Graves病患者外周血可溶性CD28分子含量测定及其临床意义

目的探讨Graves病患者外周血可溶性CD28(sCD28)表达水平的临床意义及其与甲状腺功能相关指标的相关性。方法采用双单克隆抗体(单抗)夹心法分析Graves病患者外周血的sCD28含量;化学发光免疫分析法检测甲状腺功能指标FT3、FT4、sTSH的浓度;ELISA法测定外周血促甲状腺素受体抗体(TRAb)含量,并分析sCD28与各指标的相关性。结果 Graves患者外周血中sCD28含量(3.34±0.62)ng/mL与健康对照组(0.76±0.21)ng/mL差异显著(t=11.56,P<0.01);Ⅰ度、Ⅱ度和Ⅲ度甲状腺肿大及突眼症患者sCD28浓度分别为(1.74±0.12)ng/mL、(2.64±0.37)ng/mL,(5.14±1.79)ng/mL和(4.71±1.52)ng/mL,与健康对照组相比,差异均具有统计学意义(t分别为27.89,29.56,18.02,19.04,P均<0.01)。Graves患者sCD28表达水平与FT3、FT4和TRAb含量均呈显著正相关(r分别为0.663、0.624和0.728,P均<0.01),与sTSH含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.726,P<0.01)。结论 sCD28表达水平与Graves病有关。     

甲巯咪唑治疗Graves病的临床疗效及预后研究

目的探讨甲巯咪唑治疗Graves病的临床疗效,分析影响Graves病的复发因素。方法选择186例Graves病患者为研究对象,均予甲巯咪唑进行治疗,根据用药后的治疗效果将患者分为缓解组、复发组和未停药组。采用化学发光法检测血清游离甲状腺素3（FT3）、游离甲状腺素4（FT4）、敏感促甲状腺激素（sTSH）、抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TgAb）、抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPOAb）,采用酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）法检测抗促甲状腺素受体抗体（TRAb）,采用ELISA双抗体夹心法检测CXC趋化因子配体10（CXCL10）。采用Logistic回归分析Graves病的复发因素。结果缓解组患者血清FT3、FT4、TgAb、TPOAb、TRAb及CXCL10明显低于复发组和未停药组（P〈0.05）,sTSH明显高于复发组和未停药组（P〈0.05）。甲状腺大小、TRAb水平及FT3/FT4值为治疗后复发的危险因素（P〈0.05）。结论甲硫咪唑可在一定程度上缓解Graves病的症状,但发病初甲状腺明显肿大、TRAb水平高、FT3/FT4比值高的患者,停药后复发风险较大。     

Graves病患者^131I治疗前后甲状腺抗体变化的临床意义

目的探讨Graves病患者在^131I治疗前后血清促甲状腺激素受体抗体（TRAb）、甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TGAb）和甲状腺微粒体抗体（TMAb）水平动态变化的临床意义。方法115例Graves病患者,均给予口服^131I治疗,治疗前常规检测血清TRAb、TGAb、TMAb及游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）、游离甲状腺素（FT4）、促甲状腺激素（TSH）水平,服^131I后3、6、12个月各复查一次,按^131I治疗前TRAb、TGAb、TMAb的水平分组：A组69例,TRAb、TGAb、TMAb均为阳性;B组46例,TRAb阳性,TGAb、TMAb均为阴性;TRAb采用放射受体分析法检测,TGAb、TMAb、FT3、FT4、TSH均采用放射免疫分析法检测。结果服^131I治疗后12个月,A、B组治愈率分别为87．0％（60／69）、76．1％（35／46）,差异有统计学意义（χ^=13．92,P〈0．01）;甲状腺功能减退发生率分别为24．6％（17／69）和6．5％（3／46）,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=12．15,P〈0．01）。结论^131I治疗Graves病可以降低患者甲状腺自身抗体水平,促使其自身免疫状态得以改善和恢复。     

甲状腺功能检测在评价动脉栓塞治疗Graves病疗效中的应用

[目的]探讨血清FT3、FT4、sTSH测定对评价甲状腺动脉栓塞治疗Graves病疗效的临床意义.[方法]应用全自动化学发光免疫分析法测定33例Graves病患者动脉栓塞治疗前、治疗后3 d,2周,4周及40例正常人FT3、FT4、sTSH含量.[结果]33例Graves病患者行甲状腺动脉栓塞术治疗前血清FT3、FT4均显著高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）,sTSH显著低于正常对照组（P〈0.01） 栓塞治疗3d后FT3明显下降（P〈0.01）,2周达正常水平（P〉0.05） 栓塞治疗2周后FT4明显下降,sTSH明显升高（P〈0.01）,4周后均达正常水平（P〉0.05）.[结论]甲状腺动脉栓塞是治疗Graves病行之有效的方法,动态监测血清FT3、FT4、sTSH水平变化可作为其临床疗效观察及预后判断的指标.     

