Ebstein畸形矫治术的麻醉管理

本院2004年3月至2005年12月手术治疗Ebstein畸形患者22例,男女各11例,年龄3个月-52岁,体重5-80kg。16岁以下患者诱导前肌肉注射氯胺酮6-7mg·kg-1、东莨菪碱0．01 mg·kg-1,意识消失后静脉注射舒芬太尼1μg·kg-1、泮库溴铵0．1-0．2 mg·kg-1麻醉诱导;16岁以上患者麻醉前30min肌肉注射吗啡10mg、东莨菪碱0．3mg,口服安定10mg,静脉注射咪达唑仑0．03-0.05 mg·kg-1、依托咪酯0．2-0.3 mg·kg-1、舒芬太尼1-2μg·kg-1、哌库溴铵0.08-1．0 mg·kg-1麻醉诱导。气管插管后行机械通气,维持呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)30-35mm Hg。吸入1.0％-1．5％异氟醚,间断静脉注射舒芬太尼和哌库溴铵维持麻醉。连续监测心电图、有创血压、脉搏血氧饱和度、PETCO2、中心静脉压、体温和经食管超声心动图。术中麻醉管理要点为减轻右心室前、后负荷,避免肺血管阻力增加,保护心功能,维持血液动力学稳定。所有患者术后症状明显缓解,右心房内径、右心室内径低于术前,围术期无1例患者死亡。     

高原低氧环境下非体外静脉转流原位肝移植术麻醉管理一例

患者,男,24岁,45kg,诊断为乙型肝炎性终末失代偿性肝硬化。在非体外静脉转流下行原位肝移植术。术前常规用药,麻醉选择气管内插管静吸复合全麻。诱导用咪唑安定10mg、芬太尼5μg·kg-1、异丙酚2mg·kg-1、哌库溴铵0.15mg·kg-1。维持期间断静推芬太尼、咪唑安定、哌库溴铵,安氟醚间断吸入。术中重视中心体温的调节,维持T在34.40℃±0.28℃。术中出血约     

芬太尼复合诱导气管插管对神经外科病人大脑中动脉血流速率的影响

目的应用经颅多普勒(TCD)研究不同剂量芬太尼和依托咪酯复合诱导气管插管对神经外科病人脑血流动力学的影响。方法20例病人随机分成两组(每组10例)F5组,芬太尼5μg／kg;F10组,芬太尼10μg／kg。余诱导用药相同安定0．1mg／kg、依托咪酯0．3mg／kg、维库溴铵0．1mg／kg。采用TCD监测双侧大脑中动脉血流速率(V-MCA),同时监测BP、HR、记录麻醉诱导前、插管前和插管后3分钟的变化。结果与麻醉前比,插管前和插管后3分钟,两组V-MCA均明显降低(P＜0．01);血压在插管前降低(P＜0．01),插管后恢复麻醉前水平。但两组间的变化差异无显著意义。结论芬太尼和依托咪酯复合诱导能抑制插管刺激引起的脑血流量增加和心血管反应,减少脑血流量。     

低温体外循环心内直视手术的麻醉与治疗体会

目的:回顾性的对我院122例低温体外循环心内直视手术麻醉与治疗进行总结。方法:全部病例术前30min肌注哌替啶1mg/kg,东莨菪碱0.01mg/kg,采用安定0.4ms/kg,芬太尼5～8μg/kg,维库溴铵或潘库溴铵0.12mg/kg诱导插管。采用芬太尼、潘库溴铵维持麻醉45例,芬太尼、维库溴铵维持麻醉77例,68例采用安氟醚静吸复合麻醉。常规连续监测ECG、CVP、SPO_2,桡动脉管置管连续监测SBP、DBP、MAP,同时测咽部温度、电解质、动脉血气、尿量、激活全血凝固时间(ACT)。体外循环转流后及早给体外循环机内加1～5μg/kg/min的硝普钠,心跳复跳后用1～5μg/kg/min多巴胺增强心肌收缩力。结果:血流降温18.9℃～30℃,主动脉阻断时间10～134min,开放主动脉后心脏自动复跳68例,电击复跳54例,自动复跳率为55.7％,全部病人麻醉平稳,心血管系统基本稳定,无发生麻醉死亡。结论:采用芬太尼、潘库溴铵,芬大尼、维库溴铵或静吸复合麻醉,均能维持麻醉平稳,心血管系统基本稳定。     

