Clenbuterol in the prevention of muscle atrophy: a study of hindlimb-unweighted rats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the administration of clenbuterol, a beta2-adrenergic agonist, prevents loss of muscle mass during a period of imposed inactivity. DESIGN: Randomized trial. SETTING: Basic laboratory research. ANIMALS: Thirty Fischer 344 Brown Norway F1 Hybrid rats, 12 and 30 months of age. INTERVENTIONS: The rats were randomly assigned to a control group, or to 1 of 2 experimental groups: hindlimb unweighted for 2 weeks (HU-2), or hindlimb unweighted with daily injections of clenbuterol for 2 weeks (HU-2Cl). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Muscle mass weighed in milligrams and single fiber cross-sectional area histochemically evaluated. RESULTS: In both age groups, the HU-2 animals had greater muscle atrophy (decrease in muscle mass) in the soleus muscle than the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. In the HU-2Cl groups, the decline in muscle mass of both the soleus and EDL muscles was attenuated by about 4% to 20%. In the HU-2 group, single fiber cross-sectional area decreased for both fiber types (type I, 20%-40%; type II, 37%-50%) in both age groups. Clenbuterol retarded the inactivity-induced decline in single fiber cross-sectional area by 12% to 50%. In the EDL muscles of the HU-2Cl group, we found hypertrophy in both fiber types in the 30-month-old animals and in type I fibers in the 12-month-old animals. CONCLUSIONS: Clenbuterol attenuated the decrease in muscle mass and single fiber cross-sectional area in both age groups. By preventing the loss of muscle mass, clenbuterol administered early in rehabilitation may benefit severely debilitated patients imposed by inactivity. The attenuated muscle atrophy found with clenbuterol in the present study provides cellular evidence for the reported change in muscle strength after its administration after knee surgery. Thus, the administration of clenbuterol may lead to a more rapid rate of rehabilitation.     

The effects of non-weight bearing on skeletal muscle in older rats: an interrupted bout versus an uninterrupted bout

Age-related changes in skeletal muscle, in combination with bed rest, may result in a poorer rehabilitation potential for an elderly patient. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of non-weight bearing (hind limb unweighting [HU]) on the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) in older rats. Two non-weight bearing conditions were used: an uninterrupted bout of HU and an interrupted bout of HU. Twenty-one rats were randomly placed into 1 of 3 groups: control, interrupted HU (2 phases of 7 days of HU, separated by a 4-day weight-bearing phase) and an uninterrupted HU (18 uninterrupted days of HU). Following non-weight bearing, the soleus and EDL muscles were removed. Fiber type identification was performed by myofibrillar ATPase and cross-sectional area was determined. The findings suggest that any period of non-weight bearing leads to a decrease in muscle wet weight (19%-45%). Both type I and type II fibers of the soleus showed atrophy (decrease in cross-sectional area, 35%-44%) with an uninterrupted bout of non-weight bearing. Only the type II fibers of the soleus showed recovery with an interrupted bout of weight bearing. In the EDL, type II fibers were more affected by an uninterrupted bout of non-weight bearing (15% decrease in fiber size) compared to the type I fibers. EDL type II fibers showed more atrophy with interrupted bouts of non-weight bearing than with a single bout (a 40% compared to a 15% decrease). This study shows that initial weight bearing after an episode of non-weight bearing may be damaging to type II fibers of the EDL.     

Gonadectomy and reduced physical activity: effects on skeletal muscle

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of testosterone (TST) loss on skeletal muscle contractile function and the potential interactive effects of TST loss and physical inactivity. DESIGN: Randomized control trial. ANIMALS: Forty-eight male rats (age, 6mo) were placed into control (Con) or gonadectomized (Orx) groups. INTERVENTION: Two weeks after Orx or sham surgery, half the Con and Orx rats were hind-limb unloaded (HLU) to reduce muscle activity for 2 weeks. Subsequently, in situ contractile function tests were performed on the soleus (SOL), plantaris (PLAN), peroneus longus (PER), and extensor digitorum longus (EDL). These 4 muscles and gastrocnemius (GAST) then were removed, weighed, sectioned, and stained with adenosine triphosphatase for fiber typing and fiber area measures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Peak tetanic tension (P(0)), time to peak twitch contraction (TPT), half relaxation time (RT(1/2)), muscle mass, fiber area, and specific tension (ratio of P(0)/muscle mass). RESULTS: Body weight and muscle mass were similar in the Con and Orx groups. The ratio of P(0) to muscle mass was significantly (p <.05) reduced with Orx in SOL (20%), PLAN (18%), PER (28%), and EDL (20%). TPT and RT(1/2) were significantly faster after Orx in PLAN, PER, and EDL. HLU significantly reduced muscle mass in SOL, PLAN, and GAST in Orx and intact groups. HLU also caused a significant decline in SOL and PLAN P(0). The loss in P(0) in the Orx-HLU rats was no greater than the decline in P(0) with HLU alone. CONCLUSIONS: Gonadectomy results in a loss of P(0) regardless of muscle fiber type or function, it is likely to speed up TPT and RT(1/2), and it does not exacerbate HLU-related atrophy and P(0) loss. Findings may have implications for men with reduced TST levels, as in aging, for instance.     

