单剂量口服曲昔匹特胶囊的相对生物利用度及生物等效性

目的 研究曲昔匹特胶囊的药代动力学特征及生物等效性。方法 18名健康男性志愿者随机双交叉给药,分别单剂量口服100mg的曲昔匹特胶囊试验药和片剂对照药,用血浆碱化、液相萃取提取和反相高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,计算两者的药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度。结果 口服曲昔匹特胶囊100mg试验药及片剂对照药的主要药代动力学参数t_(1/2ke)分别为6.52±1.62和7.03±2.27h;t_(max)分别为2.89±0.93和2.97±1.25h,C_(max)分别为0.98±0.27和1.06±0.31mg·L~(-1),AUC_(0-24)分别为15.18±4.11和15.96±3.97mg·h·L~(-1),AUC_(0-∞)分别为15.83±4.12和16.82±4.47 mg·h·L~(-1)相对生物利用度为(95.72±14.92)％。结论 试验药曲昔匹特胶囊和对照药曲昔匹特片剂具有生物等效性。     

布洛芬缓释胶囊的人体相对生物利用度

目的:比较布洛芬缓释胶囊和芬必得胶囊的人体生物利用度。方法:用随机交叉试验设计,20名健康男性受试者口服单剂量和多剂量两种制剂600 mg,高效液相色谱法测定血清中布洛芬的浓度,计算两药的药代动力学参数。结果:受试者口服单剂量国产布洛芬缓释胶囊与芬必得胶囊后布洛芬的AUC_(0-24)分别为208.74±43.74和205.54±39.43 mg·h·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为4.85±0.81和5.20±1.06 h,C_(max)分别为25.40±4.00和25.47±4.50mg·L~(-1),以AUC_(0-24)计算,国产布洛芬缓释胶囊的相对生物利用度为(104.13±25.50)％。口服多剂量国产布洛芬缓释胶囊与芬必得胶囊后布洛芬的AUC~(ss)分别为170.81±24.87和172.93±29.76 mg·h·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为4.90±0.97和4.65±1.09 h,C_(max)分别为27.31±5.45和26.87±3.79 mg·L~(-1);C_(min)分别为6.13±1.60和5.94±1.84 mg·L~(-1),波动度分别为(146.45±36.69)％和(149.10±22.61)％。以AUC~(ss)计算,国产布洛芬缓释胶囊的相对生物利用度为(99.68±10.22)％。结论:国产布洛芬缓释胶囊与芬必得胶囊具有生物等效性。     

国产甲磺酸倍他司汀片剂与其进口片人体生物等效性

目的:对健康受试者单剂量口服国产和进口甲磺酸倍他司汀片后的药代动力学特性及生物等效性进行评价。方法:20名健康志愿者随机交叉口服24mg国产和进口甲磺酸倍他司汀两种片剂。用高效波相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中倍他司汀主要代谢物2-吡啶乙酸含量,并进行药代动力学和生物等效性研究。结果:国产及进口制剂中2-吡啶乙酸的C_(max)分别为308.6±208.8及339.4±213.4mg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为1.13±0.66及0.98±0.47h;AUC_(0-t)分别为1168.5±794.9及1129.3±725.2mg·L~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为1213.2±819.2和1178.9±752.5mg·L~(-1)。国产甲磺酸倍他司汀片的相对生物利用度为(106.31±29·1)％。结论:对AUC_(0-t),AUC_(0-∞),C_(max)和t_(max)分别进行方差分析后,进行双单侧检验及90％置信限判断,两制剂具有生物等效性。     

