舒张早期左心室流入血流色阶差的二维彩色多普勒超声研究

目的 应用二维彩色多普勒色阶差方法检测左室流入速度梯度，了解其在评价心脏病患者左室舒张功能异常中的实用性。方法 使用自制左室流入彩色多普勒图像分析系统，自动计算舒张早期沿左室流入彩色多普勒血流的色阶差数据，计算左室流入血流的平均压力阶差（IVPG）与彩色血流色阶奇异值（color singular value，CSV）。结果 心肌梗死、扩张型心肌病、冠心病各组的IVPG较对照组显著减低，CSV显著增高（P〈0．001）。结论 左室舒张早期二维血流色阶差方法能够较全面地反映舒张早期左室血流的速度梯度变化，客观体现左室整体舒张功能的变化。     

彩色M型多普勒测血流播散速率评价左室舒张功能

目的探讨彩色Ｍ型多普勒对判断左室舒张功能的价值。方法用彩色Ｍ型多普勒检测３２例高血压冠心病、２６例扩张型心肌病患者和４０例正常对照者的左室舒张期血流播散速率（ＲＦＰ）和血流播散时间（ＴＦＰ）等指标。结果高血压冠心病和扩张型心肌病不仅Ｅ、Ａ、Ｅ／Ａ比值、ＤＴ出现异常,其ＲＦＰ和ＴＦＰ也呈明显异常（Ｐ＜０．００１）,且在扩张型心肌病Ｅ／Ａ＞１时,ＲＦＰ和ＴＦＰ进一步异常。结论ＲＦＰ和ＴＦＰ无伪正常现象,其评价左室舒张功能较二尖瓣血流类型更可靠     

应用M—型彩色多普勒测量舒张早期左室内血流传播速度—评价？…

研究表明应用Ｍ型彩色多普勒测量的左室内血流传播速度与左室弛缓有关。为研究该方法的临床应用价值，本研究应用Ｍ型彩色多普勒测量了９５例下落空，３２例高血压，３０例冠心病，１０例扩张型心肌病和７例肥厚型心肌病患者的左室内舒张早期血流传播速度。     

彩色M-型多普勒评价左室舒张功能的临床研究

目的　探讨应用 M-型彩色多普勒测量左室内血流播散速度评价左室舒张功能的临床价值。方法　研究 6 0例扩张型心肌病患者和 6 0例正常人的左室舒张早期血流播散速度 (Vp)和 E峰与 Vp的比值 (E/ Vp)等指标。结果　扩张型心肌病患者不论是 E/ A>1还是 E/ A≤ 1,其 Vp和 E/ Vp与正常对照组相比均明显异常 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　 Vp和 E/ Vp无伪正常充盈现象 ,其评价左室舒张功能较二尖瓣血流频谱更可靠。     

M型彩色多普勒超声评价左心室舒张功能的临床研究

目的　探讨彩色M型彩色多普勒超声评价左心室舒张功能的价值及准确性。方法　利用多普勒超声对 40例正常人和门控心血池造影后 3h内的 40例心脏疾病患者左心室舒张早期血流推进速度 (Vp)及二尖瓣环舒张早期运动速度 (E)进行测量 ;其中心肌梗死 2 2例 ,扩张性心肌病 10例 ,心肌炎 8例 ,均经核素检查存在舒张功能障碍。结果　①心脏疾病患者Vp测值均较正常人低 ( P <0 .0 1) ,其中 ,12例患者二尖瓣血流频谱E/A≥ 1(假性正常组 ) ,Vp测值较正常人亦明显降低。②心脏疾病组Vp值与门控心血池造影舒张功能指标峰充盈率 (PFR)及二尖瓣环舒张早期运动速度E相关分析 ,发现与二者呈明显相关 ( r =0 .83 ,0 .80 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论　M型彩色多普勒测定Vp可准确评价左室舒张功能变化 ,且对二尖瓣血流频谱的假性正常化可进行鉴别。     