Effects of controlled mechanical ventilation on respiratory muscle contractile properties in rabbits

OBJECTIVE: We examined in rabbits the effects of more than 48 h of mechanical ventilation on the contractile properties and fiber type adaptations of the respiratory muscles. DESIGN AND SETTING: Experimental prospective study in a university laboratory. ANIMALS AND INTERVENTIONS: Nineteen rabbits were randomly allocated to two groups: control (n=10) or mechanically ventilated (MV; n=9) for 51+/-3 h. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Respiratory muscles contractile properties were analyzed before and after a fatigue protocol using in vivo isometric 1-s tetanic contraction characteristics in both muscles: peak tetanic force, contraction time, relaxation time, and total contraction time. Both muscle fiber type proportions, diameter, and cross-sectional areas were measured using ATPase staining. The MV rabbits showed significant weight loss in both muscles, accompanied by a reduced peak tetanic force (9.96+/-3.2 vs. 7.44+/-2.2 N for diaphragm of control and MV animals respectively), fatigue resistance index, and increased relaxation time (57.5+/-8.7 vs. 85.8+/-9.4 ms for diaphragm of control and MV animals) and contraction time. These impairments in the MV group worsened after the fatigue runs. Both muscle showed a significant atrophy of type IIa and IIb fibers but a stability in type I fibers cross-sectional area. CONCLUSIONS: Mechanical ventilation in rabbits produces alterations in contractile properties of the diaphragm and 5th external intercostal muscle, increases both muscles fatigue, and promotes atrophy of type II fibers.     

Effect of early low-intensity exercise on rat hind-limb muscles following acute ischemic stroke

This study examined the effects of daily low-intensity exercise following acute stroke on mass, Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area, and myofibrillar protein content of hind-limb muscles in a rat model. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups (n = 7-9 per group): stroke (occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery [RMCA]), control (sham RMCA procedure), exercise, and stroke-exercise. Beginning 48 hours post-stroke induction/sham operation, rats in the exercise group had 6 sessions of exercise in which they ran on a treadmill at grade 10 for 20 min/day at 10 m/min. At 8 days poststroke, all rats were anesthetized and soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius muscles were dissected from both the affected and unaffected sides. After 6 sessions of exercise following acute ischemic stroke, the stroke-exercise group showed the following significant (p < .05) increases compared to the stroke-only group: body weight and dietary intake, muscle weight of affected soleus and both affected and unaffected gastrocnemius muscle, Type I fiber cross-sectional area of affected soleus and both affected and unaffected gastrocnemius muscle, Type II fiber cross-sectional area of the unaffected soleus, both affected and unaffected plantaris and gastrocnemius muscle, Type II fiber distribution of affected gastrocnemius muscle, and myofibrillar protein content of both affected and unaffected soleus muscle. Daily low-intensity exercise following acute stroke attenuates hind-limb muscle atrophy in both affected and unaffected sides. The effects of exercise are more pronounced in the soleus and gastrocnemius as compared to the plantaris muscle.     

Histochemical and morphologic changes in skeletal muscle following cervical cord injury: a study of upper and lower motor neuron lesions.

