手部高压注射伤精细微创治疗

目的探讨手部高压注射伤的精细微创手术治疗的效果。方法对12例手部高压注射伤患者在显微镜下精细一期清创、减压、冲洗引流,二期行游离植皮或皮瓣修复。结果患者均获得随访,时间6~12个月。手部活动度根据TAM功能评定法评价:优3例,良7例,中2例。结论手部高压注射伤是一种严重的复合性损伤,早期切开减压、精细清创、有效引流、延期闭合创口是有效的治疗方法。     

手部高压油漆注射伤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨手部高压油漆注射伤的病情特点及显微外科治疗方法和效果。方法2007年1月一2009年6月,对10例此类患者采用经镜下1~2次清创,行二期植皮及髂腹股沟皮瓣转移修复术。结果术后7例获得随访,随访时间3-12个月,患指创面愈合良好,皮瓣及植皮成活,未发生手指坏死及明显功能障碍,治疗效果较满意。结论手部高压油漆注射伤,早期显微镜下及时、充分、彻底的清创是治疗的关键。     

Hand injuries resulting from high-pressure injection: lesions specific to industrial oil

Nineteen cases of high pressure injection injuries in the hand were treated between 1973 and 1998. Same surgical treatment plan was followed in all cases: excision of the penetration point, irrigation, debridement and synovectomy if opening of the flexor sheath was noted, and skin closure to allow early mobilisation. All cases concerned men, work injuries, and volar aspect of the hand. The elapsed time between injection and initial surgery ranged from 1 hour to 1 month with a mean of 6.5 days. Eighteen patients out of 19 were reviewed with a mean follow up of 12 years. In 11/19 cases, (58%) oil was injected. The results of oil injection cases have been analysed: the quantity of oil and the preoperative delay (if more ten hours) are associated with poor functional results or complications. Two amputations, two cases of skin necrosis at the injection point, and one case of infection are reported. One case of oleoma of the thumb is described. The specificity of injuries by industrial oil under pressure must be known: paint or white spirit are more toxic than oil which was in all cases injected in the dominant hand (no high pressure injection tool but a defect in the pipe). An important inflammatory reaction with functional sequelae is caused by foreign bodies in oil. Extraction of oil off the injured tissues is difficult because oil is not visible. A specific information is necessary for farmers and truck driver, very exposed population.     

High pressure injection injuries of the hand with surfacer

The most commonly injected materials in high-pressure injection injury to the hand include paint, automotive grease, solvents and diesel oil. High-pressure injection injuries are a frequently mismanaged problem, as they are often not recognized and treated early, which may result in a compromised function of the hand or even the amputation of a digit. Early diagnosis is an important factor, as well as the type and amount of injected material and the injection pressure at appliance. We present one case of high-pressure injection injury to the hand with the surfacer Caparol Accord. This report describes the principles of treatment and gives an overview of the literature about tissue injuries caused by components of different substances encountered in high-pressure injection injuries.     

手部高压注射伤的治疗

目的探讨手部高压注射伤的治疗方法和效果。方法10例手指高压注射伤的患者按损伤的轻重程度分为：轻度4例、重度6例,分别于清创后一期缝合伤口、多次清创后直接缝合伤口和邻指指背侧岛状皮瓣移位覆盖创面以及截指治疗。结果本组3例一期缝合伤口;3例2～3次清创后直接缝合;2例行邻指指背侧岛状皮瓣覆盖创面;2例截指。术后随访0.5～7年,TAM评分：优4例,良2例,中2例。结论高压注射伤的治疗应根据损伤的具体严重程度给予不同方法的治疗。     

High-pressure injection injury of the finger

The high-pressure injection injuries are unusual injuries and the extent of tissue damage is often under estimated. They represent potentially disabling forms of trauma and have disastrous effects on tissues if not treated promptly. We present a case of high pressure injection injury to the finger from lubricant oil. The patient presented late with necrosis of volar tissue of left index finger. The patient was aggressively managed in stages, with delayed flap cover, with satisfactory functional and aesthetic outcome.     

High-pressure injection injury of the hand: an often underestimated trauma: case report with study of the literature

The real extent of damage in high-pressure injection injuries (grease gun injuries, paint gun injuries, pressure gun in juries) is hidden behind a small and frequently painless punctiform skin lesion on the finger or the hand. These kinds of injuries require prompt surgical intervention with surgical debridement of all ischemic tissue. Possibility of a general intoxication by the fluid must always be ruled out. Postoperative intensive physiotherapy is essential for the final hand function. The initial benign aspect is frequently causing a delay for an adequate treatment while in the mean time the possibility for subcutaneous damage continuously increases. Because of this delay the chance of permanent reduced functionality in the hand or finger amputation raises. Not only the latency time to adequate treatment but also the injected fluid’s nature, the pressure, the volume and the location of injection, has influence on the seriousness and extensiveness of subcutaneous damage. All these factors influence the functional outcome of the patient.     