咪唑安定-芬太尼-羟丁酸钠复合诱导对心脏手术病人血液动力学的影响

心脏手术麻醉处理的核心环节是维持循环功能稳定 .为了获得满意的麻醉效果又可使血液动力学保持稳定,临床上常采用多种药物联合诱导的方式.本文观测了咪唑安定-芬太尼-羟丁酸钠联合诱导对心脏手术病人的效果及血液动力学作用. 资料与方法 一般资料择期行心脏手术病人22例,男17例,女5例,平均年龄6 1.7岁,身高1 63cm,体重62.9kg.心功能Ⅱ级9例,Ⅲ级10例,Ⅳ级3例.手术类型:冠脉搭桥术14例,心脏瓣膜置换5例,冠脉搭桥+瓣膜置换2例,冠脉搭桥+室壁瘤切除术1例. 麻醉方法麻醉前用药为吗啡0.2mg/kg、地西泮7.5～10m g及东莨菪碱0. 3mg,于术前1小时肌注.麻醉诱导:面罩吸氧下经中心静脉注入咪唑安定0.1mg/ kg、芬太尼4μg/kg及羟丁酸钠50mg/kg.入睡后注射潘库溴铵0.1mg/ kg.肌松完善后行气管插管,连接麻醉机作间歇正压通气.以异氟醚吸入及间断静注芬太尼和潘库溴铵维持麻醉.     

罗库溴铵对风湿性心脏病患者血液动力学的影响

目的 比较风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换术诱导期间罗库溴铵和维库溴铵对患者血液动力学的影响。方法 选择20例瓣膜置换术患者采用随机双盲法分成两组(n=10例)。在肌松及双频脑电指数(BIS)监测下，依次给予咪唑安定(0．05～0．1mg／kg)、芬太尼(10～15μg／kg)及等效剂量的罗库溴铵0．6mg／kg或维库溴铵0．1mg／kg。记录和计算麻醉诱导前至插管后30min(1次／min)两组的血液动力学指标。结果 在使用罗库溴铵后1～7min，心率增加了7．54％～17．43％，动脉收缩压增加了12．3％～16．94％，心率收缩压乘积增加了13．96％～22．67％，均高于维库溴铵组。每搏指数在插管后5min下降了13．5％～19．5％，每搏量下降了11．3％～23．8％，明显低于维库溴铵组。其余血液动力学指标在两组间差异无显著性。结论 在心功能Ⅲ级以上的风湿性心脏病患者进行瓣膜置换术麻醉中慎重选用罗库溴铵，但较适用于心动过缓及低血压的患者。     

术前美托洛尔或咪唑安定对全麻诱导丙泊酚用量和血流动力学的影响

目的观察术前口服美托洛尔和肌注咪唑安定对麻醉诱导丙泊酚用量及血流动力学的影响。方法拟全麻行择期手术病人（ASAI-Ⅱ级）60例,随机分为美托洛尔组（Met组）、咪唑安定组（Mid组）和苯巴比妥钠组（Phe组）各20例,三组分别口服美托洛尔50mg、肌注咪唑安定0．04mg／kg、肌注苯巴比妥钠0．1g。以30mg·kg^-1·h^-1恒速推注丙泊酚直至病人入睡,随后静注芬太尼3μg／k,维库溴铵0．1mg／kg,辅助通气3min后进行气管插管。记录丙泊酚用量、入室、诱导前后、插管前后平均动脉压（MAP）和心率（HR）。结果Met组、Mid组、Phe组丙泊酚用量分别为1．36mg／kg±0．22mg／kg、1．40mg／kg±0．08mg／kg、1．61mg／kg±0．23mg／kg,与Phe组相比,Met组和Mid组丙泊酚用量减少（P〈0．01）。血流动力学变化：插管后组间对比Met组和Mid组MAP较Phe组低（P〈0．01）;插管后Mid组和Phe组HR基础值明显升高（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）,而Met组无明显差异（P〉0．05）;插管后组间对比Met组和Mid组HR均比Phe组慢（P〈0．01）。结论术前口服美托洛尔或肌注咪唑安定与肌注苯巴比妥钠相比,均能减少丙泊酚诱导用量,但美托洛尔能更有效抑制血流动力学波动。     