The effects of upper and lower motor neuron lesions on human skeletal muscles and muscle spindles were studied using histochemical and morphometric techniques. In the lower motor neuron lesions, the muscle fibers showed group atrophy, fiber type grouping and target fibers. The muscle spindle demonstrated thickening of the capsule, degeneration of the nuclear chain fibers, targeting and splitting of the bag fibers. In the upper motor neuron lesion, the muscles showed group atrophy with histochemical evidence of preferential type II fiber involvement. Histometrics, however, failed to demonstrate type II fiber atrophy but showed hypertrophy of type I fibers. The muscle spindles only showed increased number of intrafusal fibers.     

Effects of short duration static stretching on the denervated and reinnervated soleus muscle morphology in the rat

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of short duration static stretching of denervated and reinnervated muscle using a histochemical study on the soleus muscle of the rat. DESIGN: Prospective randomized trial. SETTING: University medical school in Japan. ANIMALS: Fifty-four 8-week-old female Wistar rats with a mean weight +/- standard deviation of 185.8+/-9.9g. INTERVENTIONS: After a cold injury was applied to the rat right sciatic nerve, the bilateral soleus muscles were maximally stretched in the dorsiflex posture of the ankle joints for 40 minutes a day, 6 times a week (group S). Rats were compared with nonstretched rats (group D) for up to 4 weeks.Main outcome measures Muscle fiber cross-sectional areas, muscle fiber types, and sciatic nerve morphology. RESULTS: No apparent difference in the morphologic changes of the sciatic nerve was found between groups D and S. The mean fiber size progressively declined to a minimum 2 weeks after the injury and reversed in the following weeks. At weeks 1 and 2, the mean type I fiber size in group S was significantly larger than in group D (P<.05). The number ratio of the type II to total fibers increased until 3 weeks in group D, whereas the ratio in group S was increased at 2 weeks, and successively decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanical stimuli of static stretching could prevent atrophy of the type I fibers in the denervated muscle and affect the reinnervated muscle fiber-type composition.     

Spatial patterns of atrophied muscle fibers during exercised recovery

The effect of run training during the recovery period on the spatial distributions of fiber type was examined in atrophic soleus muscle of adult rats following 28 days of hindlimb suspension. During recovery, clusters of damaged and type IIC fibers were observed, which were more pronounced in the exercised animals than in both exercised and nonexercised control groups. The results indicate that exercise during recovery following suspension-induced hindlimb muscle atrophy produces changes in the soleus fiber-type cross-sectional area, both absolute and relative. These changes were not seen in the sedentary recovery group or in control rats exposed to the same exercise regimen. The author concludes that this treatment, unlike neurogenic pathologies, does not cause any remodeling during recovery, in the sense of changed adjacency relations among fiber types.     

低频电刺激对坐骨神经损伤大鼠不同类型骨骼肌萎缩及内源性胰岛素样生长因子1表达的影响

背景:低频电刺激可以缓解骨骼肌的萎缩,但对肌纤维类型的影响尚不清楚,同时内源性胰岛素样生长因子1在萎缩后的肌纤维中的表达与电刺激的关系尚无公识。目的:观察低频电刺激对坐骨神经损伤大鼠不同类型骨骼肌纤维萎缩情况及内源性胰岛素样生长因子1表达的影响。方法:将健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组,切断模型组和电刺激组大鼠左侧坐骨神经制备失神经支配模型,适应5d后,对电刺激组大鼠损伤侧腓肠肌施以2Hz的电刺激,2次/d,每次持续20min,正常组和模型组常规饲养。30d后,取大鼠腓肠肌腹部,检测其肌纤维直径和数量;免疫组织化学法检测肌组织中胰岛素样生长因子1的水平。结果与结论:失神经支配后,大鼠腓肠肌Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维直径减小,Ⅰ型肌纤维数比例增大。与模型组比较,电刺激组大鼠腓肠肌Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维直径有所增大,尤以Ⅰ型肌纤维直径增大更明显(P<0.05)。同时,电刺激组大鼠腓肠肌中胰岛素样生长因子1的表达也明显高于模型组(P<0.05)。提示,2Hz的电刺激可促进胰岛素样生长因子1的表达,减轻Ⅰ型肌纤维的萎缩。     

Study of skeletal muscle glycogenolysis and glycolysis in chronic steroid myopathy, non-steroid histochemical type-2 fiber atrophy, and denervation

