淋巴管造影对前列腺癌淋巴结转移的诊断价值

目的　提高前列腺癌盆腔淋巴结转移的诊断水平。　方法　前列腺癌患者 33例 ,行足背淋巴管造影了解有无盆腔淋巴转移 ,造影结果与细针穿剌抽吸或淋巴结活检病理结果比较。　结果　淋巴结癌转移阳性 9例 ,7例经细针穿剌抽吸细胞学检查、6例经病理切片证实 ,无假阳性。 2 4例阴性中病理证实假阴性 4例 (17% )。　结论　淋巴管造影对前列腺癌淋巴结转移有很高的诊断价值 ,对可疑淋巴结细针穿剌抽吸细胞学检查可避免假阳性 ,但仍有假阴性。     

淋巴管造影用于前列腺癌分期的价值

目的:探讨淋巴管造影对前列腺癌分期的价值。方法:对16例前列腺癌患者行足背淋巴管造影,并将造影与淋巴结活检进行比较。结果:淋巴结癌转移9例无假阳性;7例阴性中,病理证实假阴性2例(22.2%)。结论:淋巴管造影对前列腺癌淋巴结转移有较高的诊断价值,但不能排除假阴性。     

超声引导下细针抽吸活检联合洗脱液测定甲状腺球蛋白诊断甲状腺乳头状癌侧颈区淋巴结转移

目的探讨超声引导下细针抽吸活检(FNA)细胞学检查结合细针抽吸洗脱液测定甲状腺球蛋白(FNA-Tg)术前诊断甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)侧颈区淋巴结转移的价值。方法选择111例经甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学证实为PTC且颈部超声显示侧颈区可疑肿大淋巴结患者,于术前对可疑肿大淋巴结行超声引导下FNA细胞学检查,用1 ml生理盐水冲洗穿刺针管制成洗脱液,采用电化学发光免疫法检测洗脱液内球蛋白(Tg)浓度。以手术病理为金标准,绘制ROC曲线,获得FNA-Tg最佳诊断阈值,比较FNA、FNA-Tg及二者联合对可疑肿大淋巴结的诊断效能。结果 118个侧颈区可疑肿大淋巴结,术后病理证实81个(81/118,68.64%)存在PTC转移,37个(37/118,31.36%)未转移。转移淋巴结FNA-Tg浓度明显高于未转移淋巴结(P0.001);FNA-Tg诊断PTC淋巴结转移的最佳诊断阈值为2.65μg/L,AUC为0.937[95%CI(0.894,0.980),P0.001]。与FNA比较,FNA-Tg诊断淋巴结转移的准确率、敏感度及阴性预测值差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);二者联合的准确率、敏感度及阴性预测值均明显高于FNA(P均0.05)。22个淋巴结FNA细胞学检查呈假阴性,结合FNA-Tg检测后获得正确诊断。结论 FNA和FNA-Tg是诊断PTC侧颈区淋巴结转移的有效辅助方法,二者联合可提高诊断准确率和敏感度。     

国际外科文摘选登

1,536冽经闪烁扫描证实有甲状腺肿冷结节的患者做了活检穿刺。其中12例临床诊断恶性肿瘤并经抽吸物的细胞学检查证实,所有其它病人均在临床上无可疑的恶性甲状腺肿。在活检抽吸物中,45例细胞学诊断阳性或可疑。其中31例做了手术,28例证实有恶性甲状腺肿瘤。3例细胞学诊断假阴性。1,479例细胞学检查阴性,37例手术,4例假阴性。其余病人随访仅6个月至3.5年。本组全部病人无併发症,仅一例有甲状腺内出血。作者认为在确定临床无可疑的早期甲状腺肿瘤的病例中,甲状腺冷结节的活检穿刺是安全易行和可靠的。     

