胆总管探查后一期缝合的经验和认识

目的 探讨胆总管探查后一期缝合的经验和认识。方法对1990年1月至2004年6月因肝外胆管结石择期行胆总管探查后一期缝合的271例作一回顾性分析。所有病例不含肝内胆管结石，术中经胆道镜或胆道造影排除胆道残石并常规放置右肝下引流管。结果术后14例腹腔引流液含胆汁，均未特殊处理。术后平均住院8．73d。所有病例术后3个月内门诊B超复查，未发现胆道残石。216例（79．70%）获得远期随访，无一例发现肝外胆管狭窄。结论对经过严格选择的肝外胆管结石病例，胆总管探查后不应强调一律放置T管。术中精细操作和经术中胆道镜或胆道造影检查排除残石后，一期缝合可作为术式选择。     

Laparoscopic T-tube choledochotomy for biliary lithiasis

T-tube choledochotomy has been an established practice in common bile duct exploration for many years. Although bile leaks, biliary peritonitis, and long-term postoperative strictures have been reported and are directly associated with the placement or removal of the T-tube, the severity of these complications may often be underestimated by surgeons. We present the case of a 31-year-old male patient who developed biliary peritonitis and septic shock after removal of a T-tube and illustrate one of the catastrophic events that may follow such procedures. Literature shows that these complications may occur more frequently and have higher morbidity and mortality than other less invasive procedures. This article reviews the advances in laparoscopic and endoscopic techniques, which provide alternative therapeutic approaches to choledocholithiasis and allow the surgeon to avoid having to perform a choledochotomy with T-tube drainage.     

Results of the routine use of a modified endoprosthesis to drain the common bile duct after laparoscopic choledochotomy

Background: One hundred eighty-one patients were submitted to laparoscopic common bile duct exploration. Methods: A transcystic approach was used in 147 patients, choledochotomy in 14, and both in 20. The indications to perform a choledochotomy included stones larger than 20 mm, stones proximal to the cystic duct entrance, and cases in which the transcystic duct approach proved impossible or unsuccessful. Results: The common bile duct was drained by a T-tube in four patients, by laparoscopic sphincterotomy in one, by laparoscopic choledochoduodenostomy in one, and by a 10 Fr endoprosthesis in 28. The stent placement was technically feasible in all patients but one. The biliary drainage was adequate. Mean hospital stay was 2.1 days. Complication was limited to one umbilical infection and one self-limited biliary leak. Conclusions: The procedure proved to be technically simple, safe, and efficient, and resulted in a low morbidity rate and short hospital stay. Received: 29 March 1996/Accepted: 12 June 1996     

A randomized comparison of primary closure and T-tube drainage of the common bile duct after laparoscopic choledochotomy

BACKGROUND: Traditionally, the common bile duct (CBD) has been closed with T-tube drainage after laparoscopic choledochotomy and removal of CBD stones. However, insertion of the T-tube is related to some potential postoperative complications, and patients must carry the T-tube for several weeks before its removal. Primary closure of the CBD without drainage has been proposed as a safe alternative to T-tube placement after laparoscopic choledochotomy. This randomized study aimed to compare the postoperative course and final outcome between the two methods applied after LCBDE. METHODS: Between January 2000 and January 2004, 80 patients treated with laparoscopic choledochotomy for CBD stones were randomly assigned to primary duct closure (n = 40) or T-tube drainage (n = 40). The primary end points were morbidity, operative time, postoperative stay, hospital expenses, and time until return to work. RESULTS: There were no differences in the demographic characteristics or clinical presentations between the two groups. In the primary closure group, the postoperative stay (5.2 +/- 2.2 vs 8.3 +/- 3.6 days) and the time until return to work (12.6 +/- 5.1 vs 20.4 +/- 13.2 days) were significantly shorter, the hospital expenses (8,638 +/- 2,946 vs 12,531 +/- 4,352 yuan) were significantly lower, and the incidences of postoperative complications (15% vs 27.5%) and biliary complications (10% vs 20%) were statistically and insignificantly lower than in the T-tube drainage group. In the primary closure group, six patients experienced postoperative complications, four of whom had biliary complications, compared, respectively, with 11 and 8 patients in the T-tube drainage group. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that primary CBC closure after laparoscopic choledochotomy was a viable alternative to mandatory T-tube drainage.     

腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆总管切开取石一期缝合的临床应用研究

目的探讨腹腔镜下经胆囊管切开胆总管取石,胆道一期缝合治疗胆总管结石的可行性。方法 2009年10月至2010年10月,对101例胆囊合并胆总管结石患者施行经胆囊管切开胆总管取石胆道一期缝合术。腹腔镜胆囊切除后,保留胆囊管1.0～1.5cm,沿胆囊管纵轴剪开前壁至胆总管,再沿胆总管纵轴向下切开胆总管0.3～1.1cm,经此切口内镜取净胆道结石并判断Oddi括约肌功能是否正常。从胆总管切开处的下方开始,向胆囊管切开处的盲端方向先行黏膜层缝合,后行肌层缝合,距胆总管0.2cm处结扎胆囊管。腹腔放置引流管。结果 101例手术均获成功,胆囊管直径0.3～0.6cm,平均0.45cm;胆囊管切开长度1.0～1.5cm,平均1.3cm;胆总管切开长度0.3～1.1cm,平均0.5cm。腹腔引流管留置3～5d。术前术后磁共振胆胰管造影（MRCP）对比,胆总管直径无异常改变。2例术后出现胆漏,对症治疗后痊愈。1例术后5d出现间歇性腹痛,7d出现黄疸,9d后腹痛缓解,黄疸消退。术后住院时间3～14d,平均住院时间8d。术后随访1～11个月（平均8.5个月）,无残余结石及结石复发。结论改良的腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石胆道一期缝合术治疗胆总管结石安全可行。     

胆总管切开探查后几种不同引流方式的比较

目的分析常规T管引流、经T管放置导管回输胆汁和放置鼻胆管并行胆总管一期缝合等三种不同方法的并发症发生情况、住院时间等的差异。方法常规T管引流348例,经T管放置导管回输胆汁113例,经十二指肠镜行鼻胆管引流术,胆总管切开探查后一期缝合55例。分析比较三组患者的并发症发生情况(电解质紊乱、胆漏、腹膜炎等)、住院时间和住院费用的差异,并行统计学分析。结果行鼻胆管引流术及胆总管一期缝合者,术后并发症较另外两组明显减少,住院时间最短,与前两者相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。常规T管引流组,术后并发症较另外两组明显增多,住院时间最长(P<0.01)。结论胆总管切开后常规放置T管并发症发生率相对较高,而且住院时间长;经T管放置导管回输胆汁减少了胆汁丢失的并发症。经十二指肠镜放置鼻胆管、一期缝合胆总管消除了T管并发症,住院时间最短。     

腹腔镜胆道探查胆总管一期缝合术治疗胆管结石的疗效分析

目的探讨腹腔镜下胆道探查术、胆总管一期缝合术的临床疗效与可行性。方法2014年2月至2017年2月收集贵州医科大学附属医院106例胆总管结石病人,男性44例、女性62例,年龄18~75岁,平均(46.5±15.7)岁。106例胆总管结石病人,伴或不伴胆囊结石与肝内胆管结石,其中腹腔镜下胆道探查胆总管一期缝合术67例,腹腔镜下胆道探查T管引流术39例,对两组病例手术适应证、手术时间、术后恢复情况、并发症等进行比较。结果胆总管一期缝合组的手术时间、术后住院天数、腹腔引流管放置时间分别为(72.8±21.0)min、(2.8±1.9)d和(5.5±2.3)d,优于T管引流术组的(95.5±26.5)min、(5.7±1.4)d和(8.1±2.6)d(均P0.05),术后肛门排气时间两组分别为(1.9±0.8)d和(2.1±0.5)d、差异无统计学意义;两组均无肝衰竭、腹腔感染、胆管残余结石、胆道出血及穿孔,胆漏发生率T管引流术组(3例)高于胆总管一期缝合组(0例)(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜胆道探查胆总管一期缝合术治疗胆管结石是安全、可行的,病人明显受益,值得临床推广应用。     