新诊断Graves病患者肝功能异常的临床观察

目的了解新诊断Graves病患者肝功能异常的发病率,分析其与甲状腺激素及抗体水平的关系。方法对102例新诊断Graves病患者用药前进行甲状腺功能、甲状腺自身抗体及肝功能等检查,剔除病毒性肝炎、脂肪肝等其他病因引起的肝功能异常患者,按肝功能正常与否分为正常组和异常组。结果 102例新诊断Graves病患者合并肝功能异常者41例,发生率为40.2%,肝功能异常组游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）、游离四碘甲原氨酸（FT4）及促甲状腺受体抗体（TRAb）水平明显高于肝功能正常者（P〈0.001）,而促甲状腺素（TSH）、TGAb两组间比较差异无统计学意义。结论新诊断Graves病患者合并肝功能异常发病率高,与患者的甲状腺激素水平、TRAb水平密切相关。     

Graves病131I治疗后对sTSH检测受抑制的因素探讨

目的 格雷夫氏病(Graves病)131I治疗后,复查甲状腺功能,探讨部分病人超敏促甲状腺素(sTSH)检测结果受抑制的影响因素.方法 笔者对门诊Graves病174例131I治疗后12个月时回访,即复查血清游离T3 (FT3)、游离T4(FT4)、sTSH及促甲状腺素受体抗体(TRAb),并根据sTSH是否恢复正常分组比较.结果 sTSH恢复正常组,其TRAb水平19.8(5.6～39.7) mIU/L;sTSH受抑制组,其TRAb水平57.2(25.8～180.7)mIU/L,两者差异有统计学显著性意义(P＜0.01).结论 131I治疗Graves病后,部分病人sTSH受抑制,可能与促甲状腺素受体抗体水平有关.     

Graves病对骨矿物质代谢的影响

目的 通过骨密度测定以及骨代谢指标检测技术了解，甲状腺功能亢进性骨病的特征，探讨Graves病对骨矿物质代谢的影响。方法 测定96例Graves病患者和35例正常对照者的血清FT3、FT4、TSH浓度、血清骨钙素(BGP)、血钙、血磷、尿羟脯胺酸(HOP)浓度和骨密度(DMD)。结果 Graves病患者组血清FT3、FT4浓度高于正常对照组(O＜0．01)；血清BGP、尿HOP浓度与血清FT3浓度呈正相关(r＝0．35，P＜0．05；r＝0．34，P＜0．05)，明显高于缓解组和正常对照组(P&;lt;0．01)；血钙、血磷浓度均高于正常对照组(P＜0．01)；患者组L2-4、股骨颈、Ward‘s三角和大转子的骨密度均低于正常对照组(P＜0．01)；患者骨量丢失发生率为41％(39／96)。结论 Graves病可导致骨矿物质代谢紊乱，并发骨量丢失和骨质疏松，应早发现及时治疗。     

Graves病患者131I治疗前后甲状腺抗体变化的临床意义

目的 探讨Graves病患者在131I治疗前后血清促甲状腺激素受体抗体(TRAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)和甲状腺微粒体抗体(TMAb)水平动态变化的临床意义.方法 115例Graves病患者,均给予口服131I治疗,治疗前常规检测血清TRAb、TGAb、TMAb及游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平,服131I后3、6、12个月各复查一次,按131I治疗前TRAb、TGAb、TMAb的水平分组:A组69例,TRAb、TGAb、TMAb均为阳性;B组46例,TRAb阳性,TGAb、TMAb均为阴性;TRAb采用放射受体分析法检测,TGAb、TMAb、FT3、FT4、TSH均采用放射免疫分析法检测.结果 服131I治疗后12个月,A、B组治愈率分别为87.0%(60/69)、76.1%(35/46),差异有统计学意义(x2=13.92,P＜0.01);甲状腺功能减退发生率分别为24.6%(17/69)和6.5%(3/46),差异有统计学意义(x2=12.15,P＜0.01).结论 131I治疗Graves病可以降低患者甲状腺自身抗体水平,促使其自身免疫状态得以改善和恢复.     

Graves病患者血清25(OH)D水平及其与甲状腺激素和自身抗体的相关性

目的 探讨25-羟维生素D[25(OH)D](一种评价体内维生素D水平的主要指标)水平对Graves病(GD)患者甲状腺激素及自身抗体的影响.方法 对30例GD病患者的血清25(OH)D、促甲状腺素受体抗体(TRAb)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平进行检测,并与20例健康人群的25(OH)D水平作对照.分析GD患者血清25(OH)D水平与FT3、FT4、TSH、TRAb的相关性.结果 GD组血清25(OH)D水平明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).30例GD患者中,维生素D缺乏和不足28例(93.33％),其中维生素D缺乏患者的血清25(OH)D、TSH水平均较维生素D不足患者明显下降(P均＜0.01),TRAb、FT3及FT4均较维生素D不足患者明显上升(P＜均0.01).GD患者血清25(OH)D 水平与TSH呈正相关(r=0.381,P＜0.05),与FT4(r=-0.64,P＜0.01)、FT3(r=-0.73,P＜0.01)、TRAb(r=-0.58,P＜0.01)均呈负相关.结论 GD患者普通存在维生素D缺乏和不足,其水平与甲状腺激素水平及甲状腺自身免疫反应密切相关.     

Graves病相关性肾损害的研究

目的探讨Graves病与肾损害的关系。方法收集127例Graves病患者,按照有无肾损害分为损害组(n=27)和未损害组(n=100)。采用西门子ADVIA2400全自动生化分析仪检测血清三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(TF4)、促甲状腺素(TSH)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)和甲状腺过氧化酶抗体(TPOAb),采用西门子CENTAUR XP化学发光免疫分析仪检测促甲状腺受体抗体(TRAb)。结果肾损害组与未损害组的FT3、FT4、TGAb、TPOAb水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05),TRAb水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05);年龄、性别与肾损害率无关(P0.05);血清FT3、FT4、TGAb、TPOAb水平与肾损害率无关(P0.05);血清TRAb越高,肾损害率越高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 Graves病相关肾损害与免疫因素有关;TRAb可能参与了Graves病肾损害的进程。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.