前列腺癌根治术前盆腔淋巴结微转移检测的研究

目的 明确新辅助治疗后前列腺癌根治术前,real-time PCR检测盆腔淋巴结微转移的意义.方法 2007年8月至2010年3月对21例临床局限性前列腺癌病例,根据病理检查阳性(A组)、real-time PCR检查前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)mRNA和前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)mRNA阳性(B组)、病理检查及real-time PCR检查PSA mRNA及PSMA mRNA均阴性(C组)进行分组,D组为对照组.术前行淋巴管造影显示盆腔淋巴结,对可疑淋巴结在X线定位下穿刺抽吸淋巴液,用real-time PCR方法检测淋巴液中PSA mRNA和PSMA mRNA的表达,阳性表达提示淋巴结转移的存在,术后对淋巴结组织切片进行免疫组化检查.结果 对术前盆腔淋巴结穿刺抽吸淋巴液用real-time PCR方法检测PSA mRNA和PSMA mRNA的表达,证实有14例淋巴结存在微转移,术后对清扫淋巴结进行免疫组化检查有3例存在淋巴结转移,A组与B组PSA mRNA和PSMA mRNA的表达存在明显的差异;A、B组淋巴液中PSA mRNA及PSMA mRNA的表达明显高于淋巴结(P＜0.01).结论 采用real-time PCR方法检测淋巴液中PSA和PSMA mRNA的表达有利于探测到淋巴结微转移的存在,术前穿刺淋巴结抽吸淋巴液提高了术前前列腺癌分期的准确性.     

细针穿刺洗脱液甲状腺球蛋白检测对甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移的诊断价值

背景与目的：目前判断甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)颈部淋巴结转移主要依靠超声及细针穿刺抽吸活检细胞学检查(FNAC),但均存在主观性及局限性。本研究探讨超声引导下细针穿刺抽吸活检洗脱液中甲状腺球蛋白(FNA-Tg)检测在PTC患者颈部淋巴结转移中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析术后病理确诊的144例PTC患者资料,术前均行血清甲状腺球蛋白(Tg)检测,可疑颈部淋巴结行超声引导下FNAC及FNA-Tg检测,以术后最终病理结果为金标准,比较FNAC、FNA-Tg及两者联合对PTC患者颈部淋巴结转移诊断的敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值,并绘制各诊断方法的受试者特征(ROC)曲线,计算ROC曲线下面积(AUC),确定定量指标FNA-Tg最佳诊断阈值。结果：144例PTC患者共检测176枚淋巴结,最终经病理诊断PTC转移性淋巴结81枚,非转移性淋巴结95枚。转移性淋巴结组血清Tg、FNA-Tg分别为28.84 (7.42～84.22) ng/m L、500 (142.56～500) ng/m L,非转移性淋巴结组血清Tg、FNA-Tg分别为20.11 (9.57～38.30) ng/m L...     

耻骨后根治性前列腺切除治疗淋巴结转移前列腺癌的疗效分析

目的:探讨耻骨后根治性前列腺切除结合辅助内分泌治疗或局部外放疗治疗20例前列腺癌伴盆腔淋巴结转移的安全性和疗效。方法:术前对20例前列腺癌患者均行双侧足背淋巴管造影,对其中11例盆腔可疑淋巴结穿刺抽吸淋巴液,进行实时定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测淋巴液PSA mRNA和前列腺特异膜抗原(PSMA)mRNA的表达。20例均行耻骨后根治性前列腺切除和扩大盆腔淋巴结清扫,对其中3例切端阳性者待尿失禁控制后给予外放疗。结果:11例经RT-PCR检测淋巴结液PSA mRNA和PSMA mRNA阳性表达中均经病理证实为前列腺癌淋巴结转移。术中失血量中位数575 ml,术中输血5例。手术切缘阳性3例,漏尿和淋巴漏各2例,无尿失禁、血管损伤和直肠损伤病例。经中位数42个月随访,术后6~48个月生化复发12例,复发时间中位数12个月。术后12个月和48个月分别死亡2例。结论:术前淋巴管造影后穿刺抽吸淋巴结液,用RT-PCR方法检测淋巴液PSA mRNA和PSMA mRNA表达有助于术前确定前列腺癌盆腔淋巴结转移。采用耻骨后根治性前列腺切除和扩大淋巴结清扫结合辅助内分泌治疗,对切端阳性者给予局部外放射治疗是治疗前列腺癌伴盆腔淋巴结转移患者安全、有效的方法。但对Gleason 10分的盆腔淋巴结转移前列腺癌采用根治性前列腺切除应慎重。     