OBJECTIVE: Muscle biopsies from chronic steroid (glucocorticoid) myopathy, non-steroid histochemical type-2 fiber atrophy, and muscle denervation patients were studied to determine if their glycogen contents, or enzymes involved in glycogenolysis and glycolysis might be related to their fiber atrophy. DESIGN AND METHODS: Fast frozen muscle biopsies from the above patients and from patients later judged by histochemistry to be normal were assayed enzymatically for glycogen content, for enzymes involved in glycogenolysis, and for 6 of the enzymes involved in glycolysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All three groups of patients had glycogen content, but only the chronic steroid myopathy muscle had statistically less glycogen content than did normal human muscle. All 3 groups had statistically low mean values compared to normal muscles for glycogen phosphorylase activity. This suggests that the biosynthesis and phosphorolysis of glycogen are not involved in muscle fiber atrophy, and glucocorticoid administration does not activate muscle glycogen biosynthesis. Histochemical type-2 fiber atrophy muscles were low compared to normal muscles in three glycogenolysis enzyme activities plus four glycolysis enzyme activities. Muscles from denervation patients were low compared to normal muscles in three glycogenolysis enzyme activities plus five glycolysis enzyme activities. This suggests that muscle denervation may lower the rate of glycolysis enough to fail to provide sufficient pyruvate for mitochondrial ATP biosynthesis, resulting in insufficient protein biosynthesis in both fiber types.     

Triamcinolone and prednisolone affect contractile properties and histopathology of rat diaphragm differently.

Diaphragm atrophy and weakness occur after administration of massive doses of corticosteroids for short periods. In the present study the effects of prolonged administration of moderate doses of fluorinated and nonfluorinated steroids were investigated on contractile properties and histopathology of rat diaphragm. 60 rats received saline, 1.0 mg/kg triamcinolone, or 1.25 or 5 mg/kg i.m. prednisolone daily for 4 wk. Respiratory and peripheral muscle mass increased similarly in control and both prednisolone groups, whereas triamcinolone caused severe muscle wasting. Maximal tetanic tension averaged 2.23 +/- 0.54 kg/cm2 (SD) in the control group. An increased number of diaphragmatic bundles in the 5-mg/kg prednisolone group generated maximal tetanic tensions < 2.0 kg/cm2 (P < 0.05). In addition, fatigability during the force-frequency protocol was most pronounced in this group (P < 0.05). In contrast, triamcinolone caused a prolonged half-relaxation time and a leftward shift of the force-frequency curve (P < 0.05). Histological examination of the diaphragm showed a normal pattern in the control and 1.25-mg/kg prednisolone group. Myogenic changes, however, were found in the 5-mg/kg prednisolone group and, more pronounced, in the triamcinolone group. Selective type IIb fiber atrophy was found in the latter group, but not in the prednisolone groups. In conclusion, triamcinolone induced type IIb fiber atrophy, resulting in reduced respiratory muscle strength and a leftward shift of the force-frequency curve. In contrast, 5 mg/kg prednisolone caused alterations in diaphragmatic contractile properties and histological changes without fiber atrophy.     

不同强度有氧训练对轻中度慢性阻塞性肺疾病的作用

目的:比较不同强度有氧训练对轻中度稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者肺的通气功能和运动耐力的影响。方法:将60例轻中度稳定期COPD患者随机分为高强度(峰值功率的70%)有氧训练组20例、低强度(峰值功率的50%)有氧训练组20例、对照组20例,所有患者训练前后均进行心肺运动试验(CPET)评估,高强度与低强度有氧训练组均进行8周训练,每周3次,高强度训练组每次训练4组,每组以5min训练、5min休息的间歇训练模式进行,共40min。低强度训练组每次持续训练20min。结果:训练前3组间的测试持续时间、峰值功率、峰值通气量、峰值摄氧量及无氧阈均无差异(P>0.05)。训练后各指标差值(训练后-训练前)比较,3组间测试持续时间、峰值功率、峰值摄氧量的差值(训练后—训练前)两两比较均有差异(P<0.05),高强度组明显增加;对照组与低强度组间的峰值通气量(VE)差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),但均与高强度组有差异(P<0.05);无氧阈值(AT)仅高强度组比对照组明显增高(P<0.05)。结论:与低强度持续有氧训练相比,高强度间歇有氧训练可以明显提高轻中度稳定期COPD患者肺的通气功能及运动耐力。     