应用彩色M型多普勒测量舒张早期左室流入道血流传播速度评价冠心病患者左室舒张期功能

目的 :用彩色M型多普勒测量舒张早期左室流入道血流传播速度评价冠心病患者左室舒张功能并鉴别二尖瓣“假性正常”的充盈类型。方法 :选择 5 9例冠心病患者及 3 0例正常人 ,根据二尖瓣血流频谱形态和临床资料分为四组。第1组频谱形态正常型 ( 2 >E/A >1) ;第 2组松弛受损型 (E/A <1) ;第 3组假性正常型 ( 2 >E/A >1) ;第 4组限制型 (E/A≥ 2 )。均与正常组对照。应用彩色M型多普勒测定舒张早期血流传播速度 ,同时用脉冲Doppler测二尖瓣口的血流速度频谱。结果 :血流传播速度在冠心病各组内呈进行性减低 ( P <0 .0 1) ,截断点为 45cm/s。结论 :彩色M型多普勒测量血流传播速度能无创、简便、准确地评价左室舒张功能 ,无假阴性。对二尖瓣血流频谱“假性正常”者具有鉴别价值     

脉冲多普勒估测左室舒张功能

本文通过应用二维一脉冲多普勒超声心动图对48例高血压冠心病和36例扩张型心肌病患者与38例健康人的二尖瓣血流频谱进行比较,以探讨舒张功能减退影响因素和机理。     

彩色及脉冲多普勒检测肺静脉血流评价左室舒张功能

高血压性心脏病,冠心病及肥厚性心肌病是左室舒张功能障碍最常见及主要原因。常规方法检测由此而致的舒张功 能障碍不能正确评价,尤其是中及重度患者,易出现假性正常。我们近年来在常规检测方法的基础上采用彩色及脉冲多普勒检测肺静脉血流评价左室舒张功能,取得了满意效果。现总结如下: 病例选择 本院门诊及住院冠心病、高血压性心脏病,肥厚性心肌病患者,剔除瓣膜性心脏病及肺静脉血流显示不清晰者,共154例,其中男98例,女56例,年龄50～89岁,平均年龄为64.2岁。     

彩色室壁运动技术评价左室舒张功能--ICK软件定量分析

目的 应用定量彩色室壁运动技术（ICK）定量评价左室局部与整体不同程度的舒张功能减低。 方法 在42例高血压和／或冠心病患者、16例扩张型心肌病患者和18例年龄匹配的正常对照组中留取CK图像和二尖瓣及肺静脉多普勒血流频谱。测定左室短轴乳头肌水平各节段舒张期前1／3的心内膜位移面积百分比及其偏差（1／3RFAC及1／3RFAC—sd）以评价有舒张功能异常患者的舒张期心内膜位移时相的延迟和位移不协调性。 结果 随着舒张功能的减低，1／3RFAC值逐渐减低，1／3RFAC—sd值增大。 结论 CK能相对直接地评价舒张功能。尤其对鉴别二尖瓣血流频谱呈假性正常的患者意义显著。采用ICK定量分析软件可以将CK图像定量分析。     

彩色多普勒超声心动图评价房颤病人左室舒张功能

目的探讨房颤病人左室舒张功能障碍的彩色多普勒超声心动图检测方法.方法 36例心脏病病人,其中高血压性心脏病病人16例,7例合并房颤.扩张性心肌病20例,合并房颤者9例;对照组38例,其中孤立性房颤者8例.取心尖四腔心切面,将多普勒取样容积分别置于二尖瓣瓣口,距二尖瓣瓣口1 cm、2 cm、3 cm处,测量二尖瓣血流E峰流速,计算舒张早期左室内血流播散速度的离散.结果正常人及孤立性房颤者,左室舒张早期血流速度在左室内保持不变.与对照组比较,高血压性心脏病病人和扩张性心肌病病人合并房颤者,左室舒张早期血流速度在左室内随传播距离的加大而递减,不合并房颤者,甚至具有正常二尖瓣血流频谱模式者,这种递减现象仍然存在.结论左室舒张功能早期血流速度的离散是评价房颤及二尖瓣血流频谱假性正常化病人左室舒张功能障碍的方法之一.     

