声门上型喉癌临床颈淋巴结阴性患者颈清扫区域的选择

目的　探讨声门上型喉癌临床诊断N0 (clinicalN0 ,cN0 )患者颈淋巴结转移的特点 ,选择合理的清扫区域。方法　 5 7例声门上型喉癌患者行喉切除术的同时行改良性颈清扫术 ,将颈清扫的淋巴结标本分区域逐一行病理学检查 ,确定转移区域或复发的区域。结果　 5 7例 (6 3侧 )颈清扫标本共获淋巴结 1877枚 ,平均每侧获 2 9 8枚 ,有转移的 4 3枚 ,其中 4 1枚位于Ⅱ、Ⅲ区 ,占 95 4 % (41/ 4 3)。15例 (17侧 )患者有淋巴结转移 ,转移率为 2 6 3% (15 / 5 7)。其中 14例位于Ⅱ、Ⅲ区 ,占转移例数的93 3% (14 / 15 )。颈部复发 3例 ,复发率为 5 3% (3/ 5 7) ,复发部位分别位于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区。 5年生存率为 80 7% (46 / 5 7)。结论　对声门上型喉癌cN0重点行Ⅱ和Ⅲ区颈淋巴结清扫术 ,Ⅲ区受累时应包括Ⅳ区 ,Ⅰ、Ⅴ区在无明显转移证据时可避免行颈清扫术     

cN0声门上型喉癌颈淋巴结隐匿性转移规律及处理

目的:探讨cN0声门上型喉癌患者颈部淋巴结隐匿性转移规律并选择合理的颈清扫区域。方法:139例cN0声门上型喉癌患者在行喉切除术同时行颈淋巴结清扫术,其中行改良性颈清扫57例,肩胛舌骨肌上淋巴结清扫30例,颈Ⅱ、Ⅲ区淋巴结清扫52例。将所获淋巴结按颈部分区逐一行组织病理学检查,观察其转移规律及临床疗效。结果:139例cN0声门上型喉癌患者中,同期行单侧颈清扫113例,同期行双侧颈清扫26例。139例(165侧)颈清扫标本经病理学检查,颈淋巴结阳性36例(25.9%),首次病理学检查颈淋巴结阴性者在随访中发现未手术侧淋巴结转移6例,总颈淋巴结隐匿性转移率为30.2%(42/139),单侧隐匿性转移率为26.6%(37/139),双侧隐匿性转移率为3.6%(5/139)。165侧颈清扫标本共获得淋巴结3 594枚,平均每侧21.8枚,共获病理阳性淋巴结83枚,其中位于Ⅰ区1枚(1.2%),Ⅱ区65枚(78.3%),Ⅲ区16枚(19.3%),Ⅳ区1枚(1.2%),Ⅴ区0枚。颈部复发率为5.0%(7/139),pN0与pN+的颈部复发率分别为0和16.7%(7/42),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),总5年生存率为76.3%(106/139)。结论:颈Ⅱ、Ⅲ区是cN0声门上型喉癌颈部淋巴结隐匿性转移的主要区域,择区性(Ⅱ、Ⅲ区)颈淋巴结清扫术治疗cN0声门上型喉癌是合适的。     

颈侧清扫术与颈根治性清扫术治疗声门上型喉癌的疗效对比

目的　对比颈侧清扫术 (lateralneckdissection ,LND)与根治性或改良根治性颈清扫术(radicalneckdissection ,RND)在治疗喉癌声门上型颈淋巴结病理阴性 (pN0 )患者中的效果。方法回顾性分析中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学肿瘤医院头颈外科治疗的喉鳞状细胞癌声门上型pN0患者。对照的两组患者分别是 39例 1980年 3月～ 1996年 12月之间采用根治性或改良根治性颈清扫术治疗的患者 (RND组 ) ;4 5例 1997年 1月～ 2 0 0 1年 12月之间采用颈侧清扫术患者 (LND组 )。结果　LND组 5年颈部淋巴结转移率为 2 3% ,RND组 5年颈部淋巴结转移率 0 ,无统计学意义 (P =0 347) ;两组的 5年生存率分别是 97%和 94 % ,无统计学意义 (P =0 6 13)。但是 ,LND组与颈清扫术有关的并发症显著的低于RND组 (6 7%和 38 5 % )。此外 ,LND组较RND组缩短了 11d平均外科住院时间 (2 8d和 39d)。结论　与根治性或改良性颈清扫术相比 ,采用颈侧清扫术并不影响pN0喉癌声门上型患者的肿瘤治疗效果 ,但却减少了损伤 ,降低了并发症 ,缩短了住院时间。     

