脑膜瘤MR扩散张量成像研究

目的探讨平均扩散系数(ADC)和各向异性分数(FA)在脑膜瘤诊断中的价值.资料与方法 28例脑膜瘤在治疗前行常规MRI及扩散张量成像(DTI).在T1WI增强、T2WI及FA图上确定肿瘤、水肿、肿瘤邻近及对侧正常白质区.测量、分析这些区域的FA值和ADC值.结果脑膜瘤Ⅰ级:水肿区ADC值高于肿瘤实体区、肿瘤邻近正常白质区及肿瘤对侧正常白质区(P<0.05).肿瘤邻近及对侧白质区FA值高于肿瘤实体区、水肿区(P<0.05).肿瘤实体区与水肿区FA值无显著性差异(P>0.05).脑膜瘤Ⅱ Ⅲ级:水肿区ADC值高于肿瘤实体区、肿瘤邻近及对侧白质区(P<0.05),实体区和肿瘤邻近及对侧白质区ADC值亦有显著性差异(P<0.05).肿瘤邻近白质区FA值高于实体区和水肿区(P<0.05).脑膜瘤Ⅰ级肿瘤实体区、水肿区、邻近白质区ADC值与脑膜瘤Ⅱ、Ⅲ间具有显著性差异(P<0.05),肿瘤邻近白质区FA值亦有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论 ADC图有助于区分肿瘤实体区和水肿区.FA图可清晰显示正常白质纤维和肿瘤的解剖关系,利于术前手术方案制定.结合常规MRI,DTI有助于脑膜瘤良、恶性分级.     

弥散张量成像在高级别胶质瘤与转移瘤中的鉴别诊断价值初探

目的 探讨弥散张量成像(DTI)在高级别胶质瘤与转移瘤中的鉴别诊断价值.方法 收集经手术病理证实13例高级别胶质瘤与13例转移瘤,均做了磁共振DTI,获得平均弥散系数(MD)图及部分各向异性指数(FA)图,分别测定2组肿瘤实质区、囊变坏死区、瘤周区及正常白质区MD值、FA值,分析比较2组肿瘤实质区、囊变坏死区、瘤周区MD值、FA值有无统计学差异.结果 胶质瘤肿瘤实质区、囊变坏死区、瘤周区MD值分别为(0.976±0.171)×10-9mm2/s、(1.92±0.515)×10-9mm2/s、(1.41±0.288)×10-9mm2/s,转移瘤上述3个区MD值分别为(1.12±0.364)×10-9mm2/s、(1.72±0.646)×10-9mm2/s、(1.66±0.164)×10-9mm2/s,2组肿瘤实质区、囊变坏死区MD值比较无统计学差异(P>0.05),胶质瘤瘤周区MD值低于转移瘤(P<0.05);胶质瘤肿瘤实质区、囊变坏死区、瘤周区FA值分别为0.137±0.056、0.084±0.061、0.148±0.090,转移瘤上述3个区FA值分别为0.140±0.0778、0.0702±0.0265、0.126±0.0567,2组肿瘤实质区、囊变坏死区、瘤周区FA值比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05).结论 通过测定瘤周区MD值,DTI有助于高级别胶质瘤与转移瘤的鉴别诊断.     

表观弥散系数在原发颅内恶性淋巴瘤与高级别胶质瘤鉴别诊断中的作用

目的 探讨表观弥散系数(ADC)在原发性颅内恶性淋巴瘤与高级别胶质瘤磁共振鉴别诊断中的作用.方法 回顾性分析经手术和病理证实的12例原发颅内恶性淋巴瘤、15例高级别胶质瘤的常规MRI表现和弥散加权成像(DWI)表现,对照分析肿瘤实质部分ADC值及对侧正常脑组织ADC值.结果 12例原发颅内恶性淋巴瘤,9例为单发,3例为多发.共发现18个病灶,15个病灶肿瘤实质DWI呈均匀高信号,肿瘤实质部分平均ADC值为(0.693±0.134)×10-3 mm2/s,对侧相应正常部位平均ADC值为(0.879±0.118) ×10-3 mm2/s,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).15例高级别胶质瘤,14例单发,1例多发.共发现16个病灶,其中13例合并囊变坏死,病灶肿瘤实质DWI呈稍高或等信号,囊变坏死区呈明 显低信号.肿瘤实质部分平均ADC值为(0.913±0.125)×10-3 mm2/s,对侧相应正常部位平均ADC值为(0.826±0.098) ×10-3 mm2/s.原发颅内恶性淋巴瘤与高级别胶质瘤瘤体实质的平均ADC值在统计学上存在显著差异(P<0.05).结论 DWI表现及ADC值结合常规MRI平扫、增强表现,对颅内原发恶性淋巴瘤与高级别胶质瘤磁共振鉴别诊断具有重要价值.     

