Calidad de la recuperación después de la cirugía para el tratamiento del cáncer

Introduction

Assessment of quality of recovery is important as an end-point for outcome research. This study aims to determine the incidence and determinants of poor quality of recovery (PQR) after surgery in patients scheduled for curative neoplastic surgery.

Resección anterior ultrabaja con anastomosis mecánica en el tratamiento del cáncer de recto del tercio inferior

Tumors of the lower third of the rectum are a challenge for the surgeon. Among the various techniques of surgical treatment of these lesions, radical surgery and ultra low anterior anastomosis is one of the therapeutic options. This technique is a defy both in the evaluation of the potential patient as in the surgical technique. Such evaluation and treatment processes must be audited in order to keep proper quality indices both in the oncological as in their functional results. This is only possible when both the multidisciplinary and surgical teams have an adequate and ongoing specialized training and a satisfactory volume of patients treated. Details of this technique, its indications and results are reported in this paper.     

Tratamiento del cáncer de recto mediante escisión completa del mesorrecto por vía transanal. Resultados en 100 pacientes consecutivos

IntroductionThe aim of this study is to describe and evaluate our clinical short-term surgical results of laparoscopic transanal total mesorectal excision.MethodsAnalysis of 100 consecutive patients with mid and lower rectal cancer who underwent transanal total mesorectal excision from November 2013 to September 2018. Main outcomes described are operative data, morbidities, mortality and quality of the specimen. A comparative analysis was done between gender and simultaneous vs. non simultaneous abdominal-perineal surgery.ResultsMean patient age was 67 years (56-75), and 67% were male. On MRI, 50% were stage T3 tumors, and 52% had positive nodes. Mean distance of the tumor from anal verge was 4.9 ± 1.3 cm. A total of 58% underwent neoadjuvant treatment. Mean operative time was 262 ± 40.7 min; it was shorter in females (P < .001) and in simultaneous 2-field surgery. Median specimen distal free margin was 1.5 cm (0.5-2.4). A total of 89% of the specimens were with complete mesorectum, with better results when a simultaneous approach was used (P = .047). The mean number of retrieved lymph-nodes was 15.2 ± 11.6, and 26% of patients had positive nodes. Median length of stay was 5.5 days (4-8). Morbidities occurred in 36% of cases, and one patient died.ConclusionsAccording to our experience, laparoscopic transanal total mesorectal excision is safe and effective with adequate circumferential and distal free margins and high quality of the resected mesorectum specimen. Post-operative morbidity is acceptable, according to the current literature.     

Resultados preliminares de la implementación de la prostatectomía radical robótica en régimen de cirugía mayor ambulatoria

ObjectiveTo report our initial experience with robotic radical prostatectomy (RRP) as an outpatient procedure.Material and methodsRetrospective analysis of patients who underwent RRP as major ambulatory surgery (MAS) at our center between March 2021 and May 2022. We collected baseline patient characteristics, intraoperative outcomes and postoperative data (need for unplanned medical care and complications at one month after surgery). Oncologic characteristics at disease diagnosis (PSA, staging, ISUP, MRI) and postoperative pathologic outcomes were collected.ResultsWe identified a total of 35 patients with an average age of 60,8 ± 6,88 years and a BMI of 27 ± 2,9 kg/m². All patients had a low anesthetic risk and 25.71% had undergone previous abdominal surgery. The surgical time was 151,66 ± 42,15 minutes and the average blood loss was 301,2 ± 184,38 milliliters. Two patients (5.7%) were admitted for one night and 7 patients (20%) consulted the emergency department in the following month, of which 3 (8.57%) were readmitted. We recorded one intraoperative complication, 7 mild postoperative complications (Clavien I-II) and one severe complication (Clavien IIIb). The severe complication occurred on the eighth postoperative day and was not related to the procedure being ambulatory.ConclusionThe absence of serious complications in the immediate postoperative period supports RRP in MAS as a safe technique for selected patients.     