脓毒症对不同类型骨骼肌蛋白降解率的影响及其机制初探

目的：厂家脓毒症时不同类型骨骼肌蛋白降解率的变化,分析其可能的机制。方法：大鼠腹腔注射内毒素制成脓毒症模型,随机分为攻击后2、6、12和24小时组,每组设正常对照;利用骨骼肌充分氧供离体孵育系统,采用氨基酸全谱分析仪测定毒症大量伸趾长肌（EDL）和比目鱼肌（SOL）蛋白降解率。用放射免疫分析（RIA）方法测定大鼠血浆中糖皮质激素含量。结果：内毒素攻击后大鼠EDL总蛋白降解率和肌纤维蛋白降解率在2和6小时较正常对照组明显增加,肌纤维蛋白九解率增加1－2倍,6小时达峰值,12和24小时均无明显变化。大鼠SOL总蛋白降解率和肌纤维蛋白解率在内毒素攻击后均未见显著变化。内毒素攻击后不同时间点血浆糖皮质激素含量较正常对照组均显著增加（P均＜0．01）。EDL肌纤维蛋白降解率与血浆糖皮质激素含量呈显著正相关（r＝0．982,P＜0．01）。结论：不同类型骨骼肌对脓毒症刺激的反应不同,快同纤维对脓毒平刺激比慢红肌纤维敏感;血浆中糖皮质激素浓度增加是导致脓毒症骨骼肌蛋白降解增强的重要因素之一。     

盆底康复锻炼对产妇盆底肌肉肌电活动及盆底功能的影响

目的:探讨产后盆底康复锻炼对盆底肌肉肌电活动、盆底功能的影响。方法:选取140例产妇,根据是否于产后6周接受盆底康复锻炼分为康复组83例(给予生物电刺激+生物反馈治疗)、对照组57例(患者不愿意接受产后盆底功能康复治疗),对比2组产妇产后6周及3个月时的盆底肌电生理指标、盆腔器官脱垂定量(POP-Q)分度。结果:产后6周时,康复组盆底Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类肌纤维的肌电位均值与对照组比较差异无统计学意义;产后3个月,康复组盆底Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类肌纤维的肌电位均值均显著高于对照组(均P0.05),康复组的盆底Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类肌纤维的疲劳值均显著小于对照组(均P0.05);产后3个月,康复组的C点距离、D点距离均显著大于对照组(均P0.05);产后3个月,康复组的PFIQ-7、PISQ-12评分均显著高于对照组(均P0.05)。结论:产后盆底康复锻炼对盆底肌肉肌电活动、盆底功能恢复具有积极作用。     

Muscle fiber characteristics in postmenopausal women with normal or impaired glucose tolerance.

OBJECTIVE: Muscle fiber characteristics are altered in type 2 diabetes. We studied whether these alterations also exist in impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and whether they are determinants of insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in postmenopausal women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Percutaneous muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle were obtained from 77 postmenopausal women aged 57-59 years: 50 women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and 27 with IGT. The IGT group had a reduced insulin sensitivity compared with the NGT group (euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp) (P = 0.003). RESULTS: The groups did not differ in muscle fiber composition, as judged by the percentage of type I, IIa, or IIx fibers. In contrast, the IGT group had increased size of the IIa (mean +/-SD 3,776+/-987 vs. 3,078+/-862 microm2, P = 0.002) and IIx fibers (2,730+/-1,037 vs. 2,253+/-672 microm2, P = 0.017). There was a trend for the capillary diffusion areas (the muscle area supplied by each capillary) to be larger in the IGT group for the IIa (1,132+/-286 vs. 1,013+/-240 microm2, P = 0.061) and IIx fibers (1,020+/-246 vs. 906+/-240 microm2, P = 0.058). In the entire group, insulin sensitivity correlated with the size of the type IIa fibers (r = -0.28, P = 0.013), but not with the percentages of muscle fiber types. In a multiple regression, insulin sensitivity was determined by body fat content and HDL cholesterol level, while the size of the IIa fibers was not included in the model. Glucose tolerance was independently predicted by the number of capillaries/type I fiber, as well as by insulin sensitivity and triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that although muscle fiber composition is not altered, women with IGT have larger type IIa and IIx muscle fibers and a trend for increased capillary diffusion areas for these fibers, compared with women with NGT. In the entire group, insulin sensitivity was determined mainly by body fat content, while muscle fiber capillarization may be of importance for glucose tolerance.     