改良性颈廓清术在声门上型喉癌患者中的应用

目的 :为提高声门上型喉癌患者的生存率和生存质量 ,总结颈廓清术中保留颈内静脉的临床经验。方法 :88例声门上型喉癌患者中 ,在原发灶切除同时 ,共进行 146侧 (双侧 116例 ,单侧 30例 )颈廓清术 ,其中改良颈廓清 (MND)10 6侧 ,根治颈廓清 (RND) 4 0侧。双颈廓清术 5 8例 ,其中同期双颈廓清 32例 ,18例保留双侧颈内静脉 ,14例保留一侧颈内静脉 ;分期双颈廓清 2 6例 ,第一次均为 RND,第二次均为 MND。 30例行一侧颈廓清术 ,术中均保留颈内静脉。结果 :患者 3年生存率同期双颈廓清 81.5 % (2 2 / 2 7) ,分期双颈廓清 6 0 .9% (14/ 2 3) ,一侧颈廓清 75 % (15 / 2 0 )。5年生存率同期双颈廓清 6 1.5 % (16 / 2 6 ) ,分期双颈廓清 40 .9% (9/ 2 2 ) ,一侧颈廓清 70 .6 % (12 / 17)。 MND最大淋巴结直径≤ 3cm,术后复发率 12 .9% (11/ 85 ) ,>3cm者复发率为 47.6 % (10 / 2 1) ,总复发率为 19.8% (2 1/ 10 6 )。 RND术后颈淋巴结复发率为2 2 .5 % (9/ 40 )。结论 :声门上型喉癌常有双颈淋巴结转移 ,需行双颈廓清术 ,并必须保留一侧颈内静脉。在淋巴结小于3cm ,肉眼观与颈内静脉无粘连时保留颈内静脉 ,不增加淋巴结复发率 ,减少并发症 ,并提高生存质量。     

缝隙连接蛋白43和E-钙黏附素表达与喉癌生物学行为关系的研究

目的　研究缝隙连接蛋白基因 4 3(connexin4 3,Cx4 3)和E 钙黏附素 (E cadherin ,E cad)在喉癌组织中的表达与其生物学行为的关系 ,探讨喉癌发生、发展的机制。方法　应用免疫组织化学PicTureTM二步法 ,检测有 5年以上随访资料的 6 0例喉癌组织和 10例癌周正常喉组织中Cx4 3和E cad的表达 ,结果进行统计学处理。结果　Cx4 3和E cad蛋白主要定位于细胞膜上 ,10例癌周正常喉黏膜组织均呈阳性表达。 6 0例喉癌患者中 ,70 0 % (4 2 / 6 0例 )的喉癌Cx4 3呈阳性表达 ,按喉癌的临床分期、颈部淋巴结转移、喉癌复发情况分组差异有显著性意义 (χ2 =5 11、6 4 1、3 86 ,P值均 <0 0 5 ) ,与喉癌的组织学分级差异有极显著性 (χ2 =15 0 9,P <0 0 1) ,与喉癌患者的生存期无统计学意义 (χ2 =2 6 5 ,P >0 0 5 ) ;4 1 7% (2 5 / 6 0例 )的喉癌组织中E cad表达减低 ,按喉癌的临床分期、喉癌复发情况分组及生存期分组差异有显著性意义 (χ2 =6 0 9、5 35、5 14 ,P值均 <0 0 5 ) ,与喉癌的组织学分级、颈部淋巴结转移差异有极显著性意义 (χ2 =15 0 7、6 6 5 ,P均值 <0 0 1)。同一标本中Cx4 3和E cad基因表达有显著的相关性和一致性 (r=0 6 3,P <0 0 0 0 1)。结论　喉癌存在Cx4 3和E cad基因的失活及蛋     