DWI结合T2WI在包膜期脑脓肿与囊性转移瘤鉴别诊断中的价值

目的 探讨磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)结合T2WI在包膜期脑脓肿和囊性脑转移瘤鉴别诊断中的价值.方法 回顾性分析经病理或临床随访证实的23例包膜期脑脓肿和24例脑囊性转移瘤患者的MRI常规平扫、增强及DWI检查资料,b值取0、500 s/mm2、1000 s/mm2,根据信噪比(SNR)及图像质量指数(QI)取最佳b值的DWI,分别测量病灶囊变区、囊壁、对侧正常脑组织平均ADC值并计算3项rADC值,两组间采用两独立样本t检验进行统计学分析.结果 包膜期脑脓肿T2WI低信号暗带及靶环征是鉴别囊性转移瘤的MRI特征性表现.取b值1000s/mm2时,脑囊性转移瘤囊变坏死区DWI呈低信号22例,高信号1例,囊变坏死区、囊壁、对侧正常脑组织平均ADC值分别为(0.64±0.14)×10-3mm2/s、(1.56 ±0.17)×10-3mm2/s、(0.79±0.18)×10-3mm2/s,脑囊性转移瘤囊壁rADC值、病灶rADC值、囊液rADC值分别为1.19±0.37、0.48 ±0.25、2.74±0.75.包膜期脑脓肿囊液DWI呈高信号,包膜期脑脓肿囊变区、囊壁、对侧正常脑组织平均ADC值分别为(2.10±0.28)×10-3mm2/s、(1.51±0.09)×10-3mm2/s、(0.81±0.15)×10-3mm2/s,包膜期脑脓肿囊壁rADC值、病灶rADC值、囊液rADC值分别为1.37±0.48、1.49±0.62、0.95±0.50.包膜期脑脓肿与脑囊性转移瘤囊液ADC值、病灶rADC值、囊液rADC值差异均有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01),囊壁ADC值、囊壁rADC值差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 包膜期脑脓肿壁上T2WI特征性的低信号暗带及靶环征有别于囊性转移瘤,b值=1000 s/mm2时囊液DWI、囊液ADC值、病灶rADC值、囊液rADC值能有效反映包膜期脑脓肿与囊性脑转移瘤的不同囊液性质,DWI结合T2WI对包膜期脑脓肿与囊性脑转移瘤的鉴别诊断具有重要价值.     

