for two 36-week phases, separated by a four-week washout period of free meat selection. Subjects were instructed to follow an NCEP Step I diet throughout the study.

Results: There were no significant differences in lipid concentrations between the lean red meat and lean white meat phases. LDL cholesterol was 4.02 ± 0.04 (SEM) and 4.01 ± 0.04 mmol/L in the white and red phases, respectively; this represented a decrease of ～2% from baseline concentrations (p < 0.01). Total cholesterol also declined by 1% from baseline (p < 0.05), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol rose over the study period by ～2% to ～3% from baseline to reach concentrations of 1.37 ± 0.03 mmol/L and 1.38 ± 0.03 mmol/L in the white and red phases, respectively (p < 0.001). Triglycerides were not altered by treatment.

Conclusions: Consumption of lean red meat or lean white meat, as part of an NCEP Step I diet, is similarly effective for reducing LDL cholesterol and elevating HDL cholesterol concentrations in free-living persons with hypercholesterolemia.     

A monounsaturated fatty acid-rich pecan-enriched diet favorably alters the serum lipid profile of healthy men and women

Frequent consumption of nuts is associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. We investigated the effect of pecans rich in monounsaturated fat as an alternative to the Step 1 diet in modifying serum lipids and lipoproteins in men and women with normal to moderately high serum cholesterol. In a single-blind, randomized, controlled, crossover feeding study, we assigned 23 subjects (mean age: 38 y; 9 women, 14 men) to follow two diets, each for 4 wk: a Step I diet and a pecan-enriched diet (accomplished by proportionately reducing all food items in a Step I diet by one fifth for a 20% isoenergetic replacement with pecans). The percentage of energy from fat in the two diets was 28.3 and 39.6%, respectively. Both diets improved the lipid profile; however, the pecan-enriched diet decreased both serum total and LDL cholesterol by 0.32 mmol/L (6.7 and 10.4%, respectively) and triglyceride by 0.14 mmol/L (11.1%) beyond the Step I diet, while increasing HDL cholesterol by 0.06 mmol/L (2.5 mg/dL). Serum apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein(a) decreased by 11.6 and 11.1%, respectively, and apolipoprotein A1 increased by 2.2% when subjects consumed the pecan compared with the Step I diet. These differences were all significant (P < 0.05). A 20% isoenergetic replacement of a Step I diet with pecans favorably altered the serum lipid profile beyond the Step I diet, without increasing body weight. Nuts such as pecans that are rich in monounsaturated fat may therefore be recommended as part of prescribed cholesterol-lowering diet of patients or habitual diet of healthy individuals.     

Diet,lipids and cardiovascular disease in women.

While hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor for coronary heart disease in women, the responses of women and men to low-fat, low-cholesterol diets have not been carefully compared. This report summarizes three studies comparing responses of women and men. First, we evaluated the responses of women and men to public cholesterol screening and enrollment in a nutrition research study. Of the 3401 individuals who presented for initial screening, 56% were women and 44% were men. Of the eligible subjects, women (56%) were less likely than men (66%) to come to a second screening. After the second screening, however, study-eligible women (75%) were slightly more likely than men (67%) to enroll in the study. Next, serum and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) values were compared for 64 women and 99 men in response to an American Heart Association (AHA) diet. Reductions in serum cholesterol (8.8 and 7.3%) and LDL-C (9.4 and 8.8%) were similar in women and men, respectively. Finally, serum lipid responses of 59 women and 87 men to a 12-month clinical trial with an AHA diet and a high-fiber AHA-type diet were compared. Both diets decreased serum cholesterol (10 and 13%) and LDL-C (14 and 18%), respectively, for the combined group of women and men. There were no significant differences between serum lipid responses for women and men. These observations suggest differences between the responses of women and men to screening and enrollment in a research study. However, responses of women and men to cholesterol-reducing diets appear similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Walnuts lower serum cholesterol in Japanese men and women