手部化学液体高压注射伤11例的治疗

目的 探讨手部化学液体高压注射伤的临床治疗.方法 对11例手部化学液体高压注射伤患者,采用一期清创、减压、冲洗引流,二期行游离植皮或腹部皮瓣修复.结果 所有患者均获术后随访,时间4～13个月,平均8.5个月,根据TAM功能评定法评价：优7例,良3例,差1例.结论 手部化学液体高压注射伤是一种严重的复合性损伤,临床易失治误治,致残率很高.这种损伤后期基本都会出现组织坏死,早期切开减压、彻底清创、开放引流、延期闭合创口是目前治疗手部化学高压注射伤最主要、有效的方法.     

Tendon transfers for combined nerve injuries

The patient with an upper extremity affected with multiple nerve injuries will require multiple surgical procedures for reconstruction by tendon transfer. Successful reconstruction will be based on a simple plan that adheres to the basic principles of tendon transfers, as well as the more detailed principles of combined nerve injuries. When completed, the reconstruction will only redistribute the few specific assets that are available and therefore cannot be expected to create normally functional hands.     

臀部坐骨神经损伤及修复

目的　报告 190例臀部坐骨神经损伤的临床资料并探讨其处理方法。方法　药物注射伤 16 4例(占 86 .32 % ) ,锐器伤 14例 ,骨盆骨折、髋关节脱位合并伤 11例 ,臀部挫伤 1例。非手术治疗 15例 ,手术 175例。术中见损伤平面在臀大肌段 146例 ,梨状肌段 2 6例 ,盆腔段 3例。采用神经松解术 16 0例 ,神经外膜对端吻合 12例 ,神经移植术 2例 ,神经探查未修复神经 1例 ;2 3例做了后期足踝部功能重建术。结果　 15 1例获得 6个月～ 2 1年随访 (平均 8.5年 ) ,神经恢复的优良率为 5 6 .95 % ,后期功能重建的优良率为 78.2 6 %。结论　臀部坐骨神经损伤是周围神经损伤中最难处理和疗效最差的部位之一。其各段损伤与局部解剖关系密切。治疗应持积极态度 ,药物注射伤应争取尽早行神经松解术 ;神经断裂伤行外膜对端吻合术 ;骨盆骨折、髋脱位引起者 ,早期复位减压 ,后期须探查修复神经。晚期足踝部功能重建可改善肢体功能。     

手及前臂化学物质高压注射伤的早期处理

目的探讨手及前臂化学物质高压注射伤的治疗方法。方法对本组12例手及前臂化学物质高压注射伤，伤后在臂丛麻醉下及时扩创，切开减张，筋膜室放置负压胶管引流。结果12例患者平均27d伤口愈合，平均随访14．5月，按中华手外科学会手功能评定标准：优8例，良2例，差2例。结论肢体因化学物质高压注射伤应及时扩创、充分引流，可最大限度恢复伤手功能。     

Reconstruction of infected and denuded scrotum and penis by combined application of negative pressure wound therapy and split‐thickness skin grafting

Trauma to the genital region and perineum can leave behind lifelong sequelae and pose significant challenges to surgeons in the restoration of functional ability and aesthetic status. Effective methods and techniques are indispensable during the treatment period. Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is a widely accepted technique that is becoming a commonplace treatment in many clinical settings. The purpose of this case report was to introduce the efficacy of the concurrent usage of NPWT and split‐thickness skin grafting (STSG) in the reconstruction of genital injuries. A man suffered a traffic accident that caused necrosis of the scrotum and penis associated with a severe infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacea. After debridement, we adopted NPWT during the postoperative dressing changes and the application of meshed STSG. The outcomes showed that combination of NPWT and split‐thickness skin grafts is safe, well‐tolerated and efficient in the reconstruction of penoscrotal defects. This could be a versatile tool for reconstruction after perineal and penoscrotal trauma.     