扩散张量成像对脑脓肿与坏死囊变性胶质瘤的鉴别诊断价值

目的 探讨磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)对脑脓肿与坏死囊变性胶质瘤的鉴别诊断价值.资料与方法 回顾性分析2例经手术病理、3例经临床复查证实的脑脓肿和10例经手术病理证实的坏死囊变性胶质瘤.所有病例均行常规MR平扫、增强及DTI检查.构建表观扩散系数(ADC)图和各向异性分数(FA)图.测量病灶的坏死囊变区及其周围水肿区的ADC和FA值,计算其平均值,并行组间统计学分析.结果 脑脓肿脓腔扩散加权图像(DWI)表现为高信号者4例,低信号1例;胶质瘤坏死囊变区DWI表现为高信号者1例,混杂信号1例,低信号8例.脓腔、胶质瘤坏死囊变区ADC平均值分别为(0.79±0.11)×10-3 mm2/s、(2.38±0.28)×10-3 mm2/s,二者之间ADC值差异有统计学意义(t=6.45,P＜0.01).胶质瘤与脑脓肿周围水肿区ADC值分别为(1.65±0.13)×10-3 mm2/s、(1.94±0.17)×10-3 mm2/s,二者之间差异有统计学意义(t=1.98,P＜0.05).在FA图上,脓腔、胶质瘤坏死囊变区均表现为低信号,FA值分别为0.17±0.06、0.11±0.03,二者差异有统计学意义(t=2.42,P＜0.05),二者周围水肿区FA值分别为0.21±0.04、0.19±0.08,二者之间差异无统计学意义(t=1.13,P＞0.05).结论 DTI通过构建DWI图、ADC图和FA图能有效反映脓肿与坏死囊变性胶质瘤的不同液态性质.绝大多数脑脓肿的脓腔在DWI图上表现为高信号,ADC图上为低信号,而胶质瘤坏死囊变区则与之相反;脑脓肿周围水肿ADC值高于胶质瘤瘤周水肿.DTI对脑脓肿与坏死囊变性胶质瘤的鉴别诊断具有重要价值.     

表观扩散系数和各向异性分数在星形细胞瘤良恶性鉴别中的作用

目的 评价磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)参数表观扩散系数(ADC)与各向异性分数(FA)在星形细胞瘤良恶性鉴别中的作用.方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的32例星形细胞瘤.根据分级将其分为良性组(Ⅰ+Ⅱ级)15例与恶性组(Ⅲ+Ⅳ级)17例.对照术前T2WI与增强T1WI,在DTI上测量肿瘤实质区、肿瘤坏死区、水肿区.DTI测量参数包括:ADC与FA.比较不同区域的DTI参数问的差异以及与良性与恶性组间的差异.获得数据用均数±标准差表示,使用单因素方差检验.以P＜0.05为具有统计学差异.结果 肿瘤实质、中心坏死区、瘤周水肿区在ADC图上为高信号,FA图上为低信号.2组间肿瘤实质区[分别为(1363.21±361.02)×10-6mm2/s和(1053.72 ±212.81)x 10-6mm2/s,F=9.06,P=0.005]与瘤周水肿区[分别为(1535.50±163.21)×10-6mm2/s和(1785.00 ±124.65)×10-6mm2/s,F=22.79,P=0.000]的ADC值则有统计学意义.2组问中心坏死区的ADC值无统计学差异[分别为(1995.30±497.51)× 106mm2/s和(1630.22±633.43)×10-6mm2/s,F=0.27,P=0.61].FA值则仅在瘤周水肿区(分别为0.17±0.04和0.12 ±0.02,F=17.79,P=0.000)具有差异.结论 ADC、FA值可用来鉴别星形细胞瘤的良恶性,ADC值有较好的鉴别能力.瘤周水肿在DTI鉴别良恶性星形细胞瘤中具有重要作用.     

表观弥散系数在高级别胶质瘤与急性期脑梗死鉴别诊断中的应用

目的探讨表观弥散系数(ADC值)在高级别胶质瘤与急性期脑梗死鉴别诊断中的应用。方法回顾性分析经手术和病理证实的18例高级别胶质瘤及正规及时溶栓治疗的28例急性期脑梗死的常规磁共振表现和弥散加权成像(DWI)表现,对照分析高级别胶质瘤实性部分、急性期脑梗死灶中心部分及对侧正常脑组织ADC值。结果 18例高级别胶质瘤患者共发现20个病灶,其中11例病灶内合并有出血、坏死和囊变,肿瘤实质部分呈稍高信号,囊变坏死区呈明显低信号,肿瘤实质部分平均ADC值为(0.92±0.12)×10-3mm2/s,对侧相应正常部位平均ADC值为(0.79±0.09)×10-3mm2/s,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),急性期脑梗死在DWI上表现为高或稍高信号,其ADC值明显低于对侧相应区域,平均ADC值为(0.69±0.10)×10-3mm2/s,高级别胶质瘤实性部分与急性期脑梗死平均ADC值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 DWI表现及ADC值对高级别胶质瘤与急性期脑梗死磁共振鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