头孢克洛缓释片在健康人体的药代动力学及生物等效性

目的 研究头孢克洛两种缓释片在健康志愿者体内的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法 20名健康男性受试者随机交叉单剂量及多剂量口服受试制剂375mg和参比制剂375mg,用液相色谱一串联质谱法测定给药后不同时刻的血浆浓度,求得主要药代动力学参数。结果 单剂量口服获得的主要药动学参数,t_(max)分别为2.23±0.64和2.05±0.56 h,C_(max)分别为2.54±0.89和2.38±0.65 mg·L~(-1),AUC_(0-t)分别为7.38±1.66和7.09±1.71 mg·h.L~(-1),t_(1/2)分别为1.08±0.12和1.07±0.13h,F为(105.0±11.2)％。多剂量口服获得的主要药动学参数AUC_(ss)分别为7.22±1.37和7.02±1.53mg·h·L~(-1),C_(max)分别为2.61±0.61和2.34±0.55 mg·L~(-1),C_(min)分别为3.48±1.33和3.65±1.23 μg·L~(-1),C_(av)分别为602±114和585±128μg·L~(-1),DF分别为4.3±0.7和4.0±0.6,F为(105.5±19.9)％。统计学结果显示,两种制剂的药动学参数无显著性差异,符合生物等效性标准。结论 头孢克洛两种缓释片均具有较好的缓释特征,两种制剂生物等效。     

头孢克肟胶囊在健康志愿者的生物等效性研究

目的:研究头孢克肟胶囊在健康人体内的生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性志愿者双周期、随机交叉、自身对照,口服单剂量试验和对照头孢克肟胶囊200 mg。用HPLC-UV检测法和微生物法测定血药浓度,所得数据用3P97软件处理,按一室模型计算药代动力学参数。结果:试验及对照制剂HPLC法测定的C_(max)分别为2.317±0.536和2.87±0.492 mg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为4.1±0.7和4.3±0.7 h;AUC_(0-16)分别为17.251±5.087和16.954±4.536 mg·L~(-1)·h;AUCO_(0-∞)分别为18.386±4.559和18.138±3.931 mg·h·L~(-1)。微生物法测定的C_(max)分别为2.437±0.495和2.361±0.435 mg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为4.13±0.65和3.90±0.45 h;AUC_(0-16)分别为18.741±3.931和18.064±3.350 mg·h·L~(-1);AUCO_(0-∞)分别为20.109±4.497和19.403±3.693 mg·h·L~(-1)。对AUCO_(0-16)、AUC_(0-∞)、C_(max)进行双向单测检验,无显著性差异。HPLC法和微生物法测定的试验品相对生物采利用度分别为(101.53±18.21)％,(103.30±15.78)％,结论:试验头孢克肟胶囊和对照制剂具有生物等效性。HPLC法与微生物法呈相关性。     

阿司匹林缓释胶囊在健康志愿者体内的生物等效性

目的:研究阿司匹林缓释胶囊的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:健康志愿者20名,用随机双交叉试验方法,单剂量及多剂量po试验及对照制剂162.5和150 mg,剂间间隔为2周。用高效液相色谱法测定阿司匹林体内活性代谢产物水杨酸的血浆药物浓度,计算两者的药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度,并进行生物等效件评价。结果:单剂量口服试验及对照制剂的C_(max)分别为2.77±0.68和2.62±0.83 mg L;t_(max)分别为2.87±2.52和3.48±2.09 h;t_(1/2)分别为11.07±4.46和12.41±5.03 h;AUC_(0-60)分别为62.50±16.06和57.36±14.70 mg·h·L~(-1);AUC_(O-inf)分别为65.50±18.71和61.33±17.44 mg·h·L~(-1);相对生物利用度为(110.9±19.1)％。多剂量口服实验制剂和参比制剂达到稳态后的C_(min)分别为0.72±0.26和0.78±0.16mg·L~(-1);C_(max)分别为4.78±1.48和4.49±1.45 mg·L~(-1);t_(1/2)分别为 9.06±1.50和8.87±1.39 h;AUC~(SS)分别为64.22±14.71和61.79±13.22 mg·h·L~(-1);DF分别为1.44±0.43和1.37±0.48;相对生物利用度为(108.9±35.5)％。结论:两制剂在单剂量和多剂量条件下具有生物等效性。     