Traumatic injuries of the sternoclavicular joint

Traumatic injuries of the sternoclavicular joint occur rarely and are mainly caused by an indirect trauma mechanism with high kinetic energy. Anterior dislocation is much more common than posterior dislocation, which may be associated with life-threatening injuries. The CT scan is the diagnostic tool of choice for accurate assessment of the injury and coexisting pathologies. The primary goal in anterior and posterior dislocations is an early closed reduction. In cases of redislocation after closed reduction of an anterior dislocation we recommend primary joint reconstruction on the basis of an individual therapeutic concept. Posterior dislocations often cannot be reduced by closed means. Then open reconstruction and stabilization are performed. Chronic instabilities should only be addressed surgically in cases of persistent pain and/or functional deficit. Resection of the medial clavicula represents an effective treatment option in post-traumatic sternoclavicular joint arthritis provided that the costoclavicular ligaments are intact or will be reconstructed during surgery. Physeal injuries of the medial clavicle can occur until an approximate age of 25. Closed reduction of dislocated physeal injuries is attempted. After reposition non-operative treatment in general leads to a good functional outcome. Posteriorly dislocated physeal injuries often cannot be reduced by closed means. In these cases good function can be expected after open stabilization.     

Tendon transfers for brachial plexus injury

Brachial plexus injuries result in severe functional deficits in the upper limb. The authors review a group of 74 patients with brachial plexus injuries who underwent 160 tendon transfer operations, as well as 94 additional procedures, in an attempt to augment lost function. Following evaluation of functional recovery, 58 percent of the patients were rated Good, 34 percent Improved, and 8 percent Unimproved. The authors conclude that significant benefit can be obtained by peripheral reconstruction and tendon transfers in patients with brachial plexus injuries.     

A chronic nocardial infection following conservative treatment of a high pressure injection injury of air.

We present a case of recurrent cutaneous nocardiosis following a high pressure air injection injury which was treated conservatively. The patient subsequently developed multiple chronic granulomatous nodules in the palm and dorsum of the hand requiring repeated surgical debridements and long term antibiotics for complete resolution. Some reports suggest that high pressure injection injuries of air or water run a benign course and may be treated conservatively. However, inoculation by high pressure injection injury of air or water may result in chronic infections, which cause significant morbidity and are a therapeutic challenge. Although uncommon, they may be avoided by adherence to established treatment principles which include prompt recognition, realisation of its severity and aggressive treatment by open wound management, even for seemingly innocuous trauma or inoculum.     

Primary internal fixation and bone grafting for open fractures of the hand

Primary bone grafting and internal fixation is a reliable option for the treatment of segmental hand defects resulting from high-energy crush or avulsion injuries. Immediate reconstruction can be performed safely if radical debridement and adequate soft tissue coverage of bone can be achieved. When these two criteria cannot be met, staged reconstruction should be performed. The low infection rate (0%), the high union rate (92%), and the return to full, unrestricted, previous employment for all patients in the authors' series supports the use of primary bone grafting in an acute setting. This single-stage approach to fracture management also permits earlier and more aggressive hand therapy that, in turn, can lower the high functional morbidity so often associated with these injuries.     

Topical becaplermin improves outcomes in work related fingertip injuries

BACKGROUND: Fingertip injuries are common and bear significant costs associated with treatment, lost work, and functional impairment. This study compared these factors in occupationally related fingertip injuries treated with becaplermin, a recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor, and those treated with surgical reconstruction. METHODS: This was a prospective controlled trial involving occupationally related fingertip injuries. Fifty men (ages 23-51) with full thickness, single fingertip injuries > or =1.5 cm(2) with or without phalangeal exposure and distal to the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint were evaluated. Group I (n = 25) underwent treatment with daily topical becaplermin. Group II (n = 25) underwent surgical reconstruction with a skin graft or local soft tissue flap. Time to wound healing, time to return to work, associated treatment costs, and calculated functional impairment were recorded. RESULTS: Patients in Group I returned to work in significantly less time than those in Group II-10 days versus 38 days respectively). The average calculated functional impairment in Group I was 10% versus 22% in Group II. Associated treatment costs in group A were 1580 +/- 145 US Dollars compared with 6750 +/- 785 US Dollars in Group II. All differences were statistically significant at p < 0.05 CONCLUSION: In this study, the functional and economic costs were significantly less when fingertip injuries were treated with topical becaplermin than when they were treated with surgical reconstruction. This information should allow emergency and acute care physicians to treat these injuries more efficaciously and conveniently.     