颈分区性清扫术后患者的功能评估

目的　比较颈分区性清扫术 (selectiveneckdissection ,SND)、颈改良性清扫术 (modifiedneckdissection ,MND)及颈根治性清扫术 (radicalneckdissection ,RND)后患者有关的功能改变。方法1997年 1月～ 2 0 0 1年 5月期间 ,采用SND、MND或RND治疗的头颈鳞状细胞癌患者 ,发出问卷调查表15 7份。调查内容共 7项 ,涉及颈清扫侧肩周功能状况 ,颈部皮肤感觉改变及外观改变。收到有效调查表 32份。共 32例患者 ,施行 4 3侧颈清扫术 ,其中分区性颈清扫术 2 3侧 ,改良性颈清扫术 11侧 ,根治性颈清扫术 9侧。结果　根据颈清扫侧统计 ,SND组的肩周功能失调率最低 ,为 3/2 3(13 0 % )、依次为MND组 4 /11(36 6 % )和RND组 6 /9(6 6 7% )。同样 ,3组颈部皮肤感觉减退率分别为 4 /2 3(17 4 % ) ,4 /11(36 6 % )和 8/9(88 9% )。SND组只有 4 /2 3(17 4 % )的颈部外观改变 ,而MND和RND组有外观改变的高达 10 /11(90 9% )和 9/9(10 0 % )。结论　颈分区性清扫术对患者的功能和外观损伤最小 ,提高了患者的生活质量。     

晚期喉癌的综合治疗分析

目的　评价综合治疗在晚期喉癌中的应用价值。方法　回顾性分析 1984～ 1997年河北医科大学第四医院耳鼻咽喉科 2 0 4例晚期喉癌 (不包括远处转移病例 )经单纯手术、手术 放射治疗、手术 放射治疗 化学治疗等不同方法治疗的疗效。结果　总的 3、5年的生存率分别是 70 1%(14 3/2 0 4 )和 6 1 8% (12 6 /2 0 4 )。其中 ,综合治疗组 5年生存率为 6 8 2 % (90 /132 ) ,单纯手术组 5年生存率为 5 0 0 % (36 /72 ) ,差异有显著性意义 (χ2 =3 2 6 ,P <0 0 5 )。单纯手术组的复发率为 2 7 8% ,综合治疗组为 2 2 7% ,二者之间差异无显著性意义 (χ2 =0 6 5 ,P >0 0 5 )。综合治疗组远处转移率为10 6 % ,单纯手术组为 2 0 8% (χ2 =3 99,P <0 0 5 ) ,二者之间差异有显著性意义。术前放射治疗组伤口感染及咽瘘分别为 15 6 % (10 /6 4 )和 18 8% (6 /32 ) ,术前未放射治疗者伤口感染及咽瘘分别为15 7% (2 2 /14 0 )和 14 1% (10 /71) ,二者差异均无显著性意义 (χ2 =0 0 0 33,P >0 0 5 ;χ2 =0 37,P >0 0 5 )。结论　对晚期喉癌采用综合治疗的方法比单纯手术疗效好 ;术前放射治疗不增加术后感染和咽瘘的发生。     

