空腹血糖正常的脑卒中病人餐后血糖对梗死面积的影响

[目的]探讨空腹血糖正常的脑卒中病人餐后2h血糖水平对梗死面积的影响。[方法]选择120例空腹血糖正常的脑卒中病人,根据餐后血糖水平分为血糖正常组、餐后高血糖组,2周后行头颅CT检查,计算梗死面积。[结果]正常血糖组餐后2h血糖为(6.52±1.37)mmol/L,梗死面积为(2.57±1.49)cm2,高血糖组餐后2h血糖为(13.68±0.82)mmol/L,梗死面积为(4.27±2.76)cm2。二者比较差异有统计学意义。[结论]餐后血糖可影响脑卒中病人梗死面积。     

空腹血糖正常的脑卒中病人餐后血糖对梗死面积的影响

[目的]探讨空腹血糖正常的脑卒中病人餐后2h血糖水平对梗死面积的影响.[方法]选择120例空腹血糖正常的脑卒中病人,根据餐后血糖水平分为血糖正常组、餐后高血糖组,2周后行头颅CT检查,计算梗死面积.[结果]正常血糖组餐后2h血糖为（6.52±1.37）mmol/L,梗死面积为（2.57±1.49）cm2,高血糖组餐后2h血糖为（13.68±0.82）mmol/L,梗死面积为（4.27±2.76）cm2.二者比较差异有统计学意义.[结论]餐后血糖可影响脑卒中病人梗死面积.     

急性脑卒中患者血糖水平与预后关系的临床分析

目的 探讨急性脑卒中患者血糖水平与预后的关系.方法 按患者入院时的空腹血糖水平分为正常血糖组和高血糖组,分别对其预后进行临床分析.结果 高血糖组的病死率明显高于正常血糖组(32.56%、11.62%,P<0.01);死亡组的血糖均值也显著高于存活组[(8.23±1.04)mmol/L,(7.10±1.12)mmoL/L,P<0.05].结论 急性脑血管病患者发病早期血糖水平对判断病情、估计预后都具有一定的参考价值.     

357例创伤死亡患者空腹血糖与多器官功能不全综合征相关分析

目的　探讨创伤死亡患者空腹血糖变化与多器官功能不全综合征 (MODS)和存活时间之间的关系。方法　随机抽查 2 0 0 0年 1月至 2 0 0 4年 12月我院住院 3 5 7份创伤死亡患者病历 ,根据空腹血糖含量分为正常血糖组 (3 .5～ 6.1mmol/L)、轻度高血糖组 (6.1～ 8.0mmol/L)、中度高血糖组 (8.0～ 11.0mmol/L)和重度高血糖组 (>11.0mmol/L)。统计不同水平血糖患者发生MODS例数和院内存活天数 ,并分别计算创伤MODS死亡患者空腹血糖与MODS定量指标的相关系数。结果　 (1) 3 5 7例创伤死亡患者正常空腹血糖 3 1例 (8.68% ) ,轻度高血糖 76例 (2 1.2 9% )、中度高血糖 10 5例 (2 9.41% )、重度高血糖 14 5例 (4 0 .62 % ) ,创伤死亡患者高血糖率明显高于正常血糖率 (P <0 .0 1)。 (2 )正常血糖组3 1例、轻度高血糖组 76例、中度高血糖组 10 5例和重度高血糖组 14 5例中 ,出现MODS例数分别为 5例 (16.13 % )、3 2例 (4 2 .11% )、82例 (78.10 % )和 117例 (80 .69% ) ,高血糖各组MODS发生率均明显高于正常血糖组 (P <0 .0 1)。 (3 )正常血糖组 3 1例、轻度高血糖组 76例、中度高血糖组 10 5例和重度高血糖组 14 5例中 3天内死亡例数分别为 2 6例 (83 .87% )、3 3例 (4 3 .42 % )、3 8例 (3 6.2 0 % )和 43例 (2 9.66     