Recent studies have shown that incorporating moderate quantities of walnuts into the recommended cholesterol-lowering diet in the U.S. decreased serum concentrations of total cholesterol in normal American men. To explore whether walnut consumption would also prove effective as part of the Japanese diet, we studied the effects of walnut consumption on serum lipids and blood pressure in Japanese subjects. We randomly assigned 20 men and 20 women to two mixed natural diets, each to be consumed for 4 wk in a crossover design. Both diets conformed to the average Japanese diet (reference diet) and contained identical foods and macronutrients, except that 12.5% of the energy of the walnut diet was derived from walnuts (43-57 g/d) (offset by lesser amounts of fatty foods, meat and visible fat). Total cholesterol concentration was 0.16 mmol/L lower for men (P = 0.05) and 0.21 mmol/L lower for women (P<0.01) when they consumed the walnut diet than when they consumed the reference diet. The LDL cholesterol concentrations were 0.18 mmol/L lower for men (P = 0.13) and 0.22 mmol/L lower for women (P<0.01) when they consumed the walnut diet. The ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol and the apolipoprotein B concentration were also lowered by the walnut diet (P<0.05). Blood pressures did not differ between the walnut and reference diet periods. Incorporating moderate quantities of walnuts into the average Japanese diet while maintaining the intake of total dietary fat and energy decreases serum total cholesterol concentrations and favorably modifies the lipoprotein profile in Japanese, particularly in women.     

A Softgel Dietary Supplement Containing Esterified Plant Sterols and Stanols Improves the Blood Lipid Profile of Adults with Primary Hypercholesterolemia: A Randomized,Double-Blind,Placebo-Controlled Replication Study

A well-controlled clinical trial previously demonstrated the efficacy of a novel softgel dietary supplement providing 1.8 g/day esterified plant sterols and stanols, as part of the National Cholesterol Education Program Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes diet, to improve the fasting lipid profile of men and women with primary hypercholesterolemia (fasting low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol ≥130 and <220 mg/dL [≥3.37 and <5.70 mmol/L]). The purpose of this randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled crossover study (conducted July 2011 to January 2012) was to support these previous findings in a similar, but independent, sample with a different lead investigator and research site. Repeated measures analysis of covariance was used to compare outcomes for sterol/stanol and placebo treatment conditions using the baseline value as a covariate. Forty-nine subjects were screened and 30 (8 men and 22 women) were randomized to treatment (all completed the trial). Baseline (mean±standard error of the mean) plasma lipid concentrations were: total cholesterol 236.6±4.2 mg/dL (6.11±0.11 mmol/L), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol 56.8±3.0 mg/dL (1.47±0.08 mmol/L), LDL cholesterol 151.6±3.3 mg/dL (3.92±0.09 mmol/L), non-HDL cholesterol 179.7±4.6 mg/dL (4.64±0.12 mmol/L), and triglycerides 144.5±14.3 mg/dL (1.63±0.16 mmol/L). Mean placebo-adjusted reductions in plasma lipid levels were significant (P<0.01) for LDL cholesterol (–4.3%), non-HDL cholesterol (–4.1%), and total cholesterol (–3.5%), but not for triglycerides or HDL cholesterol. These results support the efficacy of 1.8 g/day esterified plant sterols/stanols in softgel capsules, administered as an adjunct to the National Cholesterol Education Program Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes diet, to augment reductions in atherogenic lipid levels in individuals with hypercholesterolemia.     