Evaluation of laparoscopic management of common bile duct stones in 220 patients

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasability and results of laparoscopic management of common bile duct stones (CBDS). Methods: From October 1990 to November 1996, 220 patients with CBDS have been managed laparoscopically. CBDS were suspected or diagnosed preoperatively in 130 patients (59.1%) and at intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) in 90 patients (40.9%). A transcystic duct extraction (TCDE) was attempted in 112 patients and a primary choledochotomy in 108 patients. Results: TCDE was successful in 77 cases (68.8%). The 35 failures were treated by 29 laparoscopic choledochotomies, 1 intraoperative and 5 postoperative endoscopic sphincterotomies (ES). A choledochotomy was thus performed in 137 cases and was successful in 133 cases (97.1%). The four failures were managed by three laparotomies and one postoperative ES. The overall success rate was 95.5% (210/220). There was 4 deaths (0.9%) within the 1^st postoperative month in ASA 3 patients and the morbidity rate was 9.1% (20/220). There were 7 residual stones (3.2%). Conclusions: Laparoscopic desobstruction of CBDS appears to be safe and effective and has the advantage to be a single-stage procedure. It could become in the future with refinement of instrumentation and skill of surgeons the best treatment for the majority of patients harboring CBDS. Received: 8 December 1996/Accepted: 14 February 1997     

Laparoscopic management of common bile duct stones: transcystic approach and choledochotomy

The purpose of this study was to review our experience with laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) exploration by the transcystic approach and choledochotomy. We selected the transcystic approach for patients whose CBD stones were less than five in number and smaller than 9 mm in diameter, and whose CBD was less than 15 mm in diameter on cholangiograms. Among 217 patients with CBD stones treated laparoscopically, the transcystic approach was performed successfully in 91 of 104 patients in whom it was attempted (87.5%). The other 126 patients underwent laparoscopic choledochotomy, followed by ductal closure with transcystic drainage in 59, T-tube drainage in 46, primary ductal closure in 19, and choledochoduodenostomy in 1. Choledochotomy was converted to open surgery in only 1 patient. The transcystic approach was associated with shorter hospital stay and less morbidity than choledochotomy. However, choledochotomy also had an acceptably low rate of complications. Bile leaks occurred more frequently in those with primary ductal closure than in those with transcystic drainage or T-tube drainage. Residual stones were found in 2 patients with the transcystic approach and in 10 with choledochotomy. The residual stones were removed through the T-tube tract by choledochoscopy in 7 of these 10 patients. From these results we conclude that laparoscopic management of CBD stones is feasible for almost all patients with CBD stones. It is considered to be safe and effective and has the advantage of being a single-stage procedure. Received: July 7, 2000 / Accepted: October 26, 2000     

A stratified intraoperative surgical strategy is mandatory during laparoscopic common bile duct exploration for common bile duct stones