193例危重病患儿血糖变化分析

目的：通过分析193例危重患儿的血糖变化,探讨应激性高血糖对病情进展和预后的影响。方法：对2002年1月-2007年12月在我院PICU住院的193例危重患儿的资料进行回顾性分析,运用t检验、x^2检验、方差分析和相关分析的统计学方法进行比较。结果：①193例危重病患儿中高血糖组有123例,高血糖的发生率为63．7％;血糖最小值为0．9mmol／L,最大值为30．5mmol／L,均值为8．2mmol／L;②123例高血糖患儿中,G3岁组87例（63．0％）,3～7岁组17例（60．7％）,7～10岁组9例（64．3％）,〉10岁组10例（76．9％）,各年龄组高血糖发生率接近（P〉0．05）,均高于正常血糖发生率。③肺炎组发生高血糖有46例,颅内感染组24例,腹泻组11例,心肌炎组2例,感染性休克组11例,非感染性疾病组11例,其他组5例,意外组13例,不同原发病的血糖均数：肺炎为（7．075±2．900）mmol／L,颅内感染（8．259±3．840）mmol／L,腹泻（8．545±5．600）mmol／L,心肌炎（9．052±9．100）mmol／L,感染性休克（11．154±8．000）mmol／L,非感染性疾病（7．358±3．930）mmol／L,其他为（7．246±2．940）mmol／L,意外（12．329±7．890）mmol／L,经方差分析,不同的原发病其血糖升高的水平存在差异（PG0．05）;④正常血糖患儿平均住院时问14．94d,平均住PICU时间9．5d,平均机械通气时间6．472d,而高血糖患儿的平均住院时间18．32d,平均住PICU时间12d,平均机械通气时间10．1901d,经t检验,高血糖组机械通气时间和住PICU时间长于正常血糖组（均P〈0．05）;⑤正常血糖组发生单个脏器损害的有31例,2个脏器损害的14例,3个以上脏器损害的18例,而高血糖组分别为27、41、55例（P〈0．05）,提示高血糖组脏器损害更严重;⑥高血糖组患儿住院7d内死亡人数31例,高于血糖正常组的8例（P〈0．05）,说明高血糖组患儿住院7d内的死亡率高于正常血糖组。结论：危重病患儿常出现高血糖,血糖升高与疾病严重程度有密切联系,血糖水平升高会导致预后不良,是导致死亡率增加和住院时间延长的重要因素,在治疗过程中应严格检测血糖的变化,尽可能将其控制在正常范围内。     

格列吡嗪控释片对2型糖尿病空腹血糖和晚餐后2h血糖的疗效观察

目的 :观察格列吡嗪控释片 (瑞易宁 )对 2型糖尿病患者空腹和晚餐后 2h血糖的影响。方法 :3 0例住院的 2型糖尿病患者经严格的饮食控制 3～ 5d后 ,血糖仍未达标者口服瑞易宁 5mg/d ,5d后血糖仍未控制者增加至 10mg/d ,最大服药剂量 2 0mg/d。服药前后均检测空腹和晚餐后血糖。 结果 :治疗前平均空腹血糖 8 97± 1 17mmol/L ,晚餐后 2h血糖11 2 4± 3 18mmol/L ;治疗 2周后空腹血糖 5 3 1± 1 0 4mmol/L ,晚餐后 2h血糖 7 0 8± 1 14mmol/L。所有病例均未发生特殊不良反应。结论 :瑞易宁治疗 2型糖尿病能有效控制空腹和餐后血糖 ,是治疗 2型糖尿病的有效药物 ,耐受性好 ,服用方便。     

颅脑损伤后24h内血糖值与伤情程度和预后的关系

目的探讨重度颅脑损伤后24h血糖与格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)的关系及其对预后的影响。方法将81例重度颅脑损伤患者(GCS≤8分)分为两组:A组31例(GCS 3～5分),B组50例(GCS 6～8分);测定入院12h和24h内血糖,出院时根据GCS预后评分表(GOS)标准分为:预后良好组49例(C组,GOS 4～5级),预后较差组32例(D组,GOS 1～3级)。结果 A组伤后12h血糖均值为(10.87±3.94)mmol/L,B组为(6.43±2.30)mmol/L,A组伤后24h血糖均值为(14.46±2.83)mmol/L,B组为(8.53±3.01)mmol/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),GCS评分愈低者血糖值愈高,持续时间愈长,两者呈负相关;C组伤后12h血糖均值为(6.37±2.51)mmol/L,D组为(10.73±3.76)mmol/L;C组伤后24h血糖均值为(8.76±2.12)mmol/L,D组为(14.32±2.54)mmol/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),血糖值高者预后较差。结论颅脑损伤后血糖值越高,持续时间越长,则伤情越严重,预后越差,及时有效地控制血糖能提高救治成功率。     

急性脑血管病早期高血糖调治技术研究

目的探讨急性脑血管病早期高血糖调治范围及调治方法.方法发病在48小时之内的急性脑血管病5316例患者被随机分入治疗组、对照1和2组.治疗组依据急性脑血管病后高血糖水平,早期静脉泵入胰岛素,以0.025～0.1 U·kg-1·h-1的速度调治高血糖,加用益气调糖合剂,使应激性和糖尿病性高血糖分别恒定在7.00～7.50 mmol/L,平均空腹血糖(MBGC) 1.50～2.00 mmol/L.采用8 点法和5 点法监测血糖,指导胰岛素用量.对照组采用习用的治疗方法.对照1组参考血糖4.00～6.00 mmol/L,对照2组参考血糖8.00～11.10 mmol/L.观察临床疗效和预后.3个月时,治疗组死亡人数、残障程度均较对照组明显减低(P<0.01).结果治疗第10、30天,脑血管病患者临床功能缺损程度评分标准(CSS)临床疗效评分,治疗组明显高于对照1、2组(P<0.01).结论急性脑血管病后高血糖患者的目标血糖,在应激性者为7.00～7.50 mmol/L,糖尿病性为MBGC 1.50～2.00 mmol/L,可以获得更好的临床疗效.8 点法和5 点法可以很好地监测血糖水平.此调治技术能够使高血糖恒定在理想的目标血糖水平.     

