交感神经激活在心肾综合征发生、进展过程中的作用及其潜在的治疗价值

慢性心力衰竭和慢性肾病常相伴出现（即心肾综合征）并且互相促进，最终导致心脏、肾脏功能进行性恶化，临床预后极差[1]。慢性肾病本身显著增加了心血管事件的风险发生率，慢性心力衰竭患者中出现蛋白尿比例较正常人增加而且这些患者临床结果相对较差。     

肾活检在糖尿病肾脏疾病诊断中的价值

糖尿病合并肾脏疾病的肾脏病理表现复杂,非糖尿病肾病并不少见,其与糖尿病肾脏疾病（diabetic kidney disease,DKD）的治疗与预后有较大差异,早期明确诊断意义重大。单纯依靠临床表现及生化指标来诊断肾脏病变及判断预后存在较大的局限性,而近年来研究较多的用于早期诊断的新型生物标志物应用价值尚有待研究。肾活检作为一种相对安全的操作,被推荐应用于DKD的诊断、鉴别诊断、制定治疗方案和预后评估。     

缺血修饰白蛋白临床应用研究进展

缺血修饰白蛋白（Ischemia Modified Albumin IMA）是近年来研究较多的反映心肌缺血的生化标志物,可作为灵敏的缺血指标辅助急性冠脉综合征（ACS）早期诊断,以便在疾病的可逆阶段干预治疗,达到改善患者预后和降低死亡率的目的。具有敏感性高、阴性预测值高、出现时间早等优点而受到人们的关注。进一步的研究证实IMA对心肌缺血是否造成细胞坏死无法鉴别,是心肌缺血标志物而非心肌损伤标志物,在急诊胸痛患者的危险分层预后评估中具有重要意义。IMA并非急性冠状动脉综合征所特有的标志物,在急性脑卒中、肺梗死、难产、慢性肾性贫血患者甚至正常妊娠妇女中均发现可以升高。因此我们要客观对待IMA的检测结果在不同疾病中的表现,对IMA结果的解释也更需慎重。     

胡桃夹综合征合并IgA肾病一例并文献复习

胡桃夹综合征合并慢性肾脏病临床上易被漏诊,我们报道一例胡桃夹综合征合并IgA肾病患者的诊疗经过,总结胡桃夹综合征并发慢性肾脏病的临床特点。通过文献检索发现有关胡桃夹合并慢性肾脏病情况并不少见。我们认为当胡桃夹(+)合并有持续性或者大量蛋白尿时需要重视合并慢性肾脏病的可能,经皮穿刺肾组织活检病理检查有助于明确诊断,指导治...     

氨基末端B型利钠肽前体联合胱抑素C在1型心肾综合征早期诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨NT-proBNP、Cys-C在1型心肾综合征中的早期诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析温州市人民医院2011年1月至2014年1月就诊的资料完整395例急性心力衰竭患者,分别采用乳胶颗粒增强透射免疫比浊法(PETIA)和电化学发光免疫分析法(ECLIA)检测急性左心衰患者发病后24 h左右血浆Cys-C、NT-proBNP浓度,同时统计患者1型心肾综合征的发生率,通过ROC曲线下面积评价血浆Cys-C、NT-proBNP浓度早期诊断1型心肾综合征的价值,并找出其早期诊断1型心肾综合征的切点.结果 395例急性左心衰患者中,男性61.3％,年龄29 ～ 96岁,(74.3±13.0)岁;其中,82例患者并发心肾综合征;Logistic回归分析统计结果显示:糖尿病、慢性心功能不全、Cys-C及NT-proBNP是预测1型CRS的独立危险因素,其中Cys-C的预测能力最强;血浆NT-proBNP及Cys-C诊断心肾综合征的ROC曲线下面积分别为:0.835 (95％CI:0.785 ～0.886,P＜0.01)及0.885 (95％CI:0.825～0.944,P＜0.01);单独利用NT-proBNP早期诊断1型心肾综合征诊断准确性不大,约登指数最大为0.483;联合Cys-C后,诊断的准确性得到极大提高,尤其是特异性,约登指数最高达0.717,有极大的早期诊断参考价值.结论 Cys-C、NT-proBNP在1型心肾综合征的早期诊断中有一定的应用价值,若两者联合检测,将极大提高诊断的准确性,尤其在诊断特异性方面.     