Assessment of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function by Doppler tissue imaging in patients with preinfarction angina.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was assessment of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function by pulsed wave Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) in patients with or without preinfarction angina in acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 31 consecutive patients (4 women, 27 men; age 58 +/- 10 years) with a first acute myocardial infarction. LV systolic and diastolic function was assessed by classic methods and DTI on the third day during acute myocardial infarction. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presence (group 1; n = 10) or absence (group 2; n = 21) of preinfarction angina. Mitral inflow velocities and early diastolic mitral annular velocity (Em), late diastolic mitral annular velocity (Am), peak systolic mitral annular velocity, Em/Am, the ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity (E) to Em, and myocardial performance index were calculated by DTI. RESULTS: Group 1 had significantly higher Em and Em/Am than group 2 (11.3 +/- 3.34 cm/s vs 7.4 +/- 2.07 cm/s, P <.0001; 1.01 +/- 0.38 cm/s vs 0.6 +/- 0.2 cm/s, P =.001, respectively). The E/Em ratio and myocardial performance index were significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 (5.1 +/- 2.92 vs 8.10 +/- 3.15, P=.018; 0.49 +/- 0.15 vs 0.65 +/- 0.24, P =.042, respectively). Wall-motion score index was lower in those with preinfarction angina than in those without (1.6 +/- 0.36 vs 1.9 +/- 0.39; P =.04, respectively). Peak systolic mitral annular velocity and Am were not statistically different between groups (9.4 +/- 1.84 vs 8.3 +/- 2.03, P =.172; 11.7 +/- 3.07 vs 12.1 +/- 3.34, P =.72, respectively). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding transmitral E velocity, atrial contraction mitral inflow velocity (A), E/A ratio, isovolumetric relaxation time, and deceleration time of the mitral E wave (P =.91, P =.08, P =.58, P =.81, and P =.71, respectively). CONCLUSION: LV diastolic function was better in patients with preinfarction angina than in patients without. This condition could not be detected by conventional mitral inflow Doppler velocities, but could be detected by DTI. This preliminary evidence shows that DTI is better than conventional mitral Doppler indices in the assessment of a favorable LV diastolic function in patients with preinfarction angina.     

Diagnosis of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction by Doppler echocardiography

Left ventricular(LV) diastolic dysfunction with preserved LV systolic function is common among patients with hypertension, especially with LV hypertrophy. Doppler echocardiography is one of the most useful clinical tools for the evaluation of diastolic function. Mitral inflow and pulmonary venous flow velocities are used not only for the assessment of diastolic function but also for predicting prognosis. Recently, tissue Doppler echocardiography has been also applied to evaluate diastolic function. Accurate assessment of diastolic function has been demonstrated by measuring both mitral annulus and mitral inflow velocity. In this article, We review the diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction by Doppler echocardiography using mitral inflow velocity, pulmonary venous flow velocity and mitral annulus velocity measured by tissue Doppler imaging.     

An evaluation of the use of new Doppler methods for detecting longitudinal function abnormalities in a pacing-induced heart failure model.