腓肠肌肌球蛋白收缩功能在有氧训练后的变化

背景:已有实验证实长期耐力训练能导致肌纤维及其肌球蛋白重链异形体由快型向慢型转变,但对于运动训练中肌球蛋白重链异形体mRNA的变化仍有待进一步的实验观察与验证。目的:观察跑台训练对雄性SD大鼠腓肠肌肌球蛋白收缩功能的影响。设计:随机对照动物实验。单位:西安交通大学医学实验中心。材料:选用40只生后7周雄性SD大鼠,体质量(230±16)g,所有动物实验前均未进行过跑台运动。试剂:一抗为鼠源性抗骨骼肌肌动蛋白及快缩型肌球蛋白重链(MHCⅡ)单克隆抗体,ABCam产品。二抗为偶合碱性磷酸酶的抗鼠IgG,SIGMA产品。方法:实验于2005-03/10在西安交通大学医学实验中心完成。随机摸球法将大鼠分为对照组(n=10)和训练组(n=30)。训练组大鼠进行连续4～6周强度约为75%VO2max(18.5～24m/min,坡度为0°)的跑台训练,50min/次,2次/d。对照组自由活动,不给予任何干预措施。训练至4,5,6周,分别取10只大鼠,采用反转录聚合酶链式反应腓肠肌肌球蛋白重链mRNA含量,以免疫组化方法检测肌球蛋白肌纤维的改变情况及横截面积的大小,大鼠麻醉后游离腓肠肌,采用张力传感器及电刺激器给予方波脉冲刺激,逐步拉伸腓肠肌至等长收缩张力为最大时的肌肉初长Lmax位置,平衡10min,记录肌肉长度与张力。取右侧腓肠肌称量湿质量,计算其与体质量之比。肌肉质量与体质量之比按下式计算:肌肉质量(mg)/体质量(g)×100%。主要观察指标:①腓肠肌肌球蛋白重链mRNA含量。②肌球蛋白肌纤维的改变情况及横截面积的大小。③大鼠体质量与腓肠肌质量的变化。④腓肠肌等长收缩最大张力。结果:纳入大鼠40只全部进入结果分析。①腓肠肌肌球蛋白重链mRNA含量:经过4周耐力训练,训练组肌球蛋白总肌球蛋白重链表达是对照组的105%(P<0.01),肌球蛋白重链Ⅱa表达量高于对照组(1.27±0.08,1.17±0.06,P<0.05),肌球蛋白重链ⅡxmRNA表达量高于对照组(1.29±0.04,1.19±0.05,P<0.01)。②肌球蛋白肌纤维的改变情况及横截面积的大小:经过4～6周的有氧训练后,大鼠肌球蛋白重链主要以Ⅱ型慢缩型肌纤维表达为主,而Ⅰ型快缩型肌纤维表达较少。对照组大鼠腓肠肌Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维横截面积分别为(1958.0±30.5),(1656.1±35.3)mm2。而训练组4周后Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维横截面积较对照组分别增加24.5%与22.1%(P<0.01);训练组5周后分别增加26.4%与51.5%(P<0.01),训练组训练6周后分别增加33.2%与48.9%(P<0.01)。③大鼠体质量与腓肠肌质量的变化:训练组大鼠训练4,5,6周腓肠肌湿质量分别为(135.6±3.1),(139.2±5.1),(148.4±6.2)mg,高于对照组[(103.2±3.4),(87.5±2.9),(68.3±3.3)mg,P<0.01]。训练组大鼠训练4,5,6周腓肠肌相对湿质量分别为(0.55±0.01),(0.56±0.02),(0.59±0.03),高于对照组[(0.43±0.02),(0.37±0.04),(0.29±0.05),P<0.05～0.01]。④腓肠肌等长收缩最大张力:方波脉冲刺激后6周训练组等长收缩最大张力较对照组显著增加(P<0.01)。结论:短期耐力训练后,肌球蛋白重链中的两种慢型肌球蛋白重链异形体-肌球蛋白重链Ⅱx、肌球蛋白重链Ⅱb基因表达增加,肌纤维横截面积增加,等长收缩最大张力增加,表明有氧训练对提高肌球蛋白收缩功能有促进作用。     