血管紧张素受体脑啡肽酶抑制剂对心肾综合征患者肾功能影响

<正>心肾综合征是指当心脏和肾脏其中某一器官发生急、慢性功能异常从而导致另一器官急、慢性功能异常的综合征^[1]。心肾综合征患者发病率和病死率高,病理生理机制复杂,由于心肾功能不全相互影响,患者很快进入恶性循环,治疗相当棘手。目前对心肾综合征缺乏有效治疗措施,是心血管疾病和肾脏疾病研究的热点。血管紧张素受体脑啡肽酶抑制剂(angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor,ARNI)是近年上市的用于治疗慢性心功能不全的一种新药,     

生物学标志物在心肾综合征中的意义

随着慢性肾脏病(Chronic Kidney disease,CKD)在全世界的广泛流行,且心血管事件(Cardiov-ascular disease,CVD)已经成为了CKD患者的首要死亡原因.人们开始越来越关注CVD与CKD之间的关系.心肾综合征(Cardiorenal syndrome,CRS)这一词也应运而生.对早期的CRS进行干预、治疗,能够有效地改善患者的预后.而CRS的生物学标志物能够有效地帮助临床医师对患者的病情进行早期诊断,危险评估,给予治疗的同时还能判断预后.因此,本文将对CRS的生物学标记物进行探讨.     

膜性肾病生物标志物的研究现状与应用展望

膜性肾病（MN）是成人肾病综合征中最常见的病理类型,是成人终末期肾病的重要病因之一。MN的病程具有异质性,有1/3的患者会自发缓解或病情稳定,有1/3的患者病情则会持续进展,如未能及时诊断和规范治疗,将发展为终末期肾病。因此,早期发现预后不良患者,及时规范治疗和定期随访,具有重要的临床意义。肾活检是诊断MN的金标准。近年来,抗M型磷脂酶A2受体（PLA2R）抗体的临床应用极大地推动了MN的诊疗。最新的MN诊疗指南明确提出,在排除继发性MN后,符合MN临床表现和血清抗PLA2R抗体阳性患者不需要再进行肾活检来明确诊断。随着相关研究的不断深入,1型血小板反应蛋白7A域（THSD7A）等一系列新的MN潜在标志物被发现,对抗PLA2R抗体阴性MN的辅助诊断有较高的临床价值。因此,加强MN新型生物标志物的临床应用研究,综合运用相关生物标志物,将有助于推进MN的精准诊疗。     

心肾综合征临床诊断与监测的生物标记物

心肾综合征（CRS）是指心脏或肾脏功能不全时相互影响、相互加重而导致的心肾功能急剧恶化的临床综合征.Ronco等[1-2]将CRS分为5个亚型：Ⅰ型：急性CRS,即急性失代偿性心功能不全导致的急性肾损伤（AKI）;Ⅱ型：慢性CRS,是慢性心力衰竭导致的肾功能不全的过程;Ⅲ型：急性肾心综合征,指急性缺血性肾功能障碍导致的急性心脏功能受损;Ⅳ型：慢性肾心综合征,即慢性肾功能不全造成的冠状动脉疾病和心力衰竭等心脏损害情况;Ⅴ型：继发性CRS,指在心肾功能不全中出现的全身系统事件的情况.在美国,30％住院的急性心力衰竭（HF）患者有慢性肾功能衰竭史（血清肌酐水平＞2 mg/dl）[3].Smith等[4]进行了文献荟萃,分析了16个中心共80098例HF患者与肾功能损害和病死率的关联,发现63％的心力衰竭患者合并有轻度肾功能不全,其中20％有中度或重度肾功能不全,而肾小球滤过率（GFR）每下降10 ml/min,死亡率增加7％.我国一项临床调查中发现,66例肾性高血压发生急性左心心力衰竭发生率为264例次,抢救成功252例次,成功率95.4％[5].提示CRS是一种临床常见综合征.早期诊断、及时治疗将有利于改善患者心、肾功能,提高患者生存率.因此,有关CRS临床早期诊断与病情监测的生物标记物的研究近年来受到了广泛重视,现简介如下.     

ST2:新一代心衰管理标志物

心力衰竭(简称心衰)为各种心脏疾病的严重和终末阶段,发病率高,是当今最重要的心血管疾病之一。目前心衰的诊断和治疗已经取得很大进步,但心衰患者5年病死率仍可高达50%。寻找灵敏、特异的血清/血浆生物标志物对帮助诊断或鉴别诊断心衰、判断预后及危险分层具有重要的临床应用前景。目前,ST2作为新一代心衰管理标志物,具有不受年龄、种族、肾功能的影响以及单一阈值等特点,在心衰患者的诊断、治疗、预后评估及风险预测中发挥着重要作用。     