Traumatische Verletzungen des Sternoklavikulargelenks

Traumatic injuries of the sternoclavicular joint occur rarely and are mainly caused by an indirect trauma mechanism with high kinetic energy. Anterior dislocation is much more common than posterior dislocation, which may be associated with life-threatening injuries. The CT scan is the diagnostic tool of choice for accurate assessment of the injury and coexisting pathologies. The primary goal in anterior and posterior dislocations is an early closed reduction. In cases of redislocation after closed reduction of an anterior dislocation we recommend primary joint reconstruction on the basis of an individual therapeutic concept. Posterior dislocations often cannot be reduced by closed means. Then open reconstruction and stabilization are performed. Chronic instabilities should only be addressed surgically in cases of persistent pain and/or functional deficit. Resection of the medial clavicula represents an effective treatment option in post-traumatic sternoclavicular joint arthritis provided that the costoclavicular ligaments are intact or will be reconstructed during surgery. Physeal injuries of the medial clavicle can occur until an approximate age of 25. Closed reduction of dislocated physeal injuries is attempted. After reposition non-operative treatment in general leads to a good functional outcome. Posteriorly dislocated physeal injuries often cannot be reduced by closed means. In these cases good function can be expected after open stabilization.     

Wrist: Current Diagnosis and Treatment of Scaphoid Fractures and Injuries of the Scapholunate Ligament

Summary BACKGROUND: Fractures of the scaphoid and injuries to the scapholunate ligament are mostly seen as causes of the acute and chronic painful wrist. Strict guidelines are necessary to precisely detect these lesions in the acute stage and to provide adequate treatment. A computed tomography bone scan parallel to the long axis of the scaphoid is best for demonstrating fractures and any associated deformities. Scapholunate ligament injuries are best staged by standard plane radiographs including stress views and by arthroscopy of the wrist. METHODS: To avoid lengthy plaster immobilization and to lower the risk of nonunion, displaced and comminuted scaphoid fractures of the wrist as well as all proximal pole fractures should be internally fixed. Headless screws such as the Herbert screw, now available in a cannulated shape, allow the minimally invasive stabilization of the majority of these fractures with a high success rate under early mobilization. Undisplaced fractures can be treated conservatively with a below-elbow cast; alternatively, they can be stabilized percutaneously without the need for immobilization in a cast. Early diagnosis of scapholunate ligament injuries is most important, as anatomical healing of the injured ligaments can be expected only with primary treatment including correct realignment of the scaphoid and lunate followed by immobilization in a cast for about 8 weeks. In cases of chronic lesions, ligament reconstruction or even partial wrist fusion can be performed. In order to assess the different procedures, precise classification and staging with regard to a dynamic or static pattern are needed. RESULTS: Early rigid fixation of scaphoid fractures promotes a union rate of up to 100 % with rapid functional recovery. Primary repair of scapholunate ligament injuries provides the best clinical outcome. Ligament reconstruction or partial wrist fusion can help to prevent rapid secondary arthrotic changes in the wrist and leads to significant pain relief, however with restriction of mobility and grip strength. CONCLUSIONS: Standardized diagnosis and treatment of scaphoid fractures and scapholunate ligament injuries improve clinical outcome and significantly reduce post-traumatic arthrotic changes in the wrist.     

Experience of 14 years of emergency reconstruction of electrical injuries

Although there have been great advances in the treatment of electrical injuries in the last 20 years, the extremity loss ratio in electrical injuries remains at an unacceptably high level. The primary cause is due to the progressive tissue necrosis which results in the continuous extension of necrosis in the wound, leading to loss of the whole injured extremity. This study reports attempts to break the dangerous tissue necrosis circle and save the form and function of damaged extremities. After 14 years of systematic experimental and clinical studies a successful comprehensive urgent reconstruction alternative (CURA) for electrical injuries is proposed. CURA includes: debriding the wound as early as possible after injury; preserving the vital tissue structures as much as possible, such as nerves, vessels, joints, tendons, bone, even though they have undergone devitalization or local necrosis; repairing these vital tissues during the first surgery if functional reconstruction requires it; protecting the wound bed by covering with tissue flaps of rich blood supply; improving flap survival through moist dressings supported by continuous irrigation beneath the flaps for a 24-72h period after surgery with measures to control local infection; and last, giving general systemic treatment with vasoactive agents and antibiotics. Four hundred and fifty nine wounds in 155 patients suffering from electrical injuries have been successfully treated with this technique between 1986 and 2000 and are reported in this paper. Satisfactory results were obtained with the extremity loss proportion reduced to less than 9% compared with 41.5% during the 10 years before 1984 in the same hospital. The authors suggest that CURA is an effective and workable method for treatment of electrical injuries.