Q-T间期延长综合征患者的全身麻醉

目的 总结QT间期延长综合征(LQTS)患者全身麻醉的经验.方法 LQTS患者36例,采用咪唑安定0.1 mg/kg、依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg、芬太尼5μg/kg、维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg麻醉诱导,插管后吸入60%N2O和1%～2%异氟醚,并间断追加芬太尼和维库溴铵维持麻醉.持续监测BP、HR、SpO2和PETCO2.记录麻醉前和术中FCG,测量Q-T值并计算出Q-Tc值.术后应用芬太尼、咪唑安定静脉镇痛镇静.结果 所有患者各时点BP、HR差异无统计学意义.与麻醉前相比,个别患者麻醉诱导后Q-Tc值有轻微下降,但Q-T间期无明显延长;术中无心律失常等心血管意外发生.结论 此种麻醉方式及用药对LQTS患者是安全有效的.     

主动脉瓣关闭不全合并巨大左心室麻醉的处理

目的 总结既往主动脉瓣关闭不全合并巨大左心室的麻醉经验.方法 术前30 min肌注吗啡10 mg,东莨菪碱0.3 mg.根据患者反应和血流动力学变化,静脉给予依托咪酯0.1～0.2mg/kg,舒芬太尼1μg/kg,哌库溴铵0.1 mg/kg分次给药,缓慢诱导经口明视插管.根据血气结果调整呼吸参数,维持术中血气在正常范围.吸入1.0%～1.5%异氟醚,间断静脉注射舒芬太尼和哌库溴铵维持麻醉.连续监测心电图、有创血压、脉搏血氧饱和度、呼吸末二氧化碳分压、中心静脉压、体温.结果 术后均无室颤及其他恶性心律失常发生,均康复出院.结论 术前处理重点保证足够的前负荷,维持较快的心率,适度减轻后负荷,适度强心.术后处理重点保证足够的前负荷,早期继续使用多巴胺等正性肌力药物进行辅助,使用硝酸甘油扩张冠脉.     

同种原位心脏移植手术的麻醉处理

回顾总结2004年6月至2005年12月阜外心血管病医院43例同种原位心脏移植手术,分析和讨论同种原位心脏移植手术病人的麻醉处理经验及相关问题。静脉注射依托咪酯0.2-0.3 mg／kg、芬太尼5-15μg／kg或舒芬太尼50-100μg、维库溴铵0．1 mg／kg或罗库溴铵0．6 mg/kg麻醉诱导;间断给予芬太尼5-15μg/kg或舒芬太尼50-150μg、维库溴铵0.05 mg／kg或罗库溴铵0.15 mg/kg,吸入1％-2％异氟烷,持续静脉输注异丙酚3-6mg·kg-1·h-1维持麻醉。升主动脉阻断时间为57- 133min、体外循环时间为123-230min。体外循环后静脉持续输注多巴胺、肾上腺素和异丙肾上腺素维持循环稳定;静脉输注硝酸甘油、一氧化氮和前列环素维持肺动脉舒张、降低肺动脉压。体外循环后除1例因持续性心动过缓应用临时起搏器外,其余均恢复满意的窦性心律;所有病人移植后心脏功能满意。围术期免疫抑制方案采用巴利昔单抗、环胞霉素A、霉酚酸酯和皮质激素四联方案。除1例心肾联合移植病人术后3个月死于感染致多器官衰竭外,其余病人均无任何排异反应和并发症、痊愈出院。平稳的麻醉诱导和维持、围术期稳定的血液动力学、良好的供心保护、免疫抑制治疗等是保证心脏移植手术成功的关键。     

