弥散加权成像-液体衰减反转恢复序列不匹配在觉醒型卒中的应用进展

觉醒型卒中是一种在睡眠中起病的缺血性卒中,发病时间窗的判断较困难,静脉溶栓治 疗决策困难。近年来,弥散加权成像（diffusion weighted imaging,DWI）-液体衰减反转恢复序列（fl ui d attenuated inversion recovery,FLAIR）不匹配作为一种判断觉醒型卒中发病时间窗的客观影像学指标 被广泛运用。本文概述DWI-FLAIR不匹配的基本原理,分析其应用价值,通过对比觉醒型卒中和发病 时间明确的缺血性卒中的临床和影像学特点,探讨该技术指导静脉溶栓治疗的可行性及应用现状。     

基于磁共振动脉自旋标记技术指导的急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓研究

目的 探讨磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）动脉自旋标记技术（arterial spin label,ASL） 指导缺血性卒中静脉溶栓治疗的有效性和安全性,探索新的、高效的指导急性缺血性卒中静脉溶 栓的技术。 方法 入选发病至就诊时间大于3 h,在MRI-ASL指导下进行重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物（recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,rt-PA）静脉溶栓的急性缺血性卒中患者,同时选取在MRI灌注加权像 （perfusion-weighted imaging,PWI）指导下进行rt-PA静脉溶栓的急性缺血性卒中患者为对照组。比较两 组患者的基线资料、既往病史、入院至溶栓时间、影像学检查至溶栓时间、发病90 d的美国国立卫 生研究院卒中量表（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分、预后良好[改良Rankin量表 （modified Rankin Scale,mRS）0～1分]率及出血转化发生率等。 结果 ASL组和PWI组相比,基线数据无显著差异;出血转化率也无显著差异。ASL组影像学检查至 溶栓时间短于PWI组（[ 65±15）min vs（73±11）mi n,P=0.031]。 结论 ASL较PWI技术指导急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓可以减少延误时间,其安全性和有效性无差异。     

磁共振灌注成像－弥散成像不匹配对指导超时间窗急性缺血性卒中患者溶栓的价值

目的 探讨磁共振灌注成像－弥散成像（perfusion weighted imaging-diffusion weighted imaging,PWI-DWI）不匹配对指导超时间窗（>6h）的急性缺血性卒中患者溶栓的价值。方法 选择在发病12h内完成磁共振检查,且（PWI-DWI）/DWI×100%>30%的40例急性缺血性卒中患者,分为溶栓组和对照组,溶栓组给予重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,rt-PA）0.6～0.9mg/kg静脉溶栓治疗,对照组常规治疗。两组患者在溶栓前、溶栓后1周、2周、3个月分别行美国国立卫生院卒中量表（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分,溶栓前、溶栓后2周、3个月分别行日常生活能力量表（activities of daily living,ADL）评分。结果 溶栓组在溶栓后1周、2周、3个月NIHSS评分均较对照组降低（P<0.01）;在2周和3个月,溶栓组ADL评分较对照组明显升高（P<0.01）。结论 在PWI>DWI影像学模式指导下,适当延长急性缺血性卒中的溶栓时间窗具有可行性。     

急性缺血性脑卒中治疗的研究进展

急性缺血性脑卒中是一种临床上常见的高危疾病,是危害国民健康的重大疾病之一,快速识别并实施静脉溶栓或血管内治疗对急性缺血性卒中患者的预后至关重要,但尚未得到充分应用。出现发病时间不明的卒中是常见的临床情况,也是不宜行再灌注治疗的常见原因。更好地评估这部分患者的溶栓机会是一个非常值得重视和关注的问题。最新研究已经证明,在高级脑成像指导下,选择合适的患者行静脉溶栓治疗已经取得重大突破,本文将从未知发病时间卒中的概念和其病理生理学特点出发,结合静脉溶栓时间窗治疗的进展,探讨在影像学指导下静脉溶栓治疗未知发病时间卒中的可行性、安全性和有效性,并综述治疗和预防卒中的相关新兴药物研究应用进展,以期为临床提供参考。     