拉莫三嗪片人体药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的:研究国产拉莫三嗪片的人体药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法:用双周期、随机交叉试验设计。分别给予20名男性健康国产拉莫三嗪或对照药(葛兰素威康公司生产的拉莫三嗪片,lamictal)25 mg,用HPLC法测定给药后不同时间的血药质量浓度。结果:对照药与试验药的主要药代动力学参数分别为:C_(max)为350.1±68.6和351.9±53.9 μg·L~(-1),t_(max)为3.1±2.2和2.7±1.9h,CL/F为1.50±0.41和1.59±0.46L·h~(-1),t_(1/2)为38.7±12.1和38.0±9.3 h,AUC_(0-144)为16.62±5.05和15.75±4.75 mg·h·L~(-1),AUC_(0-∞)为18.27±6.87和17.15±5.78 mg·h·L~(-1)。试验药的相对生物利用度F为(95.2±9.2)％。结论:国产拉莫三嗪片与对照药具有生物等效性。     

左氧氟沙星对多索茶碱在健康人体内药动学的影响

目的研究合用左氧氟沙星对健康受试者多索茶碱血药浓度和药动学的影响。方法对10名男性健康受试者采用自身对照交叉试验设计方法给药,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定多索茶碱血药浓度,采用3P97软件进行数据处理,求出药动学参数。结果合用左氧氟沙星组(试验组)多索茶碱平均血药浓度在停药后0～6 h各时间点(除停药后15 min)与单用多索茶碱组(对照组)相比均无显著差异(P>0.05);对照组和试验组多索茶碱的t_(+β)分别为(1.20±s 0.08)、(1.40±0.25)h;AUC分别为(16±4)、(17±3)mg·h·L~(-1);CL分别为(35±6)、(35±10)L·h~(-1);t_(+α)分别为(0.052±0.013)、(0.33±0.27)h;V_d分别为(6.1±2.1)、(34±30)L。合用左氧氟沙星后多索茶碱的V_D和t_(+α)的增加有显著差异(P<0.05),其余药动学参数在2组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论合用左氧氟沙星对多索茶碱的代谢动力学无影响,但可改变其分布动力学,增大t_(+α)和V_d,2药合用不会引起多索茶碱的体内蓄积,提示2药合用相对安全。     

巴洛沙星片在健康人体内的药动学

目的:研究中国健康志愿者单次和多次口服巴洛沙星片的药动学。方法:12名健康志愿者,男女各半,单次给药试验口服(100 mg、200 mg、400 mg)3个剂量,多次给药试验口服剂量为每次200 mg,每日1次,连续5 d。采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测法测定巴洛沙星血药浓度,用DAS 2.0软件计算药动学参数。结果:主要药动学参数如下,单剂量(100 mg)c_(max)(1.42±s 0.25)mg·L~(-1),t_(max)(0.8±0.4)h,t_(1/2)(7.4±2.7)h,AUC_(0～∞)(9.8±1.7)mg·h·L~(-1);单剂量(200 mg)c_(max)(2.9±0.6)mg·L~(-1),t_(max)(0.9±0.4)h,t_(1/2)(7.2±1.1)h,AUC_(0～∞)(21±3)mg·h·L~(-1);单剂量(400 mg)c_(max)(5.6±1.4)mg·L~(-1),t_(max)(1.2±0.4)h,t_(1/2)(8.4±2.2)h,AUC_(0～∞)(44±12)mg·h·L~(-1)。多剂量c_(max)(2.9±0.8)mg·L~(-1),t_(max)(0.83±0.19)h,t_(1/2)(8.2±2.0)h,AUC_(0～∞)(21±5)mg·h·L~(-1),FI(93.7±1.4)%。结论:巴洛沙星在人体内符合二室模型,一级动力学过程。     

罗哌卡因在手术病人的药代动力学

目的 对单剂量罗哌卡因硬膜外麻醉的手术病人进行药代动力学研究。方法 选择12例手术病人,硬膜外麻醉时,注入罗哌卡因150mg。血药浓度用反相高效液相色谱法测定。用3P97药代动力学计算程序拟合房室模型并计算药代动力学参数。结果 罗哌卡因的主要药代动力学参数:t_(max)为0.27±0.10h;C_(max)为1.86±0.40mg·L~(-1);t_(1/2 (α))为0.23±0.14h;t_(1/2 (β))为2.17±0.55 h;AUC为4.84±1.20 mg·h·L~(-1)。结论 罗哌卡因在手术病人中的代谢符合开放性二室模型。罗哌卡因在体内的消除不受疾病的影响。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.