血栓弹力图在评价慢性肾脏病患者高凝状态中的作用

目的观察血栓弹力图（TEG）与常规凝血指标在慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者高凝状态中的关系,评价TEG在CKD患者高凝状态中的诊断作用。方法根据简化肾脏病膳食改良试验（MDRD）公式计算67例CKD患者的肾小球滤过率（eGFR）,并按肾脏病生存质量指导（K-DOQI）标准分成3组[CKD1～2期20例、CKD3～4期20例、终末期肾脏病（ESRD）27例]。检测所有患者常规凝血功能、血常规及TEG。结果凝血功能各指标和血小板（PLT）计数在CKD1～2期、CKD3～5期及ESRD患者3组间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。ESRD患者及CKD3～5期患者TEG结果中的R值、K值均较CKD1～2期患者显著降低,夹角（Angle）、血栓最大弹力度（MA）、凝血指数（C I）值显著升高。提示CKD 3～5期及ESRD患者存在高凝状态。结论与其他常规凝血指标比较,TEG是反映CKD患者高凝状态的一个更为敏感的指标。根据TEG得到的不同高凝状态结果,进行针对性的抗凝治疗,可能有助于预防CKD患者心血管疾病（CVD）并发症。     

外泌体在肾间质纤维化中作用的研究进展

慢性肾脏病（CKD）已成为全球性的公共卫生问题,CKD患者的最终结局往往会发展为终末期肾病（ESRD）。肾间质纤维化（RIF）是不同病因的CKD进展为ESRD的共同途径。因发病机制复杂,目前RIF尚无有效的治疗方法,近期研究表明外泌体在多种肾脏疾病的发生发展中发挥着重要作用。该文对外泌体在RIF发病机制中作用的最新研究...     

慢性肾脏病患者发生心血管事件危险因素分析

目的探讨慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者发生心血管事件的危险因素。方法将362例CKD患者按是否发生心血管事件分为A组(112例)和B组(250例),比较两组患者年龄、既往病史、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、血红蛋白(Hb)、空腹血糖、血脂、血压等方面的变化以及住院期间两组患者的病死率。结果发生心血管事件者(A组)的年龄升高,有既往高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、脑血管病史及吸烟饮酒均比未发生心血管事件者(B组)明显增多(P均(0.05);A组Hcy、空腹血糖、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-L)、舒张压(DBP)均比B组明显升高(P均(0.01),而Hb、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-L)则比B组明显降低(P均(0.01);A组住院期间病死率明显高于B组(P(0.01);患者年龄升高、既往有冠心病史、Hcy水平、Hb水平、空腹血糖水平是CKD患者发生心血管事件的独立危险因素。结论CKD患者存在发生心血管事件的多种危险因素,针对性地干预这些危险因素,有可能降低心血管事件的发生率和心血管事件的病死率,改善CKD患者的预后。     

Role of biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of acute kidney injury in patients with cardiorenal syndrome

Cardiac and renal disease frequently coexist but have long been difficult to diagnose in a timely manner and treat effectively. Noninvasive and cost-effective biomarkers are needed to help identify cardiac patients who are at risk of acute kidney injury early in the course of disease. Biomarkers can provide insights into underlying mechanisms and lead to a better understanding of complex disease states such as the cardiorenal syndrome, which can lead to better therapies and, ultimately, to improved patient outcomes. The natriuretic peptides are established biomarkers in heart failure and have set the standard for how a well-validated biomarker can be useful for diagnosis/prognosis, monitoring response to therapy and chronic disease management. For patients with acute kidney injury in the setting of cardiac disease, new biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C, kidney injury molecule-1 and IL-18 are emerging as early signals of renal dysfunction prior to any elevations in serum creatinine. Other promising candidate biomarkers for the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury include osteopontin, N-acetyl-b-d-glucosaminidase, stromal cell-derived factor-1 and exosomes. More research with all of these novel biomarkers is needed; however, the early results are very promising.     

慢性肾脏病合并感染的治疗

慢性肾脏病(ChronicKidneyDiseases,CKD)是临床上常见的疾病,是肾小球肾炎、肾盂肾炎、肾病综合 征、肾小管间质性疾病、糖尿病肾病、高血压肾病、肾血管性疾病等绝大多数肾脏疾病的统称。CKD患者极易并发各 种感染,促使肾功能进一步恶化造成慢性肾脏衰竭(ChronicRenalFailure,CRF),直接影响患者的生存质量,并常常 是患者的直接死因。因此,了解CKD感染的危险因素及其特点,并积极控制感染,是提高CKD诊疗水准、改善患者预 后的一项重要措施。     

Biomarkers for the prediction of mortality and morbidity in patients with renal replacement therapy

The mortality of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on dialysis remains high despite great improvement of dialysis technologies in the past decades. These patients die due to infectious diseases (mainly sepsis), cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, and, in particular, sudden cardiac death. End stage renal disease is a complex condition, where the failure of kidney function is accompanied by numerous metabolic changes affecting almost all organ systems of the human body. Many of the biomarker characteristics of the individually affected organ systems have been associated with adverse outcomes. These biomarkers are different in patients with ESRD compared to the general population in the prediction of morbidity and mortality. Biomarker research in this field should aim to identify patients at risk for the different disease entities. Traditional biomarkers such as CRP, BNP, and troponins as well as new biomarkers such as fetuin, CD154, and relaxin were analyzed in patients on dialysis. We will include observational as well as prospective clinical trials in this review. Furthermore, we will also discuss proteomics biomarker studies. The article assess the potential diagnostic value of different biomarkers in daily clinical practice as well as their usefulness for clinical drug development in end stage renal disease patients.     