Comparison of the effects of adding fish high or low in n-3 fatty acids to a diet conforming to the dietary guidelines for Americans

Objective To compare the effects of diets containing high or low amounts of n-3 fatty acids on lipid levels in men.Design A continuous 40-day feeding study was conducted using a 5-day cycle menu. The control diet, which was fed the first 21 days of the trial, contained 32% of energy as fat and 44.4 total dietary fiber per day. Total serum cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TGs) were evaluated 1 day before the trial began and on days 21 and 41.Subjects 17 men aged 21 to 42 years who were free-living individuals with no apparent illnesses of hyperlipidemia.Intervention The treatment diets, which were substituted daily for the regular entrees for the last 19 days of the trial, contained 180 g/day of either farm-raised catfish or wild Alaskan salmon.Statistical analyses performed Serum data were analyzed using analysis of covariance with the initial values as the covariates.Results After 21 days on the control diet, TC and TGs decreased; however, there were no further decreases during the last 19 days when fish was consumed. LDL-C remained unchanged after the first 21 days but was lower than the initial value by day 41. HDL-C levels were similar over the 40 days. There were no significant differences in lipid levels of men who consumed catfish and those who consumed salmon.Applications/conclusions Farm-raised catfish compared favorably to wild Alaskan salmon when incorporated into the total diet in regard to lipid levels in men     

A clinical trial of the American Heart Association step one diet for treatment of hypercholesterolemia

BACKGROUND. Although diet therapy is the primary treatment for hypercholesterolemia, a trial to determine the effectiveness of the new American Heart Association Step One Diet (AHA diet) in lowering cholesterol has to our knowledge never been carried out. METHODS. A clinical trial was conducted to assess the plasma lipids response and adherence to the AHA diet in 120 men and women with hypercholesterolemia. All subjects were advised to follow the AHA diet for 18 weeks. RESULTS. After 6 weeks of the AHA diet intervention, there were modest but significant reductions in plasma total cholesterol (-2.6%) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (-3.5%), but no further significant reductions were observed thereafter. Rather, there was a tendency to return to and even exceed baseline levels of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol over the subsequent 12 weeks, in spite of the subjects' reported continued adherence to the AHA diet and maintenance of weight loss throughout the entire study period. Nevertheless, 51% of the subjects had experienced improvement (-0.2% to -26.3%) in their plasma LDL cholesterol levels by the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS. A probable reason for the limited response of the diet was low baseline levels in intake of saturated fat and cholesterol by participants. The subjects who were older and had higher levels of plasma LDL cholesterol and total fat intake at baseline experienced better plasma LDL cholesterol response to the AHA diet. Thus, practicing physicians should consider assessing the baseline dietary fat and cholesterol intake of patients with hypercholesterolemia before starting the AHA diet, since patients may already be following a relatively prudent self-selected diet. Additional dietary gains in lipid management might well require a more severe restriction of dietary fats and cholesterol. Long-term efficacy of the AHA diet should also be evaluated clinically with periodic lipid profiles.     

Serum lipid response to the graduated enrichment of a Step I diet with almonds: a randomized feeding trial

BACKGROUND: Frequent consumption of nuts may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease by favorably altering serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. OBJECTIVE: We compared the effects of 2 amounts of almond intake with those of a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet on serum lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and glucose in healthy and mildly hypercholesterolemic adults. DESIGN: In a randomized crossover design, 25 healthy subjects (14 men, 11 women) with a mean (+/- SD) age of 41 +/- 13 y were fed 3 isoenergetic diets for 4 wk each after being fed a 2-wk run-in diet (containing 34% of energy from fat). The experimental diets included a Step I diet, a low-almond diet, and a high-almond diet, in which almonds contributed 0%, 10%, and 20% of total energy, respectively. RESULTS: Inverse relations were observed between the percentage of energy in the diet from almonds and the subject's total cholesterol (P value for trend < 0.001), LDL-cholesterol (P < 0.001), and apolipoprotein B (P < 0.001) concentrations and the ratios of LDL to HDL cholesterol (P < 0.001) and of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A (P < 0.001). Compared with the Step I diet, the high-almond diet reduced total cholesterol (0.24 mmol/L or 4.4%; P = 0.001), LDL cholesterol (0.26 mmol/L or 7.0%; P < 0.001), and apolipoprotein B (6.6 mg/dL or 6.6%; P < 0.001); increased HDL cholesterol (0.02 mmol/L or 1.7%; P = 0.08); and decreased the ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol (8.8%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Isoenergetic incorporation of approximately 68 g of almonds (20% of energy) into an 8368-kJ (2000-kcal) Step I diet markedly improved the serum lipid profile of healthy and mildly hypercholesterolemic adults. Total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations declined with progressively higher intakes of almonds, which suggests a dose-response relation.     