Background: Open exploration and endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) remain the preferred treatment of common bile duct stones (CBDS). The recent spread of laparoscopy has worsened the dilemna of choosing between surgical and endoscopic treatment of CBDS. The aim of this study was to critically evaluate the results of our preliminary experience with laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (CBDE) for CBDS. Methods: Ninety-two consecutive patients were prospectively submitted to laparoscopic CBDE. Surgical strategy included an initial transcystic approach or laparoscopic choledochotomy. Failure of stone clearance was managed by conversion to open CBDE or by postoperative ES. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy and papillary balloon dilatation were selectively used. Stone clearance was assessed by choledochoscopy and control cholangiography. Results: The overall laparoscopic stone clearance in this series was 84% (transcystic route 63% and choledochotomy 93%). Conversion to laparotomy was mandatory in 12% of the patients because of incomplete stone clearance and in 5% because of intraoperative complications. Postoperative ES was required in 4% of the patients, giving an overall surgical success rate of 96%. When indicated (small and limited number of stones located below the cysticocholedochal junction, with a dilated and patent cystic duct) the transcystic route had the lower success rate, the higher complication rate, and the shorter operative time and postoperative hospital stay. When indicated (accessible and dilated common bile duct over 7 mm), laparoscopic choledochotomy had the higher success rate, the lower complication rate, the longer operative time, and the longer postoperative hospital stay, which is related to associated external biliary drainage. The hospital mortality included two high-risk patients (2%) and the complications rate was 15%. Conclusions: Laparoscopic CBDE is safe in selected patients. A stratified intraoperative surgical strategy is mandatory in deciding between a transcystic route and choledochotomy with specific indications for each approach. When feasible, laparoscopic choledochotomy is more efficient and safe than the transcystic route, but it is associated with a longer postoperative hospital stay, which is due to external biliary drainage. Received: 7 May 1996/Accepted: 19 November 1996     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中隐匿性胆总管结石的微创治疗

目的：探讨对腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ laparoscopic cholecystectomy ,LC）中隐匿性胆总管结石行微创治疗的可行性。方法2007年7月-2012年5月对27例LC术中发现的隐匿性胆总管结石采用微创治疗。胆囊管内径＞5 mm者经胆囊管胆道镜取石;胆总管内径＞6 mm者行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开后胆道镜取石,一期缝合或留置造影管;胆囊管内径≤5 mm、胆总管内径≤6 mm者直接留置造影管,术后再次造影,必要时行十二指肠镜乳头括约肌切开（ endoscopic sphincterotomy ,EST）取石。结果手术均获成功。8例直接经胆囊管胆道镜取石;11例行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开后胆道镜取石,一期缝合7例,留置造影管4例,1周后造影均阴性;8例直接留置造影管,1例术后36 h滑出,1周后ERCP造影胆囊管残端无渗漏,EST取石,术后1周再次造影3例结石消失,4例仍有结石,均经EST取出。无出血、胆漏、腹腔感染等并发症。24例随访6-24个月,平均16个月,无结石残留、胆管狭窄及胆管炎发生。结论熟练运用腹腔镜、胆道镜、十二指肠镜技术,对LC术中发现的隐匿性胆总管结石实施微创治疗是安全、可行的。     

Laparoscopic primary choledochorrhaphy over endonasobiliary drainage tubes

Background The T-tube is widely used in laparoscopic choledochotomy to decompress the biliary tree. However, there are high morbidity rates related to the T-tube. This study reviewed the results of laparoscopic primary choledochorrhaphy over endonasobiliary drainage (ENBD) tubes to find an effective alternative to the T-tube for the performance of laparoscopic choledochotomy. Methods From March 2003 to September 2005, 23 patients (9 men and 14 women) with choledocholithiasis underwent laparoscopic choledochotomy over ENBD tubes. The mean age of these patients was 47 years (range, 32–73 years). At admission, six patients had cholangitis. All the patients had ENBD tubes placed preoperatively after the failure of endoscopic sphincterotomy. Results There was no conversion to open surgery. The mean operative time was 90 min (range, 70–150 min). There were no biliary complications such as bile leaks, biliary peritonitis, or pancreatitis. No residual stones were found by postoperative cholangiograms. The ENBD tubes were removed between postoperative days 7 and 9. The hospital stay ranged from 8 to 14 days, with 16 patients (70%) discharged on postoperative day 8. The complications were limited to one umbilical infection and one case of pneumonia. The median follow-up period was 24 months (range, 8–36 months), and none of the patients were readmitted with biliary symptoms. Conclusion Laparoscopic choledochotomy over ENBD tubes proved to be technically feasible and safe. The ENBD tube decompresses the biliary tree and allows for cholangiography after surgery. Its removal does not need to wait for tract maturation, which allows an earlier removal of the tube and a shorter postoperative hospital stay. Laparoscopic choledochotomy over ENBD tubes is an effective alternative to the T-tube in laparoscopic choledochotomy.     

