Recurrent acute kidney injury in elderly patients is common and associated with 1-year mortality

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common among elderly patients after a first hospitalized AKI. Patients who recover are at risk for recurrence, but recurrent geriatric AKI is not well-studied.

Methods

This was a retrospective, 12-month cohort study using data from the National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases. Recurrent AKI was defined as a new spontaneous rise of?≥?0.3 mg/dl (≥?26.5 µmol/L) within 48 h or a 50% increase in serum creatinine (Scr) from the baseline within 7 days after the previous AKI episode. The outcome measured was 12-month mortality.

Results

Among 1711 study patients, 652 developed AKI. Of the 429 AKI survivors in whom recovery could be assessed, 314 patients recovered to their baseline renal function, and 115 patients developed chronic kidney disease (CKD). Of the group that recovered renal function, 90 patients (28.7%) subsequently developed recurrent AKI, while 224 (71.3%) did not. Of the 429 survivors with AKI, 103 patients (24.0%) died within 12 months. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that recurrent AKI was significantly associated with coronary disease (odds ratio [OR?=?2.008; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.024–3.938; P?=?0.042), a need for mechanical ventilation (OR?=?2.265; 95% CI 1.267–4.051; P?=?0.006) and high blood urea nitrogen levels (OR?=?1.036; 95% CI 1.002–1.072; P?=?0.040) at the first AKI event. Kaplan–Meier curves showed the 12-month survival of patients with non-recurrent AKI was better than that of patients with CKD, and survival of patients with recurrent AKI was worse than that of patients with CKD (log rank P?<?0.001). In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, mortality at 12 month was higher in the patient with recurrent AKI as compared with those with a single episode (HR?=?3.375; 95% CI 2.241–5.083; P?<?0.001).

Conclusion

Recurrent AKI is common among elderly patients who recovered their renal function post-AKI and is associated with significantly higher 12-month mortality compared with CKD patients.

     

Incidence of acute kidney injury among patients with chronic kidney disease: a single-center retrospective database analysis

Clinical and Experimental Nephrology - Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication among hospitalized individuals and is closely associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This...     

Outcomes of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in elderly patients: a single-centre study

International Urology and Nephrology - HAAKI is a common clinical problem in hospitalized patients. Its incidence is high in older patients and carries worse prognosis. The presence of multiple...     

单中心住院患者急性肾损伤患病现况调查及预后分析

目的探讨住院患者急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)患病及预后情况,并对预后相关的危险因素进行分析。方法通过石河子大学医学院第一附属医院检验科数据检索系统筛选出2015年1月至2015年12月所有住院患者58 444例,根据改善全球肾脏病预后组织(Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes,KDIGO)发布的最新AKI临床指南中血肌酐的定义标准,对于符合的患者组成队列研究,回顾性分析住院患者AKI的患病情况,采用Logistic回归分析患者死亡和肾脏预后的危险因素。结果符合入选标准的AKI患者609例,AKI患病率1.04%(609/58 444),男、女发病比率为2.07:1,平均年龄(66.3±16.1)岁。根据KDIGO指南AKI分期标准,Ⅰ期249例(占40.9%),Ⅱ期263例(占43.2%),Ⅲ期97例(占15.9%)。导致住院患者发生AKI的原因中,肾前性原因431例(占70.6%),肾性原因131例(占21.5%),肾后性原因48例(占7.9%)。在发生AKI第7天观察时,病死率25.5%(155/609);以出院作为观察节点时,病死率29.1%(177/609);在观察患者肾脏预后中,29.9%的患者肾功能未恢复,18.7%的患者肾功能完全恢复,41.2%的患者肾功能部分恢复。多因素Logistic回归分析,年龄(OR=1.598)、AKI分期(OR=1.538)、昏迷(OR=2.659)、慢性肝脏病(OR=2.134)是患者死亡的独立危险因素。肾外脏器衰竭(P0.01,OR=2.548,95%CI:1.717~3.783)是患者肾功能未恢复的独立危险因素。结论 AKI是住院患者越来越普遍并且或将成为影响预后的严重并发症。年龄、AKI分期、昏迷、慢性肝脏病是患者死亡的独立危险因素。肾外脏器衰竭是患者肾功能未恢复的独立危险因素。     