急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓前后多模式影像评估分析

目的应用多模式影像学检查对急性缺血性脑卒中静脉溶栓进行评估。方法回顾性分析行急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓的患者69例,通过对比缺血性脑卒中患者静脉溶栓前后多模式影像检查方法的选择及临床疗效进行研究。结果静脉溶栓前仅检查CT的占68.1%;静脉溶栓前开启多模式影像的占31.9%。静脉溶栓后立刻或同时开启多模式影像的占30.4%。结论结合医院放射科设备配置及卒中中心发展状况,溶栓二线合理选择适合自身特点的多模式影像并判断何时开启多模式影像;结合灌注成像的分析确定梗死核心和缺血半暗带,为超时间窗的rt-PA静脉溶栓和血管内治疗进行指导评估,使更多的缺血性卒中患者从中受益。     

急性缺血性卒中再灌注治疗的新选择

<正>再灌注治疗包括静脉溶栓和动脉内取栓,是急性缺血性卒中最有效的治疗措施。阿替普酶作为目前唯一被国内外相关指南推荐的缺血性卒中急性期静脉溶栓药物,迄今已有近30年的循证证据。对发病时间窗（4.5 h）内、醒后、发病4.5～9 h缺血性卒中患者进行阿替普酶静脉溶栓,均已有针对性的Ⅲ期临床试验。不过,阿替普酶存在半衰期（<5 min）短,需要静脉推注结合静脉点滴,     

溶栓

使用组织型纤溶酶原激活物（tissue plasminogen activator,tPA）对有选择的发病4.5 h以内的患者进行静脉溶栓治疗是迄今为止急性缺血性卒中早期最有效的药物治疗方式。但是,尽管溶栓时间窗从最初的0～3 h扩大到了4.5 h,该治疗方法带来的获益并不令人满意。随着2016年2月美国心脏协会（American Heart Association, AHA）、美国卒中协会（American Stroke Association,ASA）共同发布了急性缺血性卒中静脉应用阿替普酶纳入和排除标准科学原理的声明,对部分标准进行了新的陈述。如何看待这些变化、如何更精准地筛选能够从静脉溶栓治疗中获益的患者成为临床医生必须考虑的问题。本期,将对不同严重程度的卒中患者溶栓问题进行综述,期望从以往的研究中分别找到对严重卒中以及症状轻微的卒中患者进行溶栓治疗的相关证据,为临床医生答疑解惑。此外,本期还将带来两篇回顾性研究,把目光聚焦到静脉溶栓的血管再通问题以及对溶栓后出血转化的影像学预测问题。廖晓凌等的研究显示,使用静脉溶栓治疗的急性大脑中动脉闭塞的脑梗死患者血管再通率达到了55.2%,并具有良好的预后。静脉溶栓仍然是早期血管开通的首选方法。希望通过这些研究能够为静脉溶栓治疗筛选策略提供依据,也为更多的针对静脉溶栓的临床研究提供方法学。我们更期待与各位同仁共同讨论静脉溶栓问题。     

磁共振快速多序列检查在超早期缺血性卒中溶栓治疗中的应用

目的 探讨磁共振（MR）在超早期缺血性卒中溶栓治疗中的应用价值。方法 对早期缺血性卒中患者32例行MR快速成像序列检查,并对筛选出的7例超早期缺血性卒中患者行静脉rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗及定期MR复查随访。结果 经MR筛选的7例超早期缺血性卒中患者行溶栓治疗后均预后良好,90 d改良Rankin评分均≤2分,Barthal指数80～100分,1例溶栓治疗3周后并发无症状性脑出血。结论 MR对筛选超早期缺血性卒中溶栓治疗患者和溶栓后复查均有较大应用价值,特别是对时间窗不明确者或发病超过6 h者受益更大。     

急性缺血性卒中动脉溶栓和取栓治疗的研究进展

发病时间窗内采用静脉溶栓是治疗急性缺血性卒中的首选方法。然而对于大血管闭塞性 脑梗死,静脉溶栓血管再通率偏低,血管内治疗可提高血管再通率。本文主要对动脉溶栓及机械取 栓的研究进展进行综述,旨在指导未来的临床工作。     

醒后卒中的研究进展

醒后卒中（WUS）是指入睡时无神经系统症状，觉醒后患者本人或目击者发现有卒中症状， 占急性缺血性脑卒中的 14.3%～29.6%。由于发病时间的不确定，通常不适用于急性缺血性卒中时间窗 内特殊治疗。近年来，随着多模式CT及磁共振成像对缺血性卒中梗死灶及缺血半暗带识别的技术发展， 越来越多的证据表明静脉溶栓、机械取栓等治疗方案使 WUS 患者更好地获益。现对 WUS 的病理生理 机制、危险因素、临床及影像学特征、治疗方案的最新进展作一综述     

Factitious stroke presenting for acute treatment.