右美托咪定预注对瓣膜置换术患者麻醉诱导期血流动力学和脑电双频指数的影响

目的观察新型肾上腺素受体激动剂右美托咪定（dexmedetomi（iine,Dex）预注对瓣膜置换术患者麻醉诱导期血流动力学和脑电双频指数（bispectralindex,BIS）值的影响。方法选择择期瓣膜置换术患者30例,采用随机数字表法分为两组：Dex组（D组）和对照组（C组）,每组15例。D组于麻醉诱导前静脉微量泵预注用生理盐水稀释成50ml的Dex（浓度为4mg／L）0．5μg／kg,输注时间为10min,C组以同样方式输注等体积生理盐水。均以依托咪脂、芬太尼、哌库溴铵、咪达唑仑复合诱导麻醉。记录入室后输注Dex前即刻基础值（T1）、输注Dex后5min（T2）、输注Dex后10min麻醉诱导前时刻（T3）、麻醉诱导后1min（T4）、麻醉诱导后3min（T5）、插管前OPN（T6）、插管即刻（T7）、插管后1min（T8）、插管后3min（Tq）、插管后5min（T10）各时点的心率（heartrate,HR）、有创血压值（artefial blood pressure,ABP）[收缩压（systolic blood pressure,SBP）、舒张压（diastolic blood pressure,DBP）、平均动脉压mean artery pressure,MAP）]和BIS变化。结果全麻诱导前,与T1（92．6±2．5）比较,D组BIS在T2（73．2±1．9）、T3（70．1±2．3）时显著下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,C组没有明显变化;全麻诱导期,与T3比较,两组BIS明显下降;气管插管期间,与T6比较,C组在T7时BIS（34．8±2．2）显著增高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,而D组BIS无明显变化。与C组比较,D组BIS在T2～T5、T7明显降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。全麻诱导前,与T1比较,D组在T2、T3时ABP略有增高,HR显著降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;全麻诱导期,与T1比较,两组ABP、HR均下降;气管插管期间,与T6比较,D组DBP、MAP、HR在T7、T8略有升高,T9、T10无明显变化（P〉0．05）,C组ABP、HR在B～T10显著增高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。与C组比较,D组SBP、MAP在T4-T10和DBP在T3-T10显著增高、HR在T2～T10显著降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论静脉预注Dex能明显加深麻醉,BIS降低,减少瓣膜置换术患者气管内插管期心血管反应,血流动力学更加平稳,适合在临床中应用。     

舒芬太尼和芬太尼复合麻醉下体外循环先天性心脏病手术患儿应激反应的比较

目的 比较舒芬太尼和芬太尼复合麻醉下体外循环(CPB)先天性心脏病手术患儿的应激反应.方法 择期拟在体外循环下行先天性心脏病手术患儿24例,年龄2～6岁,随机分为2组(n=12):舒芬太尼复合麻醉组(S组)和芬太尼复合麻醉组(F组).静脉注射咪达唑仑0.1 mg/kg,维库溴铵0.15 mg/kg,舒芬太尼0.7μg/kg(S组)或芬太尼5μg/kg(F组),气管插管后机械通气,切皮前两组静脉注射维库溴铵0.08 mg/kg、咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.7μg/kg(S组)或芬太尼5μg/kg(F组),劈胸骨前静脉注射舒芬太尼1.5μg/kg(S组)或芬太尼10 μg/kg(F组),劈胸骨后静脉输注异丙酚6～9 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),按需间断静脉注射维库溴铵0.08 mg/kg维持麻醉.转流前体外循环机内加入眯达唑仑0.1 mg/kg,S组静脉注射舒芬太尼1.5 μg/kg,F组静脉注射芬太尼10 μg/kg.于入室(T_1)、麻醉诱导前即刻(T_2)、气管插管后1 min(T_3)、5 min(T_4)、10 min(T_5)、切皮后1 min(T_6)、劈胸骨后1 min(T_7)时记录MAP、HR.于T_1、T_3、T_7、复温即刻(T_8)、停CPB后10 min(T_9)、术后24 h(T_10)时抽取桡动脉血样5 ml,测定血浆促肾上腺皮质激素、皮质醇、胰高血糖素、乳酸、血糖浓度.结果 两组MAP和HR均在正常范围内.与F组比较,S组血浆促肾上腺皮质激素、皮质醇、胰高血糖素和乳酸浓度降低(P<0.05或0.01),血糖浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).与T_1时比较,两组T_(7,9,10)时血浆促肾上腺皮质激素、胰高血糖素和血糖浓度升高,T_(7,9,10)时皮质醇浓度升高,T_(8～10)时乳酸浓度升高(P<0.05).结论 与芬太尼复合麻醉相比,舒芬太尼复合麻醉可更有效地抑制体外循环先天性心脏病手术患儿应激反应.     