老年股骨转子间骨折术后一年死亡率及其危险因素分析

目的 总结老年股骨转子间骨折患者术后1年的死亡率,并探讨与死亡相关的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2005年8月至2011年8月杭州地区6家医院经手术治疗且获得随访的1854例老年股骨转子间骨折患者资料,男705例,女1149例;年龄65 ～98岁,平均79.4岁.统计患者术后1年内的死亡率及主要死亡原因,并应用logistic回归模型分析与术后1年死亡相关的危险因素. 结果 术后1年内共有297例患者死亡,死亡率为16.0％ (297/1854).主要死亡原因包括感染93例,心脏疾患38例,神经系统疾患53例,肿瘤63例.Logistic回归分析结果显示:患者年龄[OR=5.053,95％CI(1.517,16.829),P=0.000]、性别[OR=0.376,95％ CI (0.122,1.161),P=0.002]、术前内科合并症[OR =3.236,95％CI (1.553,6.746),P=0.001]、美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级[OR=6.057,95％CI (1.968,18.641),P=0.000]、受伤至手术时间[OR=1.928,95％CI(0.979,3.796),P=0.009]和住院时间[OR=3.875,95％CI(0.368,6.542),P=0.001]是术后1年死亡的独立危险因素. 结论 年龄、性别、术前内科合并症、ASA分级、受伤至手术时间及住院时间为老年股骨转子间骨折患者术后1年死亡的独立危险因素.     

Incidence and mortality of acute kidney injury in coronary care unit: a retrospective study from a single center

Objective To evaluate the incidence and mortality of acute kidney injury (AKI) in coronary care unit (CCU), and to identify the risk factors of the incidence of AKI and the mortality of CCU patients. Methods A total of 414 patients in CCU from January 1, 2014 to June 1, 2015 at Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University were enrolled. Based on the KDIGO-AKI criteria, these patients were classified into two groups: NAKI group (patients without AKI) and AKI group. Clinical characteristics and laboratory data of two groups were compared. The risk factors of the incidence of AKI and the mortality of CCU patients was analyzed by logistic regression, and then the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the predictive value of these risk factors. Results (1) Among 414 patients, 136(32.9%) patients fulfilled the criteria for AKI, and 14.0% patients in AKI stage 1, 10.9% in AKI stage 2 and 8.0% in AKI stage 3. (2) The total CCU mortality was 15.0%. Mortality of AKI patients in the CCU was 33.3%, higher than 6.1% in patients without AKI (OR=7.735, 95%CI 4.215-14.196, P＜0.001). The mortality worsened with increasing severity of AKI (22.4% for AKI stage 1 group, 37.8% for AKI stage 2 group, 45.4% for AKI stage 3 group). (3) Anemia (OR=8.274, 95%CI 4.363-15.689), history of chronic illness (OR=2.582, 95%CI 1.400-4.760), APACHEⅡ scores (OR=1.813, 95%CI 1.739-1.895), male (OR=3.666, 95%CI 1.860-7.226) were the independent risk factors for AKI, while the normal mean arterial pressure (MAP) (OR=0.292, 95%CI 0.153-0.556) and normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (OR=0.166, 95%CI 0.090-0.306) are the protective factors for AKI (all P＜0.05). (4) AKI was the most powerful independent factor associated with the mortality of CCU patients (OR=7.050, 95%CI 2.970-16.735, P＜0.001). Other independent risk factors for CCU mortality included history of chronic illness, ejection fraction and APACHEⅡ≥15 scores (all P＜0.05), while the normal MAP and normal eGFR were the protective factors (all P＜0.05). (5) For predicting AKI, eGFR displayed an excellent areas under the ROC curve (AUC=0.815, P＜0.001), and for CCU mortality, APACHEⅡ scores had the highest overall correctness of prediction (AUC=0.757 P＜0.001). Conclusions CCU patients have high morbidity of AKI, which is the most powerful independent factor associated with the increased CCU mortality. The eGFR is the best predictor for AKI, and then through the evaluation of eGFR for CCU patients, we can evaluate high-risk groups, make early interventions and then improve the prognosis of CCU patients.     