磁共振扩散加权成像在肝脓肿诊断中的价值

目的:探讨肝脓肿的磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)影像特征,提高其影像诊断水平.方法:回顾性分析20例患者中30个肝脓肿的常规磁共振扫描加动态增强扫描及DWI图像,表观扩散系数(ADC)值定量分析肝脓肿的脓腔、脓肿壁及周围正常肝组织.结果:ADC图上,30个肝脓肿的脓腔中24个呈明显低信号,2个等信号,4个明显高信号,ADC值为(0.69～2.62)×10-3 mm2/s.30个肝脓肿中,8个未见明显脓肿壁形成; 22个脓肿壁在DWI图像上呈多样信号,在ADC图上均呈稍高信号,平均ADC值为(1.70 ± 0.23)×10-3 mm2/s.结论:肝脓肿的脓腔在DWI上常表现为明显高信号,ADC值较低;但部分脓腔ADC值较高,与肿瘤囊变坏死区难以鉴别;脓肿壁在ADC图上呈稍高信号的影像学特征有助于其诊断和鉴别诊断.     

DWI和ADC值测量在颅内囊性病变鉴别诊断中的价值

目的:评价DWI与ADC值对颅内囊性病变的鉴别诊断价值以及相关的生物物理学机制.方法:经手术病理证实的脑脓肿20例、囊变坏死性脑肿瘤50例、表皮样囊肿20例和蛛网膜囊肿35例,在术前均接受了常规MRI和DWI检查.结果:脑脓肿在DWI上表现为明显的高信号,ADC值为(0.67±0.178)×10-3mm2/s;脑肿瘤囊变坏死灶在DWI上表现为明显的低信号,ADC值为(2.48±0.156)×10-3mm2/s,脑脓肿ADC值明显低于脑肿瘤囊变坏死灶ADC值(P<0.01).表皮样囊肿在DWI上表现为明显的高信号,ADC值为(1.19±0.157)×10-3mm2/s;蛛网膜囊肿在DWI上表现为明显的低信号,ADC值为(3.01±0.321)×10-3mm2/s,表皮样囊肿ADC值明显低于蛛网膜囊肿ADC值(P<0.01).结论:DWI和ADC值测量可有效鉴别脑脓肿与囊变坏死性脑肿瘤;DWI和ADC值测量能有效鉴别表皮样囊肿和蛛网膜囊肿.     

3．0T弥散张量成像FA值和ADC值在颅脑恶性星形细胞瘤中的运用

目的：探讨磁共振弥散张量成像FA值和ADC值在颅脑恶性星形细胞瘤中的应用价值。方法：收集经手术及组织病理学证实的恶性星形细胞瘤患者14例,术前行常规MRI平扫、DTI检查、增强扫描及1H-MRS检查,工作站自动生成各向异性指数图（FA图）及表观弥散系数图（ADC图）,定义肿瘤实质区为最高Cho／Cr和Cho／NAA比值、异常强化、T2WI信号异常区;定义瘤体边缘为Cho／Cr和Cho／NAA比值异常、无强化、T2WI信号异常区;定义瘤周水肿区为正常MRS表现、无强化、T2WI信号异常区;定义正常白质区为正常MRS表现、无强化、T2WI信号正常区（肿瘤同侧或对侧）;分别测量上述区域的FA1—4值、ADC1—4值,分析比较上述4个区FA值、ADC值有无统计学差异。结果：肿瘤实质区、瘤体边缘、瘤周水肿区及正常白质区平均FA值为FA1：0．1822±0．0583,FA2：0．2947±0．0786,FA3：0．1769±0．0942,FA4：0．6668±0．0817。肿瘤实质区、瘤体边缘、瘤周水肿区与正常自质区比较差异有高度显著性（P=0．000）,瘤体边缘与肿瘤实质区、瘤周水肿区之间差异有高度显著性（P〈0．005）,肿瘤实质区与瘤周水肿区差异无显著性（P〉0．05）;平均ADC值为ADC1：11．132±4．101,ADC2：11．175±2．983,ADCB：14．939±2．857,ADCA：7．265±0．914（单位10^-3mm^2／s）。瘤体实质部、肿瘤边缘及瘤周水肿区与正常脑白质区ADC值差异有高度显著性（P〈0．005）;瘤体实质部、肿瘤边缘与瘤周水肿区差异有高度显著性（P〈0．005）;而瘤体实质部与肿瘤边缘差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：FA值和ADC值对高级别星形细胞瘤浸润范围的划定有重要价值。     