声门上型喉癌cN_0患者颈淋巴结转移的临床病理研究

为探讨声门上型临床颈淋巴结阴性(cN_0)喉癌病人颈淋巴结转移规律并为外科治疗方式的选择提供理论根据,对35例cN_0声门上型喉癌被随机分为选择性根治性颈廓清(ERND)及选择性功能性颈廓清(EFND)两组,分别完成12及23例。ERND组平均每颈获取淋巴结32.5枚,EFND组29.8枚,差异不显著(t=0.86,P>0.05)。两组颈淋巴结转移率(pN~+)分别为33.3％(4/12)及30.4％(7/23),总转移率为31.4％(11/35)。11例颈淋巴结pN~+病例中有10例(90.9％)转移癌位于Level Ⅱ、Ⅲ。31枚阳性淋巴结中30枚(96.8％)位于Level Ⅱ和Ⅲ。Level Ⅰ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ均无癌转移。两组的3年生存率分别为66.7％(8/12)和82.6％(19/23),统计学差异不显著(x~2=1.1366,P>0.25),总的3年生存率为77.1％(27/35)。根据本研究结果,笔者认为对cN_0声门上型喉癌行主病变侧肩胛舌骨肌上或同侧颈廓清较为适宜。     

择区性颈清扫术在临床N0舌鳞状细胞癌治疗中的应用

目的比较择区性颈清扫术(selective neck dissection，SND)与经典性或改良性颈清扫术(radical neck dissection，RND)在治疗舌鳞状细胞癌颈淋巴结临床阴性(cN0)患者中的效果。方法将1998年1月-2002年12月之间采用肩胛舌骨肌上颈清扫术(Ⅰ～Ⅲ区)14例及Ⅰ～Ⅳ区清扫19例(SND组)共33例与1980年1月-1997年12月之间112例采用经典性或改良性颈清扫术(RND组)的病例，根据T分期、综合治疗方式和淋巴结病理情况进行随机配对分析。Kaplan—Meier方法计算复发率和颈部淋巴结复发或生存趋势。结果RND组5年颈部复发率为9．1％(3例)，SND组5年同侧颈部复发率12．1％(4例)；两组的5年生存率分别是78．8％和82．9％(分别为26例和28例)。Ⅰ-Ⅲ区清扫组5年颈部复发率为21．2％(3例)，清扫野外复发率为14．3％(2例)；Ⅰ-Ⅳ区清扫组5年同侧颈部复发率5．3％(1例)，清扫野外复发率为0。结论与经典性或改良性颈清扫术相比，择区性颈清扫术并不影响cN0舌癌患者的肿瘤治疗效果，术式以Ⅰ～Ⅳ区清扫为适宜。     

颈Ⅱ和Ⅲ区清扫术治疗cNO声门上型喉鳞状细胞癌

目的 研究择区性即ⅡA、ⅡB和Ⅲ区颈淋巴结清扫术(selective neck dissection,SND)治疗临床颈淋巴结阴性(clinical node negative,cN0)的声门上荆喉鳞癌隐匿性颈转移的可行性.方法 回顾性分析2002年10月至2006年3月在哈尔滨医科大学肿瘤医院头颈外科行SND(ⅡA、ⅡB和Ⅲ区)治疗52例cN0声门上型喉癌的治疗结果.结果 52例cNO声门上型喉癌中32例同期行单侧(ⅡA、ⅡB和Ⅲ区),20例行双侧SND.52例颈清扫标本病理检查发现,颈转移阳性者15例(28.9%).3例首次病理检查阴性者在随访中发生未手术侧颈部转移,总的颈隐匿性转移率为34.6%(18/52),单侧、双侧隐匿性颈转移率分别为28.8%和5.8%.72侧颈清标本共获淋巴结1190枚,其中病理阳性30枚,分布于ⅡA区25枚(83.3%)、Ⅲ区5枚(16.7%).术侧颈部复发率为5.8%(3/52).Kaplan-Meier法统计3年累积生存率为84.6%.淋巴结病理阴性和阳性的颈部复发率分别为0(0/34)和16.7%(3/18),差异有统计学意义(Fisher精确检验,P=0.021),有无包膜外侵犯的颈部复发率分别为50%(2/4)和2.1%(1/48),差异有统计学意义(Fisher精确检验,户=0.002).结论 颈SND(ⅡA、ⅡB和Ⅲ区)治疗cNO声门上型喉癌颈隐匿性转移是可行的,该术式能缩短手术时间、减少并发症且不影响肿瘤治疗效果.     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.