Spectrum of community-acquired acute kidney injury in India: a retrospective study

An understanding of the epidemiology of community-acquired acute kidney injury (CAAKI) is necessary to establish its overall burden and plan potential preventive strategies. This study was done in an urban tertiary care center in northern India with the aim to identify the etiology and outcomes as well as the factors associated with in-hospital mortality of CAAKI patients. A five year retrospective analysis of all patients with CAAKI admitted to the Nephrology Department from January 2005 to December 2009 was done. From 5499 consecutive patients, 240 patients (2.5%), with a mean age of 39.8 ± 14.48 years, were diagnosed to have CAAKI as per our specified criteria. The most common cause of CAAKI was medical (77.5%), followed by obstetrical (14.2%) and surgical (8.3%) causes. Among the medical causes, acute diarrheal disease was the most common cause (29%), followed by malaria (18.8%) and sepsis (13.9%). Sepsis had the highest in-hospital mortality (46%). Nephrolithiasis was the most common surgical cause. Puerperal sepsis (44.1%), pre-eclampsia (23.5%), intrauterine death (11.8%), antenatal hemorrhage (11.8%) and post-partal hemorrhage (8.8%) were the obstetric causes of CAAKI. Among 45 patients who underwent a renal biopsy, acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (33.3%) was the most common, followed by acute tubular necrosis (22.2%), glomerulonephritis (17.7%), thrombotic microangiopathy (17.7%) and acute cortical necrosis (8.89%). Of the 83% patients who underwent dialytic therapy, 44.5% underwent hemodialysis, 22.5% continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration, 21.6% sustained low efficiency dialysis and 11.4% peritoneal dialysis. The overall in-hospital mortality among patients with CAAKI was 26.20%. CAAKI remains a common problem affecting nearly 2.5% of patients attending nephrology units.     

Prognostic analysis of crescentic glomerulonephritis with acute kidney injury: a single-center cohort with 5-year follow-up

International Urology and Nephrology - Crescentic glomerulonephritis (CrGN) represents a severe form of glomerular injury that results in high rates of renal failure. This study aimed to...     

Epidemiology of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury in neonates: a retrospective study

Background

Cardiac surgery is a known risk factor for acute kidney injury (AKI) in children. However, cardiac surgery-associated AKI (CS-AKI) in neonates has not been well studied. The objectives of this study were: (1) to describe the epidemiology of CS-AKI in neonates utilizing the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) definition, (2) to identify risk factors for neonatal CS-AKI, and (3) to determine if neonatal CS-AKI is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.

Methods

This was a retrospective study involving 122 neonates (≤28 days) undergoing cardiac surgery from 2006 to 2009. Neonates with and without AKI were identified using serum creatinine (SCr) and urine output (UO) data.

Results

Cardiac surgery-AKI occurred in 76 (62 %) neonates, of whom 22 (29 %) were AKIN stage 1, 19 (25 %) were stage 2, and 35 (46 %) were stage 3. AKI mostly occurred early as 75 % of patients achieved their maximal AKIN stage within the first 48 h post-operatively. In the multivariate analysis, cardiopulmonary bypass duration of ≥120 min was independently associated with AKI [odds ratio (OR) 2.53, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.03–6.30]. Severe AKI (AKIN stage 3) was independently associated with mortality (OR 6.70, 95 % CI 1.08–41.50) and a longer stay in the pediatric intensive care unit (hazard ratio 9.09, 95 % CI 1.35–60.95). The majority of severe AKI cases (65 %) were identified with AKIN UO criteria alone without significant rises in SCr.