不同麻醉方法对胃癌患者围术期T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的 探讨不同麻醉方法对胃癌患者围术期T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法 36例择期胃癌根治术患者,随机分为硬膜外阻滞组（I组）、全麻组（Ⅱ组）和硬膜外阻滞复合全麻组（Ⅲ组）,每组12例,分别于诱导前、术毕及术后1、3、5、7d取外周静脉血2ml,采用APAAP法测定T淋巴细胞亚群的变化。结果 与诱导前相比,术毕、术后第1、3d各组CD3^ 、CD4^ 、CD8^ 、及CD4^ /CD8^ 均明显下降（P＜0．05）;术后第5d,Ⅲ组各指标恢复（P＞0．05）;术后第7d,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组各指标恢复（P＞0．05）。Ⅲ组CD3^ 、CD4^ 及CD4^ /CD8^于术后第5d明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组（P＜0．05）。结论 硬膜外复合全麻能减轻围术期应激反应及麻醉药物对T淋巴细胞亚群的抑制,有利于胸腹部肿瘤病人免疫功能的及早恢复。     

Comparative hemodynamic study of anesthesia induction with propofol (Diprivan), thiopental, methohexital, etomidate and midazolam in patients with coronary disease

In patients undergoing cardiac surgery, the induction of anesthesia is not without risk because of specific cardiovascular effects of the anesthetic and the preoperative state of the patient. The hemodynamic effects of etomidate, midazolam, thiopental, and methohexital are well known: etomidate is an anesthetic that induces only minor cardiovascular changes; its influence on the endocrine system, however, has reduced its clinical indication. Barbiturates such as thiopental and methohexital produce negative inotropic effects in combination with an increase in heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption; midazolam reduces pre- and afterload in patients with poor left ventricular function. Propofol, a new short-acting induction agent with good anesthetic properties, is said to diminish arterial pressure as well as myocardial oxygen consumption. METHODS: In a randomized study we investigated the hemodynamic effects of intravenous induction with propofol (2 mg/kg body wt.), thiopental (5 mg/kg), methohexital (1 mg/kg), etomidate (0.3 mg/kg), and midazolam (0.15 mg/kg) in 50 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. All patients were premedicated with flunitrazepam (0.03 mg/kg up to 2 mg) and morphine hydrochloride (0.2 mg/kg up to 15 mg) 100 min before the investigation. After 0.003 mg/kg fentanyl the patients received the induction agent in the above-mentioned dosage within 40 s followed by 0.1 mg/kg pancuronium bromide. Hemodynamic measurements were performed 1, 3, and 5 min after the end of the injection as well as 1 and 5 min after intubation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of succinylcholine on the pharmacodynamics of pipecuronium and pancuronium.

