瑞芬太尼—氯胺酮静脉复合全麻在小儿隐睾固定术中的应用

目的 探讨瑞芬太尼-氯胺酮静脉复合全麻用于小儿隐睾固定手术的可行性.方法 将40例ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级择期行小儿隐睾固定术的患儿随机分为瑞芬太尼联合氯胺酮组(R组)和氯胺酮组(L组),各20例.L组于切皮前2min给予氯胺酮2mg/kg静脉注射后手术;R组于切皮前2min给予瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg,静脉注射后用微量输液泵泵入瑞芬太尼6μg·kg-1·h-1,静脉注射氯胺酮2mg/kg后手术,术中依需要静脉注射氯胺酮加深麻醉.比较2组麻醉效果、呼吸与循环的变化、氯胺酮的用量及苏醒时间.结果 2组均获良好麻醉效果;R组血压和心率稳定,L组平均动脉压和心率升高(P<0.05),R组麻醉后各时点平均动脉压及心率均低于L组(P＜0.01).R组较L组易引起呼吸抑制.R组氯胺酮的用量为(54.0±13.8)mg少于L组的(82.0±17.6)mg(P＜0.01),R组停药至苏醒时间为(10.3±3.4)min短于L组的(23.1±9.6)min(P＜0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼-氯胺酮静脉全麻疗效确切,苏醒快而完全,可用于小儿隐睾固定手术.     

瑞芬太尼—氯胺酮静脉复合全麻在小儿隐睾固定术中的应用

目的探讨瑞芬太尼—氯胺酮静脉复合全麻用于小儿隐睾固定手术的可行性。方法将40例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期行小儿隐睾固定术的患儿随机分为瑞芬太尼联合氯胺酮组(R组)和氯胺酮组(L组),各20例。L组于切皮前2min给予氯胺酮2mg/kg静脉注射后手术;R组于切皮前2min给予瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg,静脉注射后用微量输液泵泵入瑞芬太尼6μg·kg-1·h-1,静脉注射氯胺酮2mg/kg后手术,术中依需要静脉注射氯胺酮加深麻醉。比较2组麻醉效果、呼吸与循环的变化、氯胺酮的用量及苏醒时间。结果 2组均获良好麻醉效果;R组血压和心率稳定,L组平均动脉压和心率升高(P<0.05),R组麻醉后各时点平均动脉压及心率均低于L组(P<0.01)。R组较L组易引起呼吸抑制。R组氯胺酮的用量为(54.0±13.8)mg少于L组的(82.0±17.6)mg(P<0.01),R组停药至苏醒时间为(10.3±3.4)min短于L组的(23.1±9.6)min(P<0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼—氯胺酮静脉全麻疗效确切,苏醒快而完全,可用于小儿隐睾固定手术。     

瑞芬太尼复合氯胺酮用于小儿全凭静脉麻醉

目的:探讨瑞芬太尼复合氯胺酮用于小儿全麻醉的临床疗效.方法:将80例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级患儿随机分为A、B两组,每组各40例.两组均静脉给予咪唑安定0.02mg/kg,单次推注氯胺酮2mg/kg,A组:氯胺酮95靏/kg/min持续泵注维持;B组:氯胺酮60靏/kg/min配合瑞芬太尼0.06靏/kg/min持续泵注.术中监测患儿血压、心率,及SPO2,并记录术后苏醒时间.结果:A、B两组患儿血压和SPO2均较平稳,但B组心率较术前明显减慢(p＜0.05),而A组心率较术前明显增快(p＜0.05),B组术后麻醉苏醒明显快于A组(p＜0.05),且术中氯胺酮用量明显少于A组(p＜0.05).结论:瑞芬太尼复合氯胺酮用于小儿全麻醉既满足手术需要,又减少各自用药量,降低并发症发生率,使患儿麻醉苏醒时间明显缩短,麻醉更平稳.     