Conclusions

Cardiac surgery-AKI is common in neonates when the AKIN definition is utilized and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality, especially in those with more severe AKI.     

Effect of post-nephrectomy acute kidney injury on renal outcome: a retrospective long-term study

Purpose

The effects on renal prognosis of acute kidney injury after elective unilateral nephrectomy are ill-defined. We evaluated as whether post-operative acute kidney injury modifies renal outcome over the long term.

Methods

This is a retrospective study examining all consecutive adult patients referred to three Nephrology Units and that had previously undergone elective unilateral nephrectomy. We evaluated the association of post-nephrectomy acute kidney injury with the combined renal outcome of chronic dialysis requirement, ≥ 40% decline in glomerular filtration rate or new-onset severe proteinuria (> 500 mg/24 h). Clinical correlates of acute kidney injury and renal outcome were also examined.

Results

106 patients were enrolled. 52 patients had post-operative acute kidney injury with a median increment of serum creatinine of 0.67 [0.48–0.86] mg/dl; in these patients, serum creatinine and urea increased from the first day post-nephrectomy while contraction of urinary output was found in 7 patients. Older age [OR: 1.72; 95% CI 1.05–2.82; P = 0.030] associated with post-operative acute kidney injury. Over a median follow-up of 8.9 [95% CI 3.1–24.2] years, the combined renal outcome occurred, respectively, in 28 (53.8%) and 14 (25.9%) patients with and without acute kidney injury (P = 0.003). Logistic regression analysis showed that acute kidney injury (OR: 3.22; 95% CI 1.35–7.66; P = 0.008) and male gender (OR: 2.72; 95% CI 1.08–6.85; P = 0.034) were associated with poor renal outcome after adjustment for main comorbidities.

Conclusions

In our population of referred patients, acute kidney injury after unilateral nephrectomy was common and associated with progressive chronic kidney disease, especially in older males.

     

Changing epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury in Brazilian patients: a retrospective study from a teaching hospital

International Urology and Nephrology - While considerable information is available on acute kidney injury (AKI) in North America and Europe, large comprehensive epidemiologic studies on AKI from...     

Outcomes for hepatorenal syndrome and acute kidney injury in patients undergoing liver transplantation: a single-center experience

Acute kidney injury occurs commonly among patients with advanced liver disease. These patients may undergo liver transplantation with subsequent improvement in hepatic function. However, the renal outcomes of these patients after liver transplantation has only occasionally been reported. Knowledge of these outcomes would be useful to identify patients who may benefit from combined liver-renal transplantation. We retrospectively analyzed 29 patients who subsequently went on to have a liver transplantation. Seventeen of cases could be ascribed to hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) and 12 cases to ATN. Four patients with non-HRS and 12 patients with HRS required hemodialysis prior to transplantation. The duration of kidney injury prior to transplantation was 7.75 +/- 7.53 weeks in the HRS group and 5.09 +/- 4.47 weeks in the ATN group (P = NS). Demographic variables between patients with HRS and ATN were similar with the exception of a higher prevalence of diabetes among the ATN group (P < .05). At 3 months post-liver transplantation, 66% of patients with non-HRS and 77% of those surviving patients with HRS showed serum creatinine values less than 1.5 mg/dL. No patients remained on chronic hemodialysis at 3 months post-liver transplantation. The outcome of kidney dysfunction and more specifically, HRS, among those patients surviving to liver transplantation was excellent with subsequent resolution in the majority of patients. Determination of prognostic factors for renal outcome will require multicenter prospective trials, which would be useful to determine which patients benefit from combined liver-renal transplantation.     