Auditoría interna de resultados oncológicos en la cirugía del cáncer gástrico

IntroductionNational information on the oncological results of gastric cancer surgery is scarce, so foreign figures are used, which may completely differ from local ones. The aim of our study is to analyse these results in the patients operated on in our centre.MethodsSurvival results of 134 patients that underwent gastric cancer surgery with curative intent from 2004 to June 2016 were analysed.ResultsA percentage of 76.8 of the patients (103/134) presented in advanced clinical stages (≥ ii). Staging laparoscopy was performed in 67% of them (69/103), an extensive lymphadenectomy (≥ LD1+) was carried out in 89.3% of patients (92/103), and 76.7% (79/103) received perioperative chemotherapy. The distribution by pathological stage 0, i, ii, iii and iv was 8.2, 20.2, 26.1, 37.3, and 8.2%, respectively. Median follow-up was 87 months. Median OS was 68 months and one-, 3- and 5-year OS were 81.2, 62, and 53.8%, respectively. The 5-year OS according to pathological staging was 100% for stage 0, 88.4% for stage i, 62.5% for stage ii, 23.6% for stage iii and 17% for stage iv.ConclusionsOur survival rates are in the high ranges of western literature. These results could not be compared with national ones due to the lack of information regarding oncological outcomes in gastric cancer surgery in our closest environment.     

Factores relacionados con la resistencia a la castración precoz en el cáncer de próstata metastásico. Resultados del Registro nacional de cáncer de próstata en España

IntroductionThe objective of the study was to determine the factors independently related with the development of castration resistance (CR) in prostate cancer (PC) in the medium term.Material and methods155 patients diagnosed with metastatic PC with a follow-up of up to 39 months. Data taken from the National PC Registry.The evaluated variables were age, PSA, nadir PSA, Gleason, perineural invasion, TNM stages, and ADT type (intermittent/continuous).ResultsMean follow-up 26,2 ± 13,4 months. 47.1% developed early CR, with mean time until onset of 12,2 ± 8,7 months.Univariate analysis the mean PSA was correlated with CR (290 ± 905,1 ng/mL in non CR, 519,1 ± 1437,2 ng/mL in CR, P < .001), mean age (73,3 ± 8,3 years in non CR, 69,1 ± 9,3 in CR P = .01), mean PSA nadir (15,5 ± 57,3 ng/mL in non CR, 15,9 ± 23,7 ng/mL in CR, p < 0,001), Gleason (in ≥8, HR:2,11. 95% CI: 1.22-3.65, p = 0.006), and T stage (in T3-T4, HR: 2.85. 95% CI: 1.57-5.19, P < .001).Multivariate analysis the independent variables associated to CR are age (HR: 0.96. 95% CI: 0.94-0.99, P = .01), PSA nadir (HR: 1.65. 95% CI: 1,43-1,91, P < .001), and T3-T4 stage (HR: 2.11. 95% CI: 1.10-4.04, P = .02).ConclusionsPSA nadir and T3-T4 tumor stage at diagnosis are associated to an increased risk of developing CR. In addition, age at diagnosis is shown as a variable that decreases risk. Therefore, an older age would be associated with lower risk probability of CR in the medium term.     

Cirugía citorreductora en pacientes con cáncer de próstata oligometastásico. Revisión sistemática de la literatura científica

IntroductionInterest in oligometastatic prostate cancer has spiked due to the emergence of new evidence regarding more specific and accurate imaging, and the wider use of minimally invasive techniques. Nevertheless, the optimal management of this pathology is yet to be determined.ObjectiveAssess the efficacy and safety of cytoreductive surgery in patients suffering from oligometastatic prostate cancer.Evidence gatheringSystematic review of the scientific literature (01/01/2010-31/12/2021) within the MedLine, Embase, Cochrane Library, Cinahl, Scopus, Spanish Healthcare Technology Assessment Agencies (AETS, Agencias de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias) and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. The keywords used were prostatectomy, prostatic neoplasm, radical prostatectomy; the free search terms were prostatectomy and oligometastatic prostate. The inclusion criteria comprised studies on patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer who had been operated on using radical cytoreductive prostatectomy.Evidence synthesisThe systematic review included 4 observational studies, 2 clinical trials, and 2 case series, of moderate quality. The results observed suggest that oligometastatic prostate cancer patients who had undergone cytoreductive prostate surgery obtained a benefit in terms of efficacy. Conversely, the majority of these studies showed a reduction in the number of localized complications, when compared to the best systemic treatments.ConclusionsCytoreductive surgery in this group of patients is a safe procedure that reduces the incidence of localized complications and that presents promising results with regard to survival rates. To date, the lack of prospective trials limits the use of this therapeutic option to experimental environments.     