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目的 探讨腹腔镜治疗复发性胆总管结石的方法与疗效。方法 回顾分析1999年10月至2003年10月经腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)治疗的29例胆道术后胆总管复发结石的临床资料,结果 28例手术成功，1例中转开腹。23例借助内镜鼻胆管引流(ENBD)导管Ⅰ期缝合胆总管探查切口，6例胆总管内放置T管引流。术后无胆漏及残石等并发症。手术时间平均151min，术后平均住院10．3d。结论 腹腔镜手术治疗胆道术后胆总管复发结石安全、可行，体现了微创治疗的优点。但腹腔镜下分离粘连及解剖、缝合胆总管较困难，应掌握中转开腹手术的指征。     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the management of choledocholithiasis

Surgeons today have a wide range of therapeutic options for the management of patients with choledocholithiasis. Endoscopists, interventional radiologists, and surgeons employ a variety of techniques to access and remove common bile duct stones (CBDS) successfully. Although earlier studies have been done to assess the relative merits of laparoscopic and endoscopic management of CBDS, few of them have employed a randomized prospective trial for the comparison. Without recognized parameters for comparison, no definitive conclusions can be drawn. Herein, we examine the role of therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) as an important adjunct to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in the management of CBDS. The three main scenarios in which this modality is employed for CBDS removal are selective preoperative ERCP, intraoperative ERCP, and postoperative ERCP. We conclude that an appropriate balance must be struck to maintain a high yield of positive or therapeutic ERCP, avoid unnecessary ERCP, and not miss CBDS, while ensuring acceptably low rates of morbidity and mortality and controlling costs. As we await the publication of prospective data, we may look for direction from decision analysis in order to develop optimal management strategies and define the ``best practice' results that should be expected of operators before new procedures and innovative technology are accepted on a widespread basis. Received: 21 July 1999/Accepted: 10 September 1999     

56例腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术不放置T管引流的临床经验

[摘要] 目的 探讨腹腔镜、胆道镜微创手术治疗胆总管结石的疗效。方法 选取2011年5月份至2012年10月份56例施行微创手术治疗胆总管结石的病例。既往均无胆总管结石手术史,无胆道狭窄畸形,排除胆管及周围恶性肿瘤病变;无肝内胆管结石,肝外胆管无残留结石;胆总管壁增厚扩张范围在1 cm～2 cm,无明显急性炎性改变;术中胆总管十二指肠开口通畅。结果 56例患者均顺利完成手术,3例术后出现胆瘘,2例出现肺部感染,2例出现尿潴留。所有病例均顺利出院,无出现切口感染,无围手术期死亡。结论 腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管结石,行胆总管一期缝合,取石疗效确切,创伤小,无需留置T管,患者术后恢复快,住院周期短。     

Treatment of Common Bile Duct Stones Discovered during Cholecystectomy

Background Several techniques of laparoscopic bile duct exploration and intraoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) have been developed to treat patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones in one session and avoid the complications of ES. With all these options available, very few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been undertaken. This review analyzes those studies. Methods We searched PubMed. Four RCTs and a Cochran Database Systematic Review were found. Results Two RCTs compared preoperative ES and laparoscopic CBD exploration (E) for known CBD stones. Laparoscopic CBDE had shorter length of hospitalization. Two RCTs compared immediate and delayed treatment and found that length of stay was less with laparoscopic CBDE, but clearance rates and morbidity/mortality were similar. Conclusions Studies suggest that CBD stones discovered at the time of cholecystectomy are best treated during the same operation. The transcystic approach is safest if applicable. Individual surgeons must be aware of their own capabilities and those of the available endoscopists and perform the safest technique. Presented at the Postgraduate Course of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, May 20, 2007, Washington D.C., USA.     