To study the effects of succinylcholine on subsequent pharmacodynamics of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants, a comparative pharmacodynamic study was carried out in patients having balanced anesthesia (thiopental, fentanyl, nitrous oxide/oxygen) in whom equipotent doses of pipecuronium (80 micrograms/kg) and pancuronium (100 micrograms/kg) were given with or without prior administration of succinylcholine (1 mg/kg). Fifty-two patients were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups: 1, pancuronium (100 micrograms/kg); 2, pipecuronium (80 micrograms/kg); 3, succinylcholine (1 mg/kg) plus pancuronium (100 micrograms/kg); and 4, succinylcholine (1 mg/kg) plus pipecuronium (80 micrograms/kg). In groups 3 and 4, the nondepolarizing relaxant was given after succinylcholine when the twitch height recovered to 75% of its control value. For maintenance of neuromuscular blockade, additional increments of pancuronium (20 micrograms/kg) or pipecuronium (15 micrograms/kg) were given. Neuromuscular function was monitored throughout induction, maintenance, spontaneous recovery, and pharmacologic reversal of the neuromuscular block. Mean onset times for pancuronium (group 1) and pipecuronium (group 2) given without succinylcholine were (mean +/- SEM) 2.5 +/- 0.3 and 2.8 +/- 0.2 min, respectively. Mean onset times (times to maximum twitch depression) of the two drugs given after succinylcholine (groups 3 and 4) were significantly shorter (1.4 +/- 0.4 and 1.6 +/- 0.1 min, respectively). Clinical durations (i.e., until 25% twitch recovery of pancuronium and pipecuronium) were not significantly different among the four groups, varying from 81.1 +/- 5.4 (group 4) to 107.0 +/- 17.0 (group 2) min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Hemodynamic changes during fentanyl--oxygen anesthesia for aortocoronary bypass operation

Fentanyl in doses of 50-60 microgram/kg has been reported to produce anesthesia with remarkable hemodynamic stability in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Because the authors had observed hypertension and tachycardia in response to noxious stimulation during aortocoronary bypass (ACB) operations in patients so anesthetized, they studied the hemodynamic changes and anesthetic conditions produced by fentanyl/O2/relaxant anesthesia in patients undergoing elective ACB. Twelve patients with left ventricular (LV) ejection fractions greater than 0.4 were maintained on propranolol until 10 hours before operation and were premedicated with fentanyl, diazepam, and scopolamine. Cannulae were inserted before the study commenced for measurement of intravascular pressures, arterial blood gases, and thermodilution cardiac output. The patients breathed 100 per cent oxygen throughout the study. Controlled ventilation aided by succinylcholine to reduce truncal rigidity maintained PaCO2 at 30-45 torr. Measurements were made after each of the following: breathing oxygen (control), 10 microgram/kg fentanyl, 50 microgram/kg fentanyl, and 0.1 mg/kg pancuronium, tracheal intubation, skin incision, and sternotomy. Fentanyl alone produced no significant hemodynamic changes. Fentanyl and pancuronium in combination produced increased heart rate and reduced stroke volume. Significant and progressively greater increases in mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance followed intubation, skin incision, and sternotomy. Chest rigidity occurred in every patient at a lower fentanyl dose than did unresponsiveness. While fentanyl, 62.4 +/- 2.9 microgram/kg (SE), produced minor hemodynamic changes, it failed to block hemodynamic responses to noxious stimulation. Such changes resulted in increased cardiac work, and could have affected myocardial oxygen balance unfavorably. In eight of the 12 patients, following the last set of measurements, supplementary anesthetic agents were required to maintain hemodynamic stability during the surgical procedure. The authors suggest that this fentanyl/O2/relaxant technique should be modified for patients with severe CAD and reasonably good LV function.     