BACKGROUND: Doppler tissue echocardiography and color M-mode Doppler flow propagation velocity have proven useful in evaluating cross-sections of patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, but experience with serial changes is limited. Purpose and methods: We tested their use by evaluating the temporal changes of LV function in a pacing-induced congestive heart failure model. Rapid ventricular pacing was initiated and maintained in 20 dogs for 4 weeks. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and weekly during brief pacing cessation. RESULTS: With rapid pacing, LV volume significantly increased and ejection fraction (57%-28%), stroke volume (37-18 mL), and mitral annulus systolic velocity (16.1-6.6 cm/s) by Doppler tissue echocardiography significantly decreased, with ejection fraction and mitral annulus systolic velocity closely correlated (r = 0.706, P <.0001). In contrast to the mitral inflow velocities, mitral annulus early diastolic velocity decreased steadily (12.3-7.3 cm/s) resulting in a dramatic decrease in mitral annulus early/late (1.22-0.57) diastolic velocity with no tendency toward pseudonormalization. The color M-mode Doppler flow propagation velocity also showed significant steady decrease (57-24 cm/s) throughout the pacing period. Multiple regression analysis chose mitral annulus systolic velocity (r = 0.895, P <.0001) and propagation velocity (r = 0.782, P <.0001) for the most important factor predicting LV systolic and diastolic function, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Doppler tissue echocardiography and color M-mode Doppler flow could evaluate the serial deterioration in LV dysfunction throughout the pacing period. These were more useful in quantifying progressive LV dysfunction than conventional ehocardiographic techniques, and were probably relatively independent of preload. These techniques could be suitable for longitudinal evaluation in addition to the cross-sectional study.     

Assessment of Global Left Ventricular Function in Normal Children and in Children with Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A Doppler index combining systolic and diastolic time intervals (Tei index) has been reported to be useful for assessing global left ventricular (LV) function and predicting clinical outcome in adult patients with LV dysfunction. However, normal values in children and age-related changes in the index have not yet been clarified. The aim of this study was to prospectively determine normal values of the Tei index and the effect of aging on the index in children and to assess the global cardiac function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with this index. The subjects included 161 consecutive normal children aged 30 days to 18 years and 5 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. The Tei index was defined as the sum of the isovolumetric contraction time and the isovolumetric relaxation time divided by the ejection time and was measured from conventional LV outflow and inflow Doppler velocity profiles. The Tei index correlated significantly with the logarithm of age (r = 0.51, P <. 001). The index decreased with aging until 3 years and then did not change after age 3 years. The Tei index in children under age 3 years (0.40 +/- 0.09, n = 80) was significantly higher than that in children ranging in age from 3 to 18 years old (0.33 +/- 0.02, n = 81). The index in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (0.78 +/- 0. 28) was markedly increased compared with that in normal subjects. Age-related changes in the Tei index may reflect maturational or developmental alterations in the LV properties in infants. The data in this study give basic information for further quantitative assessment of global cardiac function in children with congenital or acquired heart disease.     

Usefulness of early diastolic flow propagation velocity measured by color M-mode Doppler technique for the assessment of left ventricular diastolic function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Flow propagation velocity (FPV) of left ventricular (LV) filling flow has been shown to be a useful index for the evaluation of LV diastolic function, which is relatively independent of preload in myocardial infarction and dilated cardiomyopathy, but the usefulness of FPV for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has not yet been determined. In 23 HCM patients and 26 control subjects, peak transmitral flow velocities in early diastole (E) and during atrial contraction (A), E/A ratio, deceleration time of E velocity, and isovolumic relaxation time were measured with the conventional Doppler technique, and FPV was measured from color M-mode Doppler images of LV filling flow. The time constant of LV isovolumic pressure decay (tau) was measured by a micro-manometer-tipped catheter in all HCM patients and 13 control subjects. Flow propagation velocity was significantly lower and deceleration time was significantly greater in HCM patients than in the control subjects, though no significant differences were observed in the other noninvasive indexes. Tau was significantly prolonged in HCM patients compared with that of control subjects (54+/-12 cm/s and 32 +/-7 cm/s, respectively; P<.0001). While the conventional indexes did not correlate with tau among the 36 patients in whom invasive studies were performed, FPV correlated well with tau (r = -0.76, P<.0001). Flow propagation velocity is a useful noninvasive index for the assessment of LV diastolic function in patients with HCM.     