Incorporation of lean red meat into a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet: a long-term, randomized clinical trial in free-living persons with hypercholesterolemia

OBJECTIVE: Clinicians often recommend that intake of all meat, particularly red meat, be reduced in conjunction with a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. This study was designed to determine the long-term effects of lean red meat (beef, veal and pork) compared to lean white meat (poultry and fish) consumption on lipoprotein concentrations in free-living hypercholesterolemic subjects consuming a National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Step I diet. METHODS: A randomized, crossover design was utilized. Hypercholesterolemic men and women (LDL cholesterol between 3.37 and 4.92 mmol/L) (triglycerides <3.96 mmol/L) (n = 145) were counseled to consume > or =80% of their 170 g/d meat intake as either lean red meat or lean white meat for two 36-week phases, separated by a four-week washout period of free meat selection. Subjects were instructed to follow an NCEP Step I diet throughout the study. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in lipid concentrations between the lean red meat and lean white meat phases. LDL cholesterol was 4.02+/-0.04 (SEM) and 4.01+/-0.04 mmol/L in the white and red phases, respectively; this represented a decrease of approximately 2% from baseline concentrations (p < 0.01). Total cholesterol also declined by 1% from baseline (p < 0.05), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol rose over the study period by approximately 2% to approximately 3% from baseline to reach concentrations of 1.37+/-0.03 mmol/L and 1.38+/-0.03 mmol/L in the white and red phases, respectively (p < 0.001). Triglycerides were not altered by treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of lean red meat or lean white meat, as part of an NCEP Step I diet, is similarly effective for reducing LDL cholesterol and elevating HDL cholesterol concentrations in free-living persons with hypercholesterolemia.     

Cognitive function in elderly people is influenced by vitamin E status

The aim of this study was to examine associations between vitamin E status and cognitive performance in elderly people. The study subjects were a group of 34 men and 86 women, aged 65-91 y, who were free of significant cognitive impairment. Dietary intake was monitored using a "weighed food record" for 5 consecutive days including a Sunday. Serum levels of alpha-tocopherol and cholesterol were determined by HPLC and colorimetric methods, respectively. The cognitive capacity of subjects was tested using the Pfeiffer's Mental Status Questionnaire (PMSQ). Subjects with vitamin E intakes lower than 50% of those recommended had higher PMSQ scores, demonstrating a greater number of errors in comparison to participants with a greater intake of the vitamin (0.91 +/- 1.22 vs. 0.47 +/- 0.60, respectively, P < 0.05). Subjects who made no errors in the PMSQ test had significantly higher serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations (19.7 +/- 8.6 micromol/L in men and 20.0 +/- 8.4 micromol/L in women) and alpha-tocopherol/cholesterol ratios (3.5 +/- 2.0 micromol/mmol in men 2.9 +/- 1.4 micromol/mmol in women) compared with those who made errors (alpha-tocopherol 15.1 +/- 5.6 micromol/L in men and 14.9 +/- 6.1 micromol/L in women; alpha-tocopherol/cholesterol ratio 2.4 +/- 0.8 and 2.3 +/- 1.3 micromol/mmol in men and women, respectively). This study shows there to be a relationship between vitamin E status and cognitive function, and that vitamin E status could be improved in this population of elderly individuals.     