Caracterización clínica del cáncer de próstata potencialmente insignificante en la biopsia prostática

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify the rate of clinical significant disease (Gleason score > 6 or tumor volume > 0.5 cc in the RP specimen) among patients who had an insignificant prostate cancer on biopsy, evaluating the presence of prognostic factors.Patients and methodsPatients who fulfilled the following criteria were included: PSA ≤ 10 ng/ml, T1c disease, biopsy Gleason Score ≤ 6 affecting <5% of only 1 core and who had undergone a radical prostatectomy. The following variables were studied: Age, PSA, dPSA, free/total PSA ratio and prostatic volume assessed by transrectal ultrasound.ResultsIn a series of 2424 biopsies, 77 patients completely fulfilled the inclusion criteria, with 66.23% (n = 51) of clinical significant disease in the prostatectomy specimen. No differences were observed between these patients and those with insignificant disease in age, PSA, free/total PSA ratio. However, prostatic volume was significantly greater and PSA density significantly lower in those patients with an insignificant disease. Statistical analysis using a logistical regression showed that dPSA was the only prognostic factor (OR: 25067.10, CI 95%: 26.79–2.34 × 10⁷, P = .004).ConclusionsThese findings suggest that a high rate of patients who have a suspected insignificant prostate cancer on biopsy have a clinical significant disease, being dPSA the only independent prognostic factor.     

Quimioterapia basada en docetaxel en el tratamiento de pacientes con cáncer de prostata resistente a la castración

IntroductionDocetaxel administered every 3- weeks is the standart treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) but it is associated with dose limiting toxicities. We analyzed the efficacy and tolerability of 3- weekly and weekly docetaxel in a Turkish cohort of CRPC patients with a special emphasis on the elderly patients.Materials and methodsA retrospective analyses of 45 patients who received either 3- weekly or weekly docetaxel in a single urologic oncology clinic was performed. Response to therapy, toxicity and overall survival rates were evaluated.ResultsThe mean age of patients was 70.0 (± 8.8) years. Complete or partial PSA response was obtained in 45% of patients. The median overall survival was 20,0 months (SE 6.46; 95% CI 7,3-32,6). Absence of metastasis, time to CRPC > 10 months, DP 75 mg/m2 once every three weeks and PSA < 50% at the end of the third cycle were associated with better overall survival. There was no significant survival difference between the patients aged 75 or older versus younger ones. The most common hematological toxicity was leukopenia which was dose limiting in only one patient.ConclusionAdministration of standart 3-weekly docetaxel is well tolerated in this relatively old cohort of Turkish CRPC patients and weekly administration can be a reasonable alternative in frail patients not only to prolong survival but also to palliate disease symptoms.     

Efecto de la mitomicina en comparación con la gemcitabina intravesical en el tratamiento del cáncer de vejiga sin invasión muscular: metaanálisis

IntroductionWe performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of intravesical mitomycin compared with gemcitabine on the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.MethodsA systematic literature search up to November 2021 was done and 6 studies included 389 subjects with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer at the start of the study; 197 of them were provided with intravesical-mitomycin and 192 with intravesical gemcitabine. The studies reported the relationships about the effect of intravesical mitomycin compared with gemcitabine on the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the effect of intravesical mitomycin compared with gemcitabine on the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer using the dichotomous method with a random or fixed-effect model.ResultsIntravesical mitomycin had significantly higher recurrence rates (OR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.43-4.08, P = .001) and chemical cystitis (OR, 4.39; 95% CI, 2.27-8.51, P < .001) compared to intravesical gemcitabine in subjects with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. However, intravesical mitomycin had no significant difference in its effect on hematuria (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, .68-4.33, P = .26), skin reaction (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, .59-7.07, P = .26), and liver and kidney functions damage (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 0.35-10.96, P = .44) compared to intravesical gemcitabine in subjects with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.ConclusionsIntravesical mitomycin had significantly higher recurrence rates and chemical cystitis and no significant difference in its effect on hematuria, skin reaction, and liver and kidney functions damage compared to intravesical gemcitabine in subjects with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Further studies are required to validate these findings.     