不同强度的主动运动对大鼠膝关节软骨的影响

目的:研究不同强度的主动运动对大鼠膝关节软骨的作用。方法:8周龄雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分为对照组、低强度运动组、中强度运动组、高强度运动组。对照组自由活动,实验组每天按照不同的运动强度进行跑步训练。8周后处死大鼠,切取膝关节关节软骨,以苏木素伊红(HE)及甲苯胺蓝染色、透射电镜等观察不同强度的主动运动对关节软骨形态结构、细胞代谢的影响。结果:运动8周后,低、中强度运动组软骨表面完整,软骨层的厚度较对照组显著增厚(P<0.05);高强度运动组软骨表面部分缺损,表面粗糙,软骨层的厚度较对照组显著降低(P<0.05)。HE染色显示低、中强度运动组软骨负重区蛋白多糖分泌较对照组明显增加,而高强度运动组负重区蛋白多糖分泌较对照组明显减少。透射电镜显示:低、中强度组软骨表面可见明显的圆形突起,膜样胶原纤维连续,而高强度运动组软骨表面圆形突起减少,部分表层胶原纤维暴露。结论:不同强度的主动运动对大鼠膝关节软骨具有不同的作用。低、中强度的主动运动可以增加软骨表面厚度、明显改善关节软骨的代谢,尤以中等强度的作用更明显;高强度的主动运动可能对关节软骨产生破坏效应。     

不同强度的耐力运动对糖尿病大鼠骨骼肌 GLUT4 mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨不同强度的耐力运动对糖尿病大鼠骨骼肌GLUT4 mRNA表达的影响.方法雄性SD大鼠,其中36只大鼠经尾静脉注射链脲霉素,建立糖尿病模型.然后随机分为低强度运动组(EL)、高强度运动组(EH)、低强度运动加胰岛素治疗组(LI)、高强度运动加胰岛素治疗组(HI)、胰岛素治疗非运动组(DI)和非胰岛素治疗非运动组(DM).6只SD大鼠为非运动正常血糖组(CN).耐力训练采用活动平板,胰岛素采用皮下注射,共8周.运用RT-PCR法测定骨骼肌GLUT4 mRNA.结果DM组骨骼肌GLUT4 mRNA表达水平显著低于其它各组(P＜0.05).LI组骨骼肌GLUT4 mRNA表达水平明显增高接近CN组,并且显著高于DI组.DI组GLUT4 mRNA含量与EL、EH、HI各组相当,差异无显著性意义.结论运动可以促进GLUT4 mRNA的表达,而运动强度对GLUT4 mRNA表达量无显著影响;低强度运动加胰岛素所具有最佳的GLUT4 mRNA表达水平是其它单独干预措施所无法替代的.     

The effects of therapeutic electric stimulation on acute muscle atrophy in rats after spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of electric stimulation in preventing acute muscle atrophy after spinal cord transection in rats. DESIGN: A randomized experimental design. SETTING: Animal facilities for experimental medicine. ANIMALS: Fifty-six adult male Wistar rats assigned to control, low-frequency, and high-frequency groups. INTERVENTIONS: The rats were implanted with a percutaneous intramuscular electrode in the vicinity of the peroneal nerve; then the spinal cord was transected in a T9 level. The stimulation frequency was low (20Hz) or high (100Hz). The stimulation cycle was 4 seconds of stimulation every 8 seconds. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The lesser fiber diameters from type 1, 2A, and 2B muscle fibers were measured. In another assessment, maximal contraction force was measured. The muscle force produced at 20 and 100Hz was expressed as increasing values in tetanic force. RESULTS: Comparison between nonstimulated and stimulated tibialis anterior muscles found that atrophy of type 1 fibers (p < .01) and type 2B fibers (p < .05) at both stimulated levels and of type 2A fibers at 100-Hz level (p < .05) was prevented by therapeutic electric stimulation (TES). There were significant differences in the size of muscle fiber diameter between nonstimulated and stimulated muscles at 100Hz in type 2A and, markedly, in type 2B. The increasing value of muscle force was significantly greater at 100Hz than at 20Hz (p < .05). No significant histologic differences were observed between high- and low-frequency stimulated fibers of any of the 3 muscle types. CONCLUSIONS: Acute atrophy of muscle fibers was more effectively prevented by high-frequency stimulation (100Hz) than by no stimulation or low-frequency stimulation (20Hz). The increasing value of muscle force was significantly greater at high-frequency than low-frequency stimulation, suggesting that the clinical application of high-frequency stimulation in acute spinal cord injury should be studied.