Serum lipid profiles in Japanese women and men during consumption of walnuts

OBJECTIVE: To determine the serum cholesterol, apolipoproteins and LDL oxidizability in young Japanese women and men during walnut consumption and to evaluate its active principle. DESIGN: Experimental study with a randomized design. SUBJECTS: Twenty healthy women and 20 healthy men. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects were randomly assigned to consume each of two mixed natural diets for 4 weeks in a cross-over design. Reference and walnut diets were designed and the walnut diet had 12.5% of the energy derived from walnuts (44-58 g/day). RESULTS: The total cholesterol and serum apolipoprotein B concentrations, and the ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol was significantly lowered in women and men when fed on the walnut diet, than when on the reference diet (P相似文献   

Effects on blood lipids of a blood pressure-lowering diet: the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial.

BACKGROUND: Effects of diet on blood lipids are best known in white men, and effects of type of carbohydrate on triacylglycerol concentrations are not well defined. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to determine the effects of diet on plasma lipids, focusing on subgroups by sex, race, and baseline lipid concentrations. DESIGN: This was a randomized controlled outpatient feeding trial conducted in 4 field centers. The subjects were 436 participants of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial [mean age: 44.6 y; 60% African American; baseline total cholesterol: < or = 6.7 mmol/L (< or = 260 mg/dL)]. The intervention consisted of 8 wk of a control diet, a diet increased in fruit and vegetables, or a diet increased in fruit, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products and reduced in saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol (DASH diet), during which time subjects remained weight stable. The main outcome measures were fasting total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triacylglycerol. RESULTS: Relative to the control diet, the DASH diet resulted in lower total (-0.35 mmol/L, or -13.7 mg/dL), LDL- (-0.28 mmol/L, or -10.7 mg/dL), and HDL- (-0.09 mmol/L, or -3.7 mg/dL) cholesterol concentrations (all P < 0.0001), without significant effects on triacylglycerol. The net reductions in total and LDL cholesterol in men were greater than those in women by 0.27 mmol/L, or 10.3 mg/dL (P = 0.052), and by 0.29 mmol/L, or 11.2 mg/dL (P < 0.02), respectively. Changes in lipids did not differ significantly by race or baseline lipid concentrations, except for HDL, which decreased more in participants with higher baseline HDL-cholesterol concentrations than in those with lower baseline HDL-cholesterol concentrations. The fruit and vegetable diet produced few significant lipid changes. CONCLUSIONS: The DASH diet is likely to reduce coronary heart disease risk. The possible opposing effect on coronary heart disease risk of HDL reduction needs further study.     

Inverse relation between dietary intake of naturally occurring plant sterols and serum cholesterol in northern Sweden

BACKGROUND: Plant sterols are bioactive compounds, found in all vegetable foods, which inhibit cholesterol absorption. Little is known about the effect of habitual natural dietary intake of plant sterols. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the relation between plant sterol density (in mg/MJ) and serum concentrations of cholesterol in men and women in northern Sweden. DESIGN: The analysis included 37 150 men and 40 502 women aged 29-61 y, all participants in the V?sterbotten Intervention Program. RESULTS: Higher plant sterol density was associated with lower serum total cholesterol in both sexes and with lower LDL cholesterol in women. After adjustment for age, body mass index (in kg/m(2)), and (in women) menopausal status, men with high plant sterol density (quintile 5) had 0.15 mmol/L (2.6%) lower total serum cholesterol (P for trend = 0.001) and 0.13 mmol/L (3.1%) lower LDL cholesterol (P = 0.062) than did men with low plant sterol density (quintile 1). The corresponding figures for women were 0.20 mmol/L (3.5%) lower total serum cholesterol (P for trend < 0.001) and 0.13 mmol/L (3.2%) lower LDL cholesterol (P for trend = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the second epidemiologic study to show a significant inverse relation between naturally occurring dietary plant sterols and serum cholesterol. To the extent that the associations found truly mirror plant sterol intake and not merely a diet high in vegetable fat and fiber, it highlights the importance of considering the plant sterol content of foods both in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and in the dietary advice incorporated into nutritional treatment of patients with hyperlipidemia.     