Differences in left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction between patients with cerebral hemorrhage and those with cerebral infarction

Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and dysfunction due to hypertension have been established as risk markers for stroke in hypertensive patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in LV hypertrophy and dysfunction between patients with cerebral hemorrhage and those with cerebral infarction. The study enrolled 23 hypertensive patients with cerebral infarction, 25 hypertensive patients with cerebral hemorrhage, and 24 normotensive controls (controls). Standard echocardiography was performed; LV mass index was measured to evaluate LV hypertrophy, and conventional diastolic transmitral flow velocities were measured to assess LV diastolic function, which was also evaluated by measuring mitral annular velocities using tissue Doppler echocardiography. The Tei index, which reflects both the diastolic and systolic function of LV, was also calculated. The LV mass index and Tei index were significantly higher in cerebral hemorrhage (116 +/- 38 g/m(2) and 0.57 +/- 0.13) than those in controls (92 +/- 20 g/m(2) and 0.46 +/- 0.10) (p < 0.05). In contrast, the LV mass index and Tei index in cerebral infarction (100 +/- 27 g/m(2) and 0.46 +/- 0.12) were not different from those in controls. Thus, the Tei index was significantly worse in the patients with cerebral hemorrhage than in those with cerebral infarction (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the parameters, which reflect diastolic function, showed no significant differences between cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction. These results indicate that LV hypertrophy and dysfunction due to hypertension are more apparent in patients with cerebral hemorrhage than in those with cerebral infarction.     

组织多普勒显像评价二尖瓣置换术后左心室功能

目的 探讨应用组织多普勒显像(TDI)评价二尖瓣置换(MVR)术后左室功能的临床价值.方法 45例接受MVR术后3个月以上患者为病例组,根据心律分为心房颤动组和窦性心律组,并选取30例正常人为对照组.应用常规超声心动图测量左房室腔大小、机械瓣口流速、射血分数等指标;应用TDI测量心尖四腔观二尖瓣环间隔处和侧壁处运动收缩期峰值速度(Sm)、舒张期峰值速度(Em)、等容舒张时间(IVRT);计算E/Em.结果 ①与对照组相比,MVR组二尖瓣环Sm、Em均明显减低,IVRT延长(P＜0.001),但窦性心律组与心房颤动组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);②MVR组E/Em较对照组明显增高,二者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001),且E/Em与IVRT呈正相关;以E/Em＞15.0为最佳截断值,评价左室舒张功能变化的敏感性为91.11%,特异性为90.32%,ROC曲线下面积为0.9548±0.0402.结论 TDI能够准确评价MVR后左室功能,E/Em作为一种评价心肌舒张和左室充盈压的量化指标可以评价MVR术后患者左室舒张功能.     

多普勒组织成像对高血压左心室肥厚患者左心室舒张功能的评价

目的 应用多普勒组织成像（DTI）技术评价高血压左心室肥厚患者左心室舒张功能，并与二尖瓣血流频谱作对比。方法 研究对象为35例临床与超声诊断的高血压左心室肥厚患者（高心组）和20例正常人（对照组）。采用心尖四腔观，选取室间隔中段，左室侧壁中段，二尖瓣环-室间隔交界处、二尖瓣环一侧壁交界处为取样点，分别显示各部位组织的运动情况，并测量心肌收缩峰速度（Vs）、心肌舒张早期峰值速度（Ve）、舒张晚期峰值速度（VA）及VE与VA比值（VE/VA）。常规测量二尖瓣血流频谱，与DTI参数作对比。结果 与对照组相比，高心组室间隔中段，侧壁中段、二尖瓣环VE、VE/VA均显著下降，各部位VE/VA均与二尖瓣血流频谱E/A之间存在高度相关性；DTI对高血压左心室肥厚患者左心室舒张功能异常的诊断灵敏度高于二尖瓣血流频谱。结论 DTI技术可以定量评价高血压左心室肥厚患者的左心室舒张功能，并且比常规脉冲波多普勒二尖瓣血流参数更加敏感。