胆总管探查后一期缝合的临床实践与研究

目的　探讨胆总管探查后一期缝合的合理性和可行性。　方法　对 1990年 1月～ 2 0 0 1年 6月间肝外胆管结石择期手术的病例、胆总管探查后一期缝合 2 15例与放置T管引流的 171例进行比较。　结果　一期缝合组和T管引流组术后分别有 9例和 5例腹腔引流液含胆汁 ,均未作特殊处理。一期缝合组术后平均输液 4 9d、平均输液量 9 1L、平均住院时间 10 0d ;与T管引流组的术后平均输液时间 7 3d、平均输液量 12 8L、平均住院时间 17 6d相比 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1)。同时T管引流组有 5例分别在术后 16、17、19、2 1、2 2d拔管后发生胆汁性腹膜炎 ,3例再手术。　结论　在经过严格选择的胆总管结石择期胆总管探查病例中 ,经术中胆道镜或胆道造影排除残石后 ,一期缝合可作为一种安全有效的术式。     

Laparoscopic exploration of the common bile duct through a choledochotomy: Report of three cases

This article reports three cases of totally intraabdominal laparoscopic exploration of the common bile duct via a choledochotomy with extraction of stones. The patients had failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) stone extraction because of the size of the stones in two instances, and in the third, because of the presence of a duodenal diverticulum. This procedure is a promising solution to the problem of large common bile duct (CBD) stones in centers which have established laparoscopic cholecystectomy expertise.     

Comparison of laparoscopic choledochotomy closure techniques

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (CBDE) has traditionally been accompanied by T-tube drainage. However, other methods of choledochotomy closures have been reported. This study compared three laparoscopic methods of choledochotomy closure in a prospective, randomized fashion to determine which method should be the preferred technique. METHODS: In this porcine model, 24 animals initially underwent laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) clipping to simulate an obstruction. Two days later, the animals underwent laparoscopic clip removal and simulated CBDE through a 1.5-cm choledochotomy. The animals were then randomized to one of three groups: primary choledochotomy closure (group I), antegrade CBD stenting with primary closure (group II), or T-tube placement (group III). To assess for CBD stenoses and leaks, the animals were killed 2 months postoperatively, at which time a cholangiogram was performed and the bile duct harvested. The ratio of proximal CBD to choledochotomy site was assessed radiographically and histologically. RESULTS: The operative time was significantly longer in group III (200 +/- 13 min, p < 0.05) than in group I (141 +/- 17 min) and group II (154 +/- 16 min). The ratio of the proximal CBD diameter to the choledochotomy site diameter by cholangiogram was 2.1:1.0 in group I, to 1.2:1.0 in group II, and 1.1:1.0 in group III (p < 0.01). The ratio of the proximal CBD intraluminal area to the choledochotomy site intraluminal area was 2.1:1.0 in group I compared to 1.1:1.0 in groups II and III (p < 0.01). None of the animals developed jaundice or sepsis. CONCLUSION: Significant stenoses were present at the choledochotomy site in the primary closure group, and T-tube placement resulted in prolonged operative times. We conclude that laparoscopic antegrade CBD stenting with primary closure of the choledochotomy site is the preferred technique after choledochotomy in an animal model. Further assessment in a clinical trial is warranted.     

腹腔镜下胆总管探查术治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石(附84例报告)

目的 :探讨用腹腔镜行胆总管探查术治疗胆石症的微创意义及可行性。方法 :分析 84例胆囊结石并胆总管结石或胆囊切除术后胆总管结石患者运用腹腔镜下胆囊切除和 (或 )胆总管切开取石术的临床资料。结果 :84例胆石症患者均在腹腔镜下完成手术 ,其中 76例行胆囊切除并胆总管切开取石T管引流术 ,8例行胆总管一期缝合术 ,术后未发生并发症。结论 :腹腔镜胆囊切除并胆总管探查术治疗胆囊结石并胆管结石技术上是安全、可行的 ,治疗效果肯定 ,微创意义明显。