B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations predict the progression of nondiabetic chronic kidney disease: the Mild-to-Moderate Kidney Disease Study

BACKGROUND: Plasma concentrations of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) are diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of heart failure and are also increased in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We examined the relevance of BNP and NT-proBNP as predictors of CKD progression. METHODS: Of 227 nondiabetic patients with mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency, 177 patients ages 18-65 years were followed in a prospective multicenter cohort study for a period of < or = 7 years. CKD progression was assessed by recording renal endpoints, defined as doubling of baseline serum creatinine or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring renal replacement therapy. RESULTS: BNP and NT-proBNP were significantly higher among 65 patients who reached the combined renal endpoint than among the 112 who did not [median (interquartile range) 61 (27-98) ng/L vs 39 (20-70) ng/L, P = 0.023, for BNP; 320 (117-745) ng/L vs 84 (44-176) ng/L, P <0.001, for NT-proBNP)]. Each increment of 1 SD in log-transformed BNP and NT-proBNP increased the risk of CKD progression by hazard ratios of 1.38 (95% CI 1.09-1.76, P = 0.009) and 2.28 (1.76-2.95, P <0.001), respectively. After adjustment for other established prognostic factors of CKD progression, NT-proBNP but not BNP remained a significant independent predictor of the combined renal endpoint. CONCLUSIONS: Increased BNP and NT-proBNP concentrations indicate an increased risk for accelerated progression of CKD to ESRD and may prove to be valuable biomarkers for the assessment of prognosis in patients with CKD.     

Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The clinical epidemiology of CVD in CKD is challenging due to a prior lack of standardized definitions of CKD, inconsistent measures of renal function, and possible alternative effects of 'traditional' CVD risk factors in patients with CKD. These challenges add to the complexity of the role of renal impairment as the cause or the consequence of cardiovascular disease. The goal of this review is to summarize the current evidence on: (1) the incidence and prevalence of CVD in chronic renal insufficiency and in ESRD, (2) risk factors for CVD in CKD, (3) the outcomes of patients with renal failure with CVD, and (4) CKD as a risk factor for CVD. The epidemiological associations implicating the huge burden of CVD throughout all stages of CKD highlight the need to better understand and implement adequate screening, and diagnostic and treatment strategies.     

25例高转换型肾性骨病的骨组织学研究

目的通过对慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)5期维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者行骨活检获得骨标本,对骨病理进行骨形态计量学分析,观察各型骨病尤其是高转换型肾性骨病的骨病理学特点并探讨临床各项常用无创性检查的意义。方法选择40例CKD5期MHD患者和3例正常人进行髂骨活检术,获得骨标本。采用全自动图像分析系统进行骨组织形态计量学测定。外周血各项检测指标和临床常用的骨密度和骨骼摄片与骨病理学指标行相关分析。结果25例CKD5期MHD患者经骨病理学检查证实为高转换型骨病,占同期骨活检的62.5%(25/40),骨病理学检查以破骨细胞活化形成骨吸收陷窝伴或不伴骨矿化不全为特点。外周血钙、骨钙素水平与骨病理指标呈显著正相关。骨密度和骨骼摄片的阳性率低于骨活检。结论通过对CKD5期MHD患者行骨活检发现,高转换性肾性骨病的比例仍占大多数。在高转换型肾性骨病中,目前的各种无创性检查中血钙、骨钙素可能具有一定的预测价值。骨活检仍是诊断肾性骨病的金指标。     

Role of biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of acute kidney injury in patients with cardiorenal syndrome

Cardiac and renal disease frequently coexist but have long been difficult to diagnose in a timely manner and treat effectively. Noninvasive and cost-effective biomarkers are needed to help identify cardiac patients who are at risk of acute kidney injury early in the course of disease. Biomarkers can provide insights into underlying mechanisms and lead to a better understanding of complex disease states such as the cardiorenal syndrome, which can lead to better therapies and, ultimately, to improved patient outcomes. The natriuretic peptides are established biomarkers in heart failure and have set the standard for how a well-validated biomarker can be useful for diagnosis/prognosis, monitoring response to therapy and chronic disease management. For patients with acute kidney injury in the setting of cardiac disease, new biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C, kidney injury molecule-1 and IL-18 are emerging as early signals of renal dysfunction prior to any elevations in serum creatinine. Other promising candidate biomarkers for the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury include osteopontin, N-acetyl-b-d-glucosaminidase, stromal cell-derived factor-1 and exosomes. More research with all of these novel biomarkers is needed; however, the early results are very promising.