Blood transfusion support in rendering medical care in extreme conditions]

About 20% of accident and disaster victims need the hemotransfusion therapy. At present the method of erythrocyte long-term storage in the blood banks with glycerin high concentration is the most acceptable one. There are special medical teams (SMT) in the districts. They include the transfusiologic group with appropriate reserve of hemotransfusion materials. Most of them must be stored as untouchable reserve in the institutions of blood service and large hospitals on which the SMTs are based.     

Experience in rendering medical care to infectious patients in Afghanistan]

For the first time it was Afghanistan where the 40th Army had faced with mass polyinfection morbidity which had a severe course and unfavourable outcome. In these conditions a new effective system of medical care to infectious patients was elaborated and applied. This system comprised a four-staged complex of medical and diagnostical measures. That made it possible to reduce the number of fatal cases by 16 times (from 0.49 to 0.03%) in 1983-1989. The total number of servicemen returned to active duty was brought up to 99.6%. The most important factors in this new system were the following: at prehospital stage--new methods in early definition of infectious patients, opportune diagnosis and emergency care; at hospital phase--new methods of triage, schemes of complex treatment for various nosological forms working principles of intensive therapy.     

The evaluation of the efficiency of rendering medical care to the population in catastrophes

The article gives a methodical approach to the efficiency estimate of medical care in some catastrophes. On the basis of statistics about the consequences of mechanothermal injuries it was found out that the opportunity of medical care to the wounded directly at the seat of the catastrophe was one of the decisive factors in the reduction of fatal cases. That also gives the possibility to gain time for stepping up the further medical care. The preliminary training of the population for actions in the disaster conditions is considered to be the best method that could increase the efficiency of rescue operations.     

Tactics in rendering of specialized medical care to the casualties with combined maxillofacial trauma

Basing on the clinic's data obtained during the 5-year period (2000-2004) we observed 653 patients with different traumas of maxillofacial area. Among the patients 69.8% were the casualties with mandible fractures, 6.7--with maxilla fractures and 2.5%--with zygomatic bone fractures. The combined injuries of maxillofacial and other areas were observed in 11.6%. The combined injuries of maxillofacial area with extremities constituted 0.6%, with chest--0.5% and adjacent areas of head--9.5%. The analysis of conducted therapeutic work and previous experience allows suggesting the medical tactics concerning the problems of terms, methods and volume of specialized care rendered to the patients with combined maxillofacial trauma. It implies that combined injury of jaws with other body segments requires rendering of specialized care in whole volume, early periods, just immediately after getting the patient from shock.     

Aviation support of measures for rendering medical care to the victims of natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes

The unpredictable character of natural calamities and technological accidents makes some specific demands on the organization and planning of the wide range complex of social measures to abolish their awful and tragic consequences. Analysing and summarizing the reviews and reports of international congresses on the emergency and catastrophic medicine and their own experience, the authors accentuate attention on the advantages and capabilities of aerial transport in delivering of medical personnel, all necessary equipment to the zones of mass sanitary losses and its really essential role in rapid aeromedical evacuation of injured. The authors scrutinize in details the structural scheme of organization of patient's search-and-rescue work and suggest, that main principles of planning and management of search-and-rescue operations in aviation could be applied in a decision of problems, which arise in medical assistance to the victims of the natural disasters and accidents.     

方舱式机动医疗系统超压集体防护的技术研究

目的：建立一种方舱式机动医疗系统对大气环境中有毒有害生物、化学及放射性物质超压防护的技术体系。方法：按照监测预警、报警控制、滤毒净化、建立超压、超压监测5个控制环节进行设计，采用中央集中监测与报警控制、各分布式舱室终端同时动作响应的工作模式实现超压集体防护。结果：该防护系统能对大气环境中的有毒有害物质监测预警，能使单舱和系统各舱连接使用时分别建立并保持300Pa和130Pa以上的超压防护，并能实时监测各舱内的超压状态。结论：方舱式机动医疗系统的超压集体防护系统能对大气环境中的有毒有害物质实施有效防护。     

Interactive voxel surface rendering in medical applications.

Semi-boundary (SB) data structure is a compact voxel surface representation of the structure from the medical images. It represents only the boundary of the extracted structure and only an opaque object boundary involved in a 3D dataset can be visualized. Its computational complexity is in proportion to the number of SB voxels. In this paper, we propose schemes to reduce the number of projections in two ways. First, in conjunction with neighboring code, we exploit a set of visibility tables to cull some of the invisible SB voxels. Second, we exploit three pass rotations and an incremental approach to quickly determine the projection position for each SB voxel during rendering. With these two combinations, we significantly improve SB rendering performance. As a result, we can achieve an interactive rendering speed on general purpose workstations for our medical applications.