上海市松江区泗泾地区健康人群血脂水平调查与分析

目的调查泗泾地区人群血脂水平和血脂谱现状,探讨泗泾镇高脂血症发病情况及高脂血症与年龄、血致动脉硬化指数（AIP）水平关系,为血脂异常防治提供客观依据。方法收集2010年4—12月在泗泾医院体检的8098例人员资料,并测定甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）,计算出非高密度脂蚕白胆固醇（non—HDL—C）、AIP,并按不同年龄段进行分组,将各组进行比较分析。结果TC水平最高男性为4．83mmol/L,女性为5．24mmol／L,高水平年龄在61—70岁;TG水平最高男性为2．02mmol/L,女性为1．67mmol／L,年龄在41-70岁：HDL-C最低水平为1．12mmol／L,各年龄段均在合适水平;LDL—C最高男性为2．36mmol／L,女性为2．47mmol／L,年龄在31～70岁．健康人异常脂蛋白血症发生率（按2007年《中国成人血脂异常防治指南》中血脂水平划分方案划1分为TC38．89％、TG32．21％、HDL—C24．92％和LDL—C5．09％。结论该地区健康人TC、TC、HDL—C和LDL—C整体水平明显高于2002年中国营养与健康调查血脂在人群中的水平。血脂谱以异常高TC占首位,依次为TG、HDL—C和LDL—C．高TG血症发生率（32．21％）与高TC血症发生率（38．49％）相差不多,应重视高TG血症防治。     

Estimated Effects of Reducing Dietary Saturated Fat Intake on the Incidence and Costs of Coronary Heart Disease in the United States

Objectives To estimate the effects of reducing dietary saturated fat intake on the incidence and economic costs of coronary heart disease (CHD) in the United States.Design Modeling techniques and data from secondary sources, including the Framingham Heart Study and the second and third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, were used to estimate the effects on CHD incidence and associated costs of reducing dietary saturated fat intake as a percent of total energy by one to three percentage points.Subjects Persons aged 35 to 69 years who have total cholesterol levels of 5.17 rnmol/L or higher and are currently free of CHD.Results Approximately 3 million first-time coronary events are estimated to occur over a 10-year period among persons with total cholesterol levels exceeding 5.17 mmol/L. Reducing saturated fat intake by one to three percentage points would reduce CHD incidence by 32,000 to 99,700 events and yield combined savings in medical expenditures and lost earnings ranging from $4.1 to $12.7 billion over 10 years (estimates in 1993 US dollars).Conclusion Population-based interventions to encourage Americans to reduce dietary intake of saturated fat may prevent tens of thousands of cases of CHD and save billions of dollars in related costs. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96: 127–131.     

Effects of advice on dietary intake and/or physical activity on body composition,blood lipids and insulin resistance following a low-fat,sucrose-containing,high-carbohydrate,energy-restricted diet

Aim To determine the effect of dietary advice in conjunction with advice to increase physical activity on the body composition, blood lipid and insulin profiles in overweight women.

Design A 12-week randomized controlled intervention study. Subjects were assigned to one of four groups: (1) no advice, (2) low-fat, high-carbohydrate (including sucrose) energy-reduced diet, (3) 60 min/day brisk walking, and (4) diet and activity advice as previous.

Subjects Sixty-nine overweight women (mean age 41 years).

Measurements Dietary compliance was assessed by 4-day diet diaries. Activity levels were assessed by Caltrac? accelerator monitors. Anthropometric changes were recorded at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks. Fasting blood samples measuring glucose, insulin, and blood lipids were recorded at baseline and 12 weeks.

Results Group 4 achieved greatest weight loss of 4.2 kg and greatest reduction in waist circumference of 6.5 cm. Groups 2 and 4 decreased the percentage energy from fat by 5.2%. Group 3 increased the percentage energy from fat by 4.0%. Group 4 significantly reduced total cholesterol by 0.45 mmol/l and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol by 0.53 mmol/l.

Conclusion A low-fat, high-carbohydrate, sucrose-containing diet combined with increased physical exercise resulted in greater health benefits than diet or physical activity advice alone.