瑞芬太尼复合氯胺酮用于小儿全静脉麻醉的临床观察

目的探讨瑞芬太尼复合氯胺酮用于小儿全麻醉的临床疗效。方法将80例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级患儿随机分为A、B两组,每组各40例。两组均静脉给予咪唑安定0.02mg.kg-1,单次推注氯胺酮2mg·kg-1,A组：氯胺酮95μg/（kg·min）持续泵注维持;B组：氯胺酮58μg/（kg·min）配合瑞芬太尼0.06μg/（kg·min）持续泵注。术中监测患儿血压、心率,及SPO2,并记录术后苏醒时间。结果 A、B两组患儿血压和SPO2均较平稳,但B组心率较术前明显减慢（P〈0.05）,而A组心率较术前明显增快（P〈0.05）,B组术后麻醉苏醒明显快于A组（P〈0.05）,且术中氯胺酮用量明显少于A组（P〈0.05）。结论瑞芬太尼复合氯胺酮用于小儿全麻醉既满足手术需要,又减少各自用药量,降低并发症发生率,使患儿麻醉苏醒时间明显缩短,麻醉更平稳。     

瑞芬太尼复合氯胺酮在小儿手术麻醉中的效果分析

目的探讨瑞芬太尼复合氯胺酮在小儿手术麻醉中的效果。方法将78例手术患儿随机分为两组,A组单纯给予氯胺酮麻醉,B组给予瑞芬太尼复合氯胺酮麻醉,对比分析两组麻醉效果。结果两组术前、术中血氧饱和度、无创血压、心率等比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;两组术中血氧饱和度、无创血压差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;B组术中心率低于A组,氯胺酮总用量少于A组,苏醒时间短于A组（P〈0.05）。结论对小儿手术患者采用瑞芬太尼复合氯胺酮麻醉,可减慢心率,减少氯胺酮的用量,缩短苏醒时间。     

瑞芬太尼与氯胺酮复合七氟谜用于小儿外科手术的麻醉效果观察

目的 探讨瑞芬太尼与氯胺酮分别复合七氟谜在小儿外科手术中的应用效果.方法 选择80例ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级行外科手术患儿,随机双盲法分为瑞芬太尼组（A组）与氯胺酮组（B组）.肌注咪唑安定0.3 mg/kg基础麻醉后行静脉置管.A组于切皮前2 min给予瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg后用微量输液泵泵入瑞芬太尼30μg·kg^-1·h^-1七氟谜3MAC吸入直至术毕;B组于切皮前2 min给予氯胺酮2 mg/kg后用微量输液泵泵入氯胺酮3 mg·kg^-1·h^-1＋七氟谜3MAC吸入直至术毕.分别记录两组患儿切皮前2 min（T0）、切皮时（T1）、切皮后15 min（T2）、术毕时（T3）患儿的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、呼吸频率（R）与血氧饱和度（SPO2）,并记录患儿分泌物的总量（痰量）、苏醒时间及有无喉痉挛、躁动、恶心、呕吐等不良反应.结果 A组痰量较B组少（P＜0.01）,苏醒时间较B组短（P＜0.01）;两组患儿R差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;两组患儿术中安静入睡,镇痛完善,无明显呼吸抑制,无喉痉挛、躁动及恶心、呕吐等不良反应.结论 瑞芬太尼复合七氟谜用于小儿外科手术较氯胺酮术中循环更稳定,分泌物少,术后苏醒迅速,是一种安全可靠的麻醉方法.     

瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚全麻用于小儿扁桃体手术的临床观察

目的：探讨瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚用于小儿扁桃体手术全麻的临床疗效和安全性。方法：选择120例ASAI～Ⅱ级患儿随机分为两组,随机分为瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚组（R-P组,n=60）和羟丁酸钠-氯胺酮组（γ-K组,n=60）。麻醉诱导时,R-P组给予瑞芬太尼lμg/kg,丙泊酚2 mg/kg,氯化琥珀胆碱1 mg/kg,γ-K组给予羟丁酸钠80 mg/kg,氯胺酮1～2 mg/kg,氯化琥珀胆碱l mg/kg。两组患儿均麻醉诱导后气管插管,保留自主呼吸。R-P组持续输注丙泊酚4～6 mg/（kg.h）,瑞芬太尼0.05～0.1μg/（kg.min）,并根据患儿有无体动调整输注速度,手术结束即停药。γ-K组根据患儿有无体动间断静脉注射氯胺酮1～2 mg/kg,必要时追加羟丁酸钠。维持麻醉深度,记录术中呼吸、平均动脉压、心率变化,术后苏醒情况及并发症。结果：R-P组诱导后及术中平均动脉压、心率显著低于γ-K组（P〈0.05）,术后拔管、出室均比7-K组快（P〈0.05）,不良反应的发生率也显著少于γ-K组（P〈0.05）。结论：瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚用于小儿扁桃体手术可使患儿血压、心率维持在稳定的低水平状。     

面罩吸入七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼在小儿包皮环切术中的效果

目的探讨面罩吸入七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼在小儿包皮环切手术中的麻醉效果。方法患儿60例（3-9岁）,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为三组,七氟醚组（Ⅰ组）、丙泊酚组（Ⅱ组）和氯氨酮组（Ⅲ组）各20例。Ⅰ组面罩吸入七氟醚,静脉注射瑞芬太尼;Ⅱ组静脉注射瑞芬太尼及丙泊酚,Ⅲ组静脉注射氯氨酮。分别记录三组麻醉手术期间血流动力学的参数、血氧饱和度（SPO2）的变化和麻醉复苏的时间。结果Ⅰ组诱导后和手术时心率、血压基本保持平稳（P〉0．05）。U组在诱导后心率和血压下降较Ⅰ组明显（P〈0．05）,且Ⅱ组术中心率和血压波动明显（P〈0．05）。术后患儿自主睁眼和随意运动时间Ⅰ组明显早于Ⅲ组（P〈0．05）。结论面罩吸入七氟醚联合瑞芬太尼在小儿包皮环切手术中的麻醉平稳,效果确切,苏醒快。     

氯胺酮复合瑞芬太尼麻醉对小儿手术术后苏醒的影响

目的:研究氯胺酮复合瑞芬太尼用于小儿手术术后苏醒的时间安全性。方法:将60例门诊手术患儿随机分为两组。R组(氯胺酮复合瑞芬太尼组)和K组(氯胺酮组),每组30例。术前30min肌注阿托品0.015mg/kg,入室前静脉注射咪唑安定0.02mg/kg,手术前静脉注射氯胺酮2mg/kg。麻醉维持:R组静脉泵注瑞芬太尼0.1μg/kg.min;K组静脉泵注氯胺酮0.1mg/kg.min。记录手术时间、用药量,观察麻醉苏醒情况。结果:R组术后苏醒恢复状况优于K组(P<0.05)。结论:使用氯胺酮复合瑞芬太尼的患儿术后苏醒更快。     

七氟烷复合瑞芬太尼全身麻醉在小儿疝气手术中的应用

目的观察和比较七氟烷复合瑞芬太尼或芬太尼全身麻醉在小儿疝气手术中的应用效果。方法50例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级行疝气手术患儿随机分为两组：七氟烷复合瑞芬太尼组（sR组）和七氟烷复合芬太尼组（SF组）。每组25例。SR组在手术切皮前3min静脉注射瑞芬太尼1μg·kg－1后,瑞芬太尼0．1pg／（kg·min）及七氟烷吸入维持麻醉;SF组在手术切皮前3min静脉注射芬太尼1μg·kg－1后七氟烷吸入维持麻醉。观察和比较切皮前3min、切皮即刻、切皮后5rain和手术结束时患儿的呼吸频率、心率,平均血压、血氧饱和度及苏醒时间。结果SR组患儿心率、平均血压在切皮后变化较SF组稳定（P〈0．05）,且苏醒快（P〈0．05）。结论七氟烷复合瑞芬太尼比复合芬太尼全身麻醉可更有效地抑制切皮等应激反应,术后苏醒更快。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.