Four patients who were ultimately determined to have factitious neurological deficits were initially assessed as meeting eligibility criteria for treatment with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV rt-PA), or enrollment in an acute stroke study. Two patients presented within the 3-hour IV rt-PA window; two presented between 4 and 6 hours after symptom onset. Evaluation by the Stroke Team responsible for IV rt-PA treatment or clinical study enrollment determined that three patients met all eligibility criteria, except for a fluctuating or rapidly improving deficit; these patients did not receive rt-PA or study enrollment. One patient whose deficit did not fluctuate or improve on Stroke Team evaluation was enrolled in an acute stroke study. Compared with 36 nonfactitious patients who received IV rt-PA or study enrollment, factitious patients were less likely to have facial weakness, aphasia, neglect, or visual field deficit. Because criteria for IV rt-PA and many stroke studies do not currently require imaging of a vascular occlusion or ischemic brain tissue, patients with factitious stroke may appear to meet these eligibility criteria. Physicians experienced in acute stroke evaluation and management are most likely to identify patients with factitious stroke and exclude them from consideration for thrombolysis or stroke study enrollment.     

Intravenous thrombolysis in German stroke units before and after regulatory approval of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator

BACKGROUND: Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) within 3 h after onset of focal cerebral ischemia was approved in Germany in August 2000. METHODS: 11 neurology departments with acute stroke units participated in the German Stroke Study Collaboration before (n = 2,925) and after (n = 3,204) approval of rt-PA in Germany and consecutively registered all patients admitted within 24 h following acute ischemic stroke. RESULTS: Frequency of intravenous thrombolysis in patients admitted within 24 h after symptom onset increased from 4.8% before approval to 7.9% after approval of rt-PA. Among patients treated with rtPA, age increased significantly and the delay between symptom onset and imaging was significantly shorter in the second study period. CONCLUSIONS: The observed improvement in management and quantity of intravenous thrombolysis may be explained by greater experience and greater legal security following regulatory approval of rtPA.     

Evolution of the Thrombolytic Treatment Window for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Ischemic stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality for which the only approved treatment in the acute setting is intravenous thrombolysis. The efficacy and safety of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) have been firmly established within 3 h of symptom onset; however, few patients are eligible for treatment in this time window. Expanding the time for treatment has been challenging, but new evidence has demonstrated a modest statistical improvement in selected patients when rt-PA is administered within 4.5 h. This important finding hopefully will enable more patients to receive treatment and simultaneously provides an opportunity to reaffirm that the benefits of rt-PA diminish with time.     

Thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke

The treatment of acute stroke changed dramatically since the publication of the NINDS trail for IV rt-PA for acute stroke. While this was not the first trial, it was the first positive trial. Subsequently there has been an explosion in acute treatment modalities since the NINDS trial showed that acute stroke treatment is feasible. The following chapter reviews the thrombolysis trials, the inclusion and exclusion criteria of intravenous and intra-arterial use of pharmacologic and mechanical thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke. Also discussed are the new pharmacotherapies and mechanical devices that will hopefully expand the treatment window and make thrombolysis safer and more effective.     

Systemische Thrombolysetherapie mit rt-PA beim akuten Mediaterritorialinfarkt Erfahrungen aus der klinischen Routine