支撑喉镜下CO2激光治疗小儿喉乳头状瘤的麻醉管理

本院2003年5月-2007年5月支撑喉镜下CO2激光治疗喉乳头状瘤患儿28例,男性19例,女性9例,年龄lO个月～3.5岁,体重8～15 kg,无喉阻塞患儿17例,喉阻塞Ⅰ度患儿7例,喉阻塞Ⅱ度或Ⅲ度息儿4例.术前对全身和喉部病变情况进行评估,根据不同喉阻塞程度选用不同的麻醉方法,纠正术前呼吸系统感染、脱水、电解质紊乱等合并症后行手术.麻醉诱导:无喉阻塞患儿肌肉注射氯胺酮5mg/kg,入睡后静脉注射咪达唑仑0.1 mg/kg、氯胺酮1～2 mg/kg或芬太尼2μ g/kg和琥珀胆碱1.5 mg/kg后气管插管;喉阻塞Ⅰ度患儿肌肉注射氯胺酮5 mg/kg,保留自主呼吸充分给氧,l%地卡因充分表面麻醉后气管插管;喉阻塞Ⅱ度或Ⅲ度患儿1%地卡因充分表面麻醉后气管插管;所有患儿均在喉镜直视下插入较正常小1号的气管导管,行辅助通气或机械通气.麻醉维持:间断静脉注射维库溴铵0.05-0.1 mg/kg和氯胺酮1～2 mg/kg,静脉输注异丙酚3～5 mg·kg-1·h-1,维持HR 110～150次/min,MAP 70～90 mm Hg.术毕时均静脉注射地塞米松0.2-0.3 mg/kg.待患儿清醒、吸空气维持SpO2≥96%时拔除气管导管.除喉阻塞Ⅰ度患儿中1例麻醉诱导时行紧急气管切开外,其余患儿麻醉诱导平稳,麻醉效果满意,血液动力学稳定,术后自主呼吸恢复平稳,均顺利完成手术.激光治疗中未见气管导管损伤及燃烧等情况发生,术中及术后未见窒息、喉痉挛及支气管痉挛等并发症发生.     

Plasma level changes of fentanyl and midazolam after release of a prolonged thigh tourniquet

In 14 elderly orthopedic patients undergoing total knee joint replacement, the influence of complete arterial occlusion of the limb on the course of plasma levels of fentanyl and midazolam was examined. The patients were premedicated with midazolam intramuscularly (0.05 mg/kg) and were then given neurolept anesthesia in dosages of 0.1 mg/kg midazolam and 0.01 mg/kg fentanyl intravenously prior to the placement of the tourniquet. Up to 4 h after the tourniquet was released, plasma levels of fentanyl and midazolam as well as pH value, PaCO2 and plasma lactate levels were measured. In 12 patients there was an increase in fentanyl and in 10 patients an increase in midazolam plasma levels after tourniquet release. The maximum increase varied between 1 min and 2 h after release. The plasma levels of midazolam after removal of the tourniquet varied greatly between individuals. Especially patients older than 70 years showed excessively high concentrations of midazolam. These results would indicate that there can be a clinically significant increase of fentanyl and midazolam levels due to initial reperfusion of the lower extremity following prolonged ischemia. Therefore a correspondingly extended period of postoperative surveillance is advisable.     

乌司他丁预先给药对CO_2气腹致腹腔镜妇科手术患者心肌损伤的影响

目的 评价乌司他丁预先给药对CO_2气腹致腹腔镜妇科手术患者心肌损伤的影响.方法 择期腹腔镜下行妇科恶性肿瘤切除术的患者30例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄30～60岁,体重50～70 kg,随机分为2组(n=15):对照组(C组)和乌司他丁预先给药组(U组).U组气管插管后30 min内静脉输注乌司他丁1万U/kg,C组以等量生理盐水替代.维持CO_2气腹压力1.3～1.9 kPa.于麻醉诱导前即刻(基础状态)及术后8 h时采集静脉血样,测定血清肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性.结果 与基础值比较,C组术后8 h时血清CK和AST的活性升高(P<0.05),血清CK-MB和LDH的活性和U组各指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).与C组比较,U组术后8 h时血清CK和AST的活性下降(P<0.05),血清CK-MB和LDH的活性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 预先静脉输注乌司他丁1万U/kg对腹腔镜妇科手术患者心肌可产生保护作用.