前列腺肿瘤细针抽吸活检细胞学诊断的临床价值(附35例报告)

对35例前列腺癌患者采取经直肠前列腺细针抽吸活检细胞学检查,其诊断阳性率为85.7%,假阴性为14.3%。笔者认为此法操作简单,安全,可反复施行,并认为前列腺癌的细胞学分级是判断其预后的良好指标。     

术前超声造影联合细胞学检查判断乳腺癌前哨淋巴结状态122例分析

目的探讨使用超声造影联合细针穿刺细胞学检查(contrast-enhanced ultrasound-fine needle aspiration cytology,CEUS-FNAC),于术前评估乳腺癌前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node,SLN)状态的诊断价值。方法早期乳腺癌122例,术前行经皮超声造影联合细针穿刺SLN,并行细胞学检查,术中行单纯染料法或联合同位素方法定位、定性SLN,术后以石蜡病理为标准,对比术前细胞学结果。结果 122例病人术后SLN石蜡病理结果:转移28例,未转移94例;CEUS-FNAC方法检测到SLN转移20例,未转移103例;CEUS-FNAC的检出率为100%,判断SLN是否转移的灵敏度71.43%,特异性100%,准确度93.44%,阳性预测值100%,阴性预测值92.16%,P值为0.000,Kappa值为0.794。结论术前超声造影联合细针穿刺SLN获得的细胞病理学结果,和术后SLN石蜡病理结果一致性较好,表明CEUS-FNAC方法可以用于术前乳腺癌前哨淋巴结状态的评估。     

胰腺及壶腹236例术中针吸活检的临床意义

目的 探讨术中细针活检细胞组织学诊断在胰腺壶腹周围占位性病变的诊断价值。方法 对天津肿瘤医院，自1992年12月-2002年12月经手术治疗236例胰腺壶腹周围占位性病变行术中细针活检，所有病例均经病理证实其符合率。结果 236例中细针活检诊断找到恶性肿瘤细胞134例（56．8％），未找到恶性肿瘤细胞为82例（34．7％），6例（2．5％）为可疑，14例（5．9％）为取材不满意。无假阳性诊断，假阴性为9．4％。结论 胰腺壶腹周围占位性病变术中细针活检细胞学检查，对明确良恶性肿瘤诊断、指导术式选择是一种较实用，有效的方法。     

Preoperative axillary staging in breast cancer-saving time and resources

Abstract:  This study was performed to assess the feasibility and accuracy of ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy for axillary staging in invasive breast cancer. Data were collected prospectively from June 2005 to June 2006. In all, 197 patients with invasive breast cancer and clinically nonsuspicious axillary lymph nodes were included. Patients with suspicious nodes on ultrasound had fine needle aspiration biopsy. Those with fine needle aspiration biopsy positive for malignancy were planned for axillary nodes clearance otherwise they had sentinel node biopsy. Patients (41) had ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy. Three cases were excluded for being nonconclusive. Postoperative histology showed 18/38 cases (47.4%) axillary lymph nodes positive and 20/38 cases (52.6%) axillary nodes negative. Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy was positive in 8/38 cases (21.1%), negative in 30/38 cases (78.9%). The sensitivity of ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy was found to be 47.1%, specificity 100%, positive predictability 100%, negative predictability 70%, and overall accuracy 76.3%. Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy was found to be more accurate and sensitive when two or more nodes were involved, raising the sensitivity to 80% and negative predictability to 93.3%. Preoperative axillary staging with ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in invasive breast cancer patients is very beneficial in diagnosing nodes positive cases. These cases can be planned for axillary lymph nodes clearance straightaway therefore saving patients from undergoing further surgery as well as time and resources.     

Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: accuracy of tumor, nodes and metastasis classification system, and role of lymphangiography, computerized tomography scan and fine needle aspiration cytology

Among 118 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis treated at our cancer institute between 1956 and 1989, we analyzed the accuracy of classification, using the tumor, nodes and metastasis system. We analyzed the role of lymphography, computerized tomography and fine needle aspiration cytology as additional staging procedures. The primary tumor (T category) was classified incorrectly in 26% of the cases. Overstaging was noted in 10% of the cases because of unsuspected infiltration and overstaging was noted in 16%. Overstaging occurred because of edema and infection masking the actual size and giving a misconception of infiltration, and also because of primary presentation as large exophytic tumors with no or minimal histopathological infiltration. When the regional lymph nodes were categorized simply as positive or negative 80% of the tumors were classified correctly and 20% incorrectly (13% were false positive and 7% were false negative). Regional lymph node invasion that escaped clinical examination was not detected by any imaging examination or fine needle aspiration cytology study. Positive findings were found only in patients with clinically suspected nodes. The classification of regional nodes by clinical examination only is hardly improved by additional imaging studies. Clinical decisions with respect to the management of regional lymph nodes should not be based on negative findings of lymphangiography, computerized tomography or fine needle aspiration cytology. In patients with proved metastasis additional imaging may be of some help in the detection of pelvic node invasion and the determination of the extent of involvement. We recommend lymphangiography as the examination of choice.     

Post-lymphangiography fine needle aspiration lymph node biopsy in staging carcinoma of the prostate: preliminary report.

Five cases of clinical stage B carcinoma of the prostate are reported. Bipedal lymphangiography showed unequivocal involvement of the pelvic nodes in 3 patients and was equivocal in the other 2. Percutaneous transabdominal fine needle aspiration biopsy of abnormal or suspicious iliac nodes was performed and a positive cytolocal diagnosis of metastasis was obtained in all 5 patients. Therefore, staging lymphadenectomy and an extensive radical operation were avoided. Percutaneous fine needle biopsy is a reliable, easy and safe technique that should be used in staging prostatic carcinoma whenever there is evidence of metastatic nodal involvement by lymphangiography.     

Preoperative lymph node evaluation in prostatic cancer patients who are surgical candidates: the role of lymphangiography and computerized tomography scanning with directed fine needle aspiration

A total of 53 consecutive patients who were candidates for surgical treatment of prostatic cancer underwent preoperative evaluation of the lymph node status by computerized tomography scanning and/or lymphangiography combined with skinny needle aspiration biopsy of any abnormal lymph nodes. In 7 of 14 patients (50 per cent) ultimately found to have stage D1 disease lymphatic metastases were confirmed histologically with needle biopsy alone, thus, obviating the need for pelvic lymph node dissection. Over-all sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rates were 50, 100 and 91.4 per cent, respectively, for computerized tomography scanning with biopsy and 53.8, 100 and 84.1 per cent, respectively, for lymphangiography with biopsy. Computerized tomography scanning and lymphangiography with aspiration biopsy are cost-effective means to identify approximately 50 per cent of the patients who ultimately have lymphatic metastases.     