Impacto en la calidad de vida del tratamiento del cáncer de próstata organoconfinado

IntroductionProstate cancer (PCa) is the second most common male cancer in the world. Its incidence is estimated to grow to 1.7 million new cases and 499,000 new deaths by 2030. Treatment of OCPC can affect patients physically and mentally, as well as their close relationships and their job or career, which conditions health-related quality of life (QoL).ObjectiveEvaluate the impact on QoL attributable to the treatment for Organ Confined Prostate Cancer (OCPC).Materials and methodsProspective multicenter observational study of 406 patients with OCPC treated from January 2015 to June 2018. The sample was divided into four study groups, according to the type of treatment: radical prostatectomy (RP) (GA), external radiotherapy (ERT) (GB), brachytherapy (BT) (GC) and other treatments different from monotherapy with RP, ERT or BT (GD).ResultsThe age in GC was lower, the mean Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) of all patients was 8.13 ng/ml, the group with the highest mean PSA was GB with a mean of 10.43 ng/dL, the mean Tumor Stage (TNM) was 3.82, and GD had the lowest post treatment quality of life.ConclusionOCPC treatment affects QoL. Curative monotherapies, specifically RP and BT, have less effect on QoL than external radiotherapy or other therapeutic alternatives. Urinary incontinence and fistulas secondary to OCPC have the highest impact on QOL impairment. The internationally validated SF 36 questionnaire is a useful cross-sectional measure of QOL to compare the impact of OCPC treatment modalities.     

Resultados de las diferentes opciones quirúrgicas para el tratamiento del cáncer de la unión esofagogástrica. Revisión de la evidencia

There is significant controversy in the management of cardiac cancer. It seems unanimous that Siewert type I tumors be operated on as cancer of the esophagus and Siewert type III as gastric cancer. However, for “true” cancer of the gastric cardia or Siewert II, the authors do not agree. There is the obvious need for free proximal and distal margins, as well as correct lymphadenectomy. For some, esophagectomy is necessary to perform correct radical oncological surgery, but other authors defend that an abdominal approach is sufficient to perform total gastrectomy and distal esophagectomy. Recent and older papers published do not clarify this issue, and their results are contradictory. Chemotherapy prior to surgery can reduce the size of the tumor and the presence of lymphadenopathies.     

Hipogonadismo prolongado tras la suspensión de tratamiento hormonal en pacientes con cáncer de próstata

ObjectivesTo study the levels of LH, testosterone and PSA after suspending prolonged treatment with LH-RH analogs.Materials and MethodHormonal evolution was studied in 29 patients from whom treatment had been withdrawn. The patients had previously been receiving treatment with LH-RH analog for more than one year, and with LH< 2 mUI/mL and testosterone <2.8 ng/mL. LH, testosterone and PSA were determined monthly, together with clinical assessment. The treatment was re-initiated and the period of monitoring ended before the presence of clinical progression and/or PSA ? 10 ng/mL. The cohort was described and survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression.ResultsThe mean period of time without treatment for the series was 35 months (CI 95%, 15.7-54.2 months). Prolonged hypogonadism (> 24 months) was presented by 17% of the patients. The recovery of the LH-T-PSA axis, when it occurred, followed the expected sequence. The variables that influenced the period of recovery of the PSA were the PSA pretreatment and the association of an antiandrogen.ConclusionsAfter withdrawing the prolonged treatment with LH-RH analogs, most of the patients recovered the levels of LH-T-PSA, although a subgroup remained hypogonadic for more than 24 months.