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Only a few clinical reports about the routine use of intravenous rt-PA for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke have been published. Wether the perfusion of the extracranial parts of the internal carotid artery influences the outcome of the patients is still unknown, because the two major studies about systemic thrombolytic therapy with rt-PA in stroke (ECASS and NINDS) did not formally assess the status of the extracranial vessels. METHODS: 56 Patients were treated with intravenous rt-PA within 6 h of acute ischemic stroke between January 1995 and May 1998. Before and within 24 h after the thrombolytic therapy usually a neurovascular diagnostic with extra- und transcranial Doppler-ultrasound or CT-angiography was performed. Occlusions of the intracranial parts of the internal carotid artery (Carotid-T) were excluded from thrombolytic therapy. The outcome was assessed using the Rankin-scale at least 3 month after the therapy. RESULTS: The average time from stroke onset to administration of treatment was 3.7 h.A parenchymal hemorrhage with clinical deterioration was found in four patients (7.1%). Eight patients died until the follow-up (14.3%), four within 14 days. 39 patients showed a clinical improvement. Outcome and recanalization rate of the medial cerebral artery was not influenced by stenoses or occlusions of the extracranial internal carotid artery. CONCLUSIONS: Routine intravenous use of rt-PA for acute ischemic stroke shows safety comparable to the results of the NINDS study even in 6 h time window. The outcome and recanalization rate depends not on the perfusion of the extracranial parts of the internal carotid artery.     

Feasibility and safety of remote radiology interpretation with telephone consultation for acute stroke in Thailand

"Telestroke" is emerging as a potential timesaving, efficient means for evaluating patients experiencing acute ischemic stroke. It provides an opportunity for administration of thrombolytic drugs within the short therapeutic time window associated with AIS. We describe our experiences of the feasibility and safety of remote radiology interpretation with telephone consultation. Thammasat Stroke Center employs a computed tomography-digital imaging and communication in medicine (CT-DICOM) image transfer by PACS (SYNAPSE-Fujifilm), providing a real-time CT image transferred directly to the stroke consultants. The patient data are communicated by traditional telephone conversation. Here, we assessed patients who received intravenous rt-PA treatment for ASI between October 2007 and January 2009. A total of 458 patients with AIS and transient ischemic attack (TIA) were admitted to a stroke unit during the study period. One hundred patients received intravenous rt-PA (21%). Median NIHSS before thrombolysis was 15 (3-34). Mean door-to-needle time was 54 minutes (15-125). Mean onset-to-treatment time OTT was 160 minutes (60-270). There were 13 asymptomatic intracerebral hemorrhages and two (one fatal) symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhages. At 3 months, 42 patients had achieved excellent recovery (mRS, 0-1) and 14 had died. Administration of rt-PA for AIS with remote radiology interpretation with telephone consultation was feasible and safe, and the system was well received. Further studies are needed to determine the benefit of this method as compared to the conventional telephone consultation alone.     

Acute ischemic stroke therapy

Acute ischemic stroke is a medical emergency that requires rapid evaluation and treatment. Prehospital and emergency department care can be streamlined to meet those goals. Intravenous rt-PA therapy improves outcome in selected patients with ischemic stroke if given within 3 hours of stroke onset, but offers no benefit beyond that time window. Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy and intravenous defibrogenating agents may also be beneficial in selected patients. Newer thrombolytic agents such as aspirin and heparin in acute ischemic stroke treatment have been clarified by recent trials.     

卒中溶栓规范化管理：特殊临床状态的rt-PA溶栓治疗

在我国，由于缺乏循证医学证据，卒中急性期患者的溶栓治疗方案基本上是参考国外相关指南确定的，其是否适合国人尚无科学依据。另一方面，临床工作中存在的一些模糊或尚无定论的问题需要深入探讨、得出结论以造福患者。本文就这些问题作一简要综述以期达到抛砖引玉的效果。     

急性脑梗死患者多模式CT指导下的静脉溶栓治疗

目的 对发病3～9 h内的急性脑梗死患者,应用多模式CT指导下静脉rt-PA溶栓治疗,研究其疗效.方法 2007年8月至2009年5月于我院就诊,经多模式CT筛选出符合溶栓的患者27例.分为＞3～6 h组及7～9 h组,记录溶栓前、后的NIHSS、mRS及BI评分,症状性出血率和病死率.结果 27例样本中20例(74.1%)患者溶栓治疗有效,11例(40.7%)临床结局良好,5例(18.5%)血管完全再通,症状性出血1例(3.7%).其中＞3～6 h组有效率为92.3%(12/13,χ~2=4.34,P=0.037),血管冉通率38.5%(5/13,χ~2=6.608,P=0.010).结论 多模式CT指导下＞3～9 h溶栓是超过常规溶栓时间窗患者的一种可选择的治疗方法.