A monitoring,feedback, and triggering system for reproducible breath-hold MR imaging

A technique is described that provides improved reproducibility of breath-holding for MR image acquisition by monitoring the superior-inferior (S/I) position of the diaphragm. The method incorporates detection of the level of inspiration using an MR signal, rapid display to the patient of diaphragm position to enable breath-hold adjustment, and triggering of image data acquisition once appropriate position is attained. The response time of the system is short, approximately 10 ms. Studies in six volunteers using this method demonstrate a considerable decrease in the S/I range of diaphragm position over 10 consecutive periods of suspended respiration. The mean range is 1.3 mm with the system, while it is 8.3 mm without using it is expected that this method will be of assistance in many abdominal and cardiothoracic studies that use breath-hold techniques.     

DSA功能性参数的提取与利用

本文介绍了在临床实际中利用功能性参数，对冠状动脉ＤＳＡ心肌血流灌注成像、冠状动脉血流量测定、左心室功能测定、肺动脉高压程度的评价等项目研究结果。重点讨论了提取ＤＳＡ功能性参数的一般方法，认为功能性参数在现代影像诊断学中的作用是对疾病做出程度、定量、动态及功能诊断。     

RARE spiral T2-weighted imaging

Spiral imaging has a number of advantages for fast imaging, including an efficient use of gradient hardware. However, inhomogeneity-induced blurring is proportional to the data acquisition duration. In this paper, we combine spiral data acquisition with a RARE echo train. This allows a long data acquisition interval per excitation, while limiting the effects of inhomogeneity. Long spiral k-space trajectories are partitioned into smaller, annular ring trajectories. Each of these annular rings is acquired during echoes of a RARE echo train. The RARE refocusing RF pulses periodically refocus off-resonant spins while building a long data acquisition. We describe both T₂-weighted single excitation and interleaved RARE spiral sequences. A typical sequence acquires a complete data set in three excitations (32 cm FOV, 192 × 192 matrix). At a TR = 2000 ms, we can average two acquisitions in an easy breath-hold interval. A multifrequency reconstruction algorithm minimizes the effects of any off-resonant spins. Though this algorithm needs a field map, we demonstrate how signal averaging can provide the necessary phase data while increasing SNR. The field map creation causes no scan time penalty and essentially no loss in SNR efficiency. Multiple slice, 14-s breath-hold scans acquired on a conventional gradient system demonstrate the performance.     

Echo-Time-Encoded Burst Imaging (EBI): A Novel Technique for Spectroscopic Imaging

A new technique for rapid spectroscopic imaging is presented. The proposed experiment enables a complete mapping of the two-dimensional reciprocal space k_x, k_o, and thus the acquisition of a 1D spectroscopic image in a single scan. The properties of the pulse sequence, based on the use of a burst of low flip angle pulses, are analyzed in the framework of linear response theory, and it is shown that chemical shift information may be introduced into the spatially encoded echoes. First experimental results are presented demonstrating that 32 x 32 proton spectroscopic images may be acquired within less than 1 min with a conventional imaging system.     

Fast imaging of phosphocreatine in the normal human myocardium using a three-dimensional RARE pulse sequence at 4 Tesla

PURPOSE: To investigate the use of a three-dimensional rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) pulse sequence for direct acquisition of phosphocreatine (PCr) images of the human myocardium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A short elliptical birdcage radiofrequency (RF) body coil was constructed to produce a uniform flip angle throughout the chest cavity. In vivo images using a spectrally-selective RARE sequence with a spatial resolution of 1.2 cm x 1.2 cm x 2.5 cm (4 cm(3)) were acquired in nine minutes and 40 seconds. RESULTS: Scans of phantoms demonstrated excellent spectral selectivity. The signal-to-noise ratio in the myocardium ranged from 12.6 in the anterior wall to 5.3 in the mid septum. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that PCr data can be acquired using a three-dimensional RARE sequence with greater spatial and temporal resolution than spectroscopic techniques.     