短期极低热量限制饮食对2型糖尿病患者血糖和血脂代谢及降糖药用药剂量的影响

目的探讨短期极低热量限制饮食对2型糖尿病患者血糖、血脂代谢及降糖药用药剂量的影响。方法回顾性选择2017年1月至2018年1月合肥市第三人民医院收治的2型糖尿病住院患者共32例,采用短期极低热量限制饮食的方法,比较限食前后和限食后3个月患者体重、腰围、血糖、血脂指标及降糖药用药剂量的变化。结果限制饮食前、限制饮食后、限制饮食3个月后患者的体重分别为(70. 43±9. 32) kg、(68. 23±7. 52) kg、(66. 12±8. 34) kg,腰围分别为(90. 44±7. 43) cm、(87. 01±6. 63) cm、(85. 72±6. 09) cm。患者限制饮食后和限制饮食3个月后的体重和腰围显著低于限制饮食前;限制饮食前、限制饮食后、限制饮食3个月后患者的空腹血糖分别为(8. 12±2. 43) mmol/L、(6. 21±0. 98) mmol/L、(6. 44±1. 08) mmol/L,空腹胰岛素分别为(14. 34±3. 75)μU/L、(7. 84±2. 56)μU/L、(8. 11±2. 44)μU/L,HOMA-IR分别为(5. 18±1. 01)、(2. 16±0. 41)、(2. 32±0. 45),TC分别为(4. 98±0. 67) mmol/L、(4. 88±0. 67)mmol/L、(4. 90±0. 69) mmol/L,TG分别为(2. 87±0. 66) mmol/L、(1. 56±0. 34) mmol/L、(1. 66±0. 32) mmol/L,LDL-C分别为(4. 35±0. 78) mmol/L、(4. 25±0. 74) mmol/L、(4. 29±0. 71) mmol/L,HDL-C分别为(1. 10±0. 09) mmol/L、(1. 05±0. 08) mmol/L、(1. 07±0. 09) mmol/L。患者限制饮食后和限制饮食3个月后的血糖、空腹胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)均显著低于限制饮食前;患者限制饮食后和限制饮食3个月后的血清甘油三酯水平显著低于限食前,其余血脂代谢指标无明显变化。8例使用胰岛素治疗的患者随访期间内胰岛素使用剂量显著降低[(18. 21±7. 44) U/d vs.(14. 43±4. 21) U/d,t=4. 434,P=0. 015]; 19例使用口服降糖药物的患者中4例(21. 95%)由2种口服降糖药物改为1种,3例(15. 79%)由使用1种降糖药物改为不使用降糖药物即能控制血糖。结论短期极低热量限制饮食可明显降低2型糖尿病患者的体重、腰围、空腹血糖和空腹胰岛素水平,并能明显减少患者的降糖药用药剂量,值得临床推广应用。     

强化胰岛素治疗危重症患者应激性高血糖的临床观察

目的 观察强化胰岛素治疗危重症患者应激性高血糖(SHG)的临床疗效.方法 80例危重症SHG患者按随机原则分为强化胰岛素治疗组(强化治疗组)和常规治疗组,每组40例.强化治疗组血糖＞6.1 mmol/L时,采用微量泵静脉滴注(静滴)胰岛素1～2 U/h,在24 h内使血糖维持在4.4～6.1 mmol/L;常规治疗组血糖＞11.7 mmol/L时,静滴胰岛素1～2 U/h,在24 h内使血糖维持在10.0～11.1 mmol/L.治疗4周后,比较两组患者泵入胰岛素时间、住院时间、院内感染率、病死率.结果 强化治疗组和常规治疗组入院时血糖值(mmol/L)比较差异无统计学意义(16.93±4.32比16.78±4.40,P＞0.05).强化治疗组泵入胰岛素时间[(8.6±2.4) d]、住院时间[(10.2±4.6) d]、院内感染率(5%)、病死率(2.5%)较常规治疗组[(14.2±3.2) d、(15.6±5.4) d、15%、7.5%]明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 强化胰岛素治疗可控制高血糖,减少感染发生率,降低病死率,临床疗效显著.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.