Ex vivo comparison of radiological and histological evaluation of early metastatic lesions of pelvic lymph nodes from carcinoma of the bladder or prostate

To study the limitations of lymphangiography in the detection of early lymphatic spread of pelvic malignancies, we evaluated 587 lymph nodes from 23 patients with stages pN0 to 2 carcinoma of the bladder or prostate. Pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed 5 to 10 days after bipedal lymphangiography. Excised lymph nodes were separated one by one and an x-ray of each node was taken (lymphnodegram). The individual lymphnodegram was compared to the histological findings. Interpretations of lymphnodegrams from all 17 nodes with metastases were positive in 5, suspicious in 1, negative in 9 and radiolucent in 2. False negative judgments occurred chiefly because metastatic foci were microscopic. Two lymph nodes without metastasis were interpreted as positive for disease because of fat replacement of the nodes. These results indicated that lymphangiography is not suitable for the detection of early lymphatic metastases of carcinoma of the bladder or prostate.     

Filling of the obturator nodes in pedal lymphangiography: fact or fiction

The value of pedal lymphangiography as a staging procedure for carcinoma of the prostate and the bladder continues to be debated because of the fact that the obturator lymph nodes apparently are not visualized during this diagnostic technique. This study involves 25 patients who have undergone pedal lymphangiography followed by fine needle aspiration. Pelvic lymph node dissection was performed and pelvic x-rays were taken once the external iliac nodes had been excised, leaving the obturator nodes behind. The next step was the removal of the remaining nodes in the obturator fossa, after which another x-ray was obtained. With this technique we could prove whether these obturator lymph nodes opacified on routine pelvic x-ray. In a review of the radiography consistent filling of the obturator nodal chain was noted in all of the cases, as well as the consistent prediction of the location of these lymph nodes before fine needle aspiration.     

Is the clinically positive axilla in breast cancer really a contraindication to sentinel lymph node biopsy?

BACKGROUND: Clinically positive axillary nodes are widely considered a contraindication to sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in breast cancer, yet no data support this mandate. In fact, data from the era of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) suggest that clinical examination of the axilla is falsely positive in as many as 30% of cases. Here we report the results of SLN biopsy in a selected group of breast cancer patients with palpable axillary nodes classified as either moderately or highly suspicious for metastasis. STUDY DESIGN: Among 2,027 consecutive SLN biopsy procedures performed by two experienced surgeons, clinically suspicious axillary nodes were identified in 106, and categorized as group 1 (asymmetric enlargement of the ipsilateral axillary nodes moderately suspicious for metastasis, n = 62) and group 2 (clinically positive axillary nodes highly suspicious for metastasis, n = 44). RESULTS: Clinical examination of the axilla was inaccurate in 41% of patients (43 of 106) overall, and was falsely positive in 53% of patients (33 of 62) with moderately suspicious nodes and 23% of patients (10 of 44) with highly suspicious nodes. False-positive results were less frequent with larger tumor size (p = 0.002) and higher histologic grade (p = 0.002), but were not associated with age, body mass index, or a previous surgical biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical axillary examination in breast cancer is subject to false-positive results, and is by itself insufficient justification for axillary lymph node dissection. If other means of preoperative assessment such as palpation- or image-guided fine needle aspiration are negative or indeterminate, then SLN biopsy deserves wider consideration as an alternative to routine axillary lymph node dissection in the clinically node-positive setting.     

Aspiration biopsy of regional lymph node in bladder cancer

Percutaneous transabdominal fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the pelvic and retroperitoneal lymph nodes was performed in 116 patients with bladder cancer. Metastasis to the regional lymph nodes was determined by this method in 21 patients. FNAB was positive in 10 of 12 patients having unequivocally positive or highly suspicious lymphogram, and in 11 of 104 patients (11%) having normal lymphogram. The results of FNAB were compared to the finding of lymph node dissection (LND) in 51 patients. FNAB and LND were negative in 43 patients and positive in 5. Two patients were FNAB negative but LND positive, and the remaining one case was FNAB positive but LND negative. The correlation between cytological diagnosis of FNAB and histological diagnosis of LND was 94 per cent. The survival rate of the cases of FNAB positive and lymphography negative was significantly higher than that of lymphography positive (p less than 0.01). The metastatic site of 5 cases with bladder cancer who are alive now without disease after more than 3 years was under the common iliac node and the number of the involved nodes was within 3.