Current Status of Optical Imaging for Evaluating Lymph Nodes and Lymphatic System

Optical imaging techniques use visual and near infrared rays. Despite their considerably poor penetration depth, they are widely used due to their safe and intuitive properties and potential for intraoperative usage. Optical imaging techniques have been actively investigated for clinical imaging of lymph nodes and lymphatic system. This article summarizes a variety of optical tracers and techniques used for lymph node and lymphatic imaging, and reviews their clinical applications. Emerging new optical imaging techniques and their potential are also described.     

Simultaneous multislice (SMS) imaging techniques

Simultaneous multislice imaging (SMS) using parallel image reconstruction has rapidly advanced to become a major imaging technique. The primary benefit is an acceleration in data acquisition that is equal to the number of simultaneously excited slices. Unlike in‐plane parallel imaging this can have only a marginal intrinsic signal‐to‐noise ratio penalty, and the full acceleration is attainable at fixed echo time, as is required for many echo planar imaging applications. Furthermore, for some implementations SMS techniques can reduce radiofrequency (RF) power deposition. In this review the current state of the art of SMS imaging is presented. In the Introduction, a historical overview is given of the history of SMS excitation in MRI. The following section on RF pulses gives both the theoretical background and practical application. The section on encoding and reconstruction shows how the collapsed multislice images can be disentangled by means of the transmitter pulse phase, gradient pulses, and most importantly using multichannel receiver coils. The relationship between classic parallel imaging techniques and SMS reconstruction methods is explored. The subsequent section describes the practical implementation, including the acquisition of reference data, and slice cross‐talk. Published applications of SMS imaging are then reviewed, and the article concludes with an outlook and perspective of SMS imaging. Magn Reson Med 75:63–81, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society of Medicine in Resonance.     

Dynamic bioluminescence imaging for quantitative tumour burden assessment using IV or IP administration of <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-luciferin: effect on intensity,time kinetics and repeatability of photon emission

Introduction In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a promising technique for non-invasive tumour imaging. d-luciferin can be administrated intraperitonealy or intravenously. This will influence its availability and, therefore, the bioluminescent signal. The aim of this study is to compare the repeatability of BLI measurement after IV versus IP administration of d-luciferin and assess the correlation between photon emission and histological cell count both in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods Fluc-positive R1M cells were subcutaneously inoculated in nu/nu mice. Dynamic BLI was performed after IV or IP administration of d-luciferin. Maximal photon emission (PE_max) was calculated. For repeatability assessment, every acquisition was repeated after 4 h and analysed using Bland–Altman method. A second group of animals was serially imaged, alternating IV and IP administration up to 21 days. When mice were killed, PE_max after IV administration was correlated with histological cell number. Results The coefficients of repeatability were 80.2% (IV) versus 95.0% (IP). Time-to-peak is shorter, and its variance lower for IV (p < 0.0001). PE_max was 5.6 times higher for IV. A trend was observed towards lower photon emission per cell in larger tumours. Conclusion IV administration offers better repeatability and better sensitivity when compared to IP. In larger tumours, multiple factors may contribute to underestimation of tumour burden. It might, therefore, be beneficial to test novel therapeutics on small tumours to enable an accurate evaluation of tumour burden. Marleen Keyaerts is a Ph. D. fellow of the Research Foundation—Flanders (Belgium; FWO).     

Temporal resolution improvement in dynamic imaging

In some dynamic imaging applications, only a fraction, 1/n, of the field of view (FOV) may show considerable change during the motion cycle. A method is presented that improves the temporal resolution for a dynamic region by a factor, n, while maintaining spatial resolution at a cost of √n in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Temporal resolution is improved, or alternatively, total imaging time is reduced by reducing the number of phase encodes acquired for each temporal frame by 1/n. To eliminate aliasing, a representation of the signal from the static outer portion of the FOV is constructed using all the raw data. The k-space data derived from this representation is subtracted from the original data sets, and the differences correspond to the dynamic portion of the FOV. Improved resolution results are presented in phantom studies, and in vivo phase contrast quantitative flow imaging.