The association between the duration of postoperative acute kidney injury and in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients after non-cardiac surgery: an observational cohort study

Abstract

Objectives: The severity of acute kidney injury (AKI) has been a well-known predictor for in-hospital mortality. Whether AKI duration could predict in-hospital mortality is not clear. This study determines the association between the in-hospital mortality and AKI duration in patients after non-cardiac surgery. Materials and methods: Surgical patients who were admitted to the ICU were enrolled. AKI cases were defined using KDIGO guidelines and categorized according to the tertiles of AKI duration (1st tertile: 2 days, 2nd tertile: 3–6 days and 3rd tertile: 7 days). The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for in-hospital mortality are compared to those without AKI. The predictability of mortality is accessed by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) for the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: From a total of 318 postoperative patients, 98 developed AKI (1st tertile: 34 cases, 2nd tertile: 30 cases and 3rd tertile: 34 cases) and 220 had no AKI. The in-hospital mortality rates are 6.8% (non-AKI), 50% (1st tertile), 46.7% (2nd tertile) and 47% (3rd tertile). The HR’s for in-hospital mortality are 7.92, 6.68 and 1.68, compared to the non-AKI group (p?=?0.006, 0.021 and 0.476). Cumulative in-hospital survival rates are significantly different for the non-AKI group and the AKI groups (p?<?0.001). The AUC for AKI duration and stage together (0.804) is higher than that for AKI stage and AKI duration alone (0.803 and 0.777) (both ps?<?0.001). Conclusion: In addition to severity, the duration of AKI may be a predictor of in-hospital mortality in patients, after non-cardiac surgery.     

A retrospective study of acute kidney injury in hip arthroplasty patients receiving gentamicin and dicloxacillin

Background and purpose — Acute kidney injury is a known complication of antibiotic use. Antibiotic prophylaxis is essential to prevent periprosthetic infections after total hip replacement. We experienced a rise in the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), and in an effort to solve this problem, we changed our antibiotic prophylaxis protocol. We investigated whether removing gentamicin from our antibiotic protocol would cause fewer and less severe cases of renal impairment.

Patients and methods — We performed a retrospective study involving 136 cases of total hip replacement, with 66 patients receiving dicloxacillin and gentamicin and 70 patients receiving dicloxacillin alone.

Results — We found less cases of AKI in the dicloxacillin group (p = 0.03): the mean creatine level in the dicloxacillin/gentamicin group was 126 (25–422) μmol/L whereas it was 93 (39–278) μmol/L in the group that received dicloxacillin alone. We also found that cases were less severe in the dicloxacillin group than in the dicloxacillin/gentamicin group (p = 0.02). The relative risk of developing AKI was 3 times higher if dicloxacillin and gentamicin were both used (p = 0.02).

Interpretation — After removing gentamicin, there were fewer and less severe cases of acute kidney injury     

Assessing the influence of acute kidney injury on the mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a clinical trail

Objectives: Acute kidney injury (AKI) increases the risk of death following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In this current study, we tried to understand the role of newly KDIGO defined AKI in AMI-induced early and late mortality.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of AMI patients (totaling 1371 cases) from the hospital’s computer database. And AKI was defined based on the KDIGO criteria but GFR or urinary output assessment was not used. Subsequently, we compared the association of AKI with 30-day and 30-day to 5-year all-cause mortality, using multivariate COX regression analysis with two models.

Results: We observed the development of AKI in 410 (29.9%) patients during the hospital stay. The 30-day and 30-day to 5-year mortality rates were 5.6% and 11.3%, respectively, in 1371 AMI patients. Further, adjusted Cox regression analysis based on model 1 revealed that AKI severity was an independent risk factor of 30-day mortality, while AKI Stage 3 was an independent predictor of 30-day to 5-year mortality. Adjusted Cox regression analysis based on model 2 revealed that normal baseline renal function with AKI and impaired renal function with AKI were independent risk factors of 30-day mortality, while normal baseline renal function with AKI and impaired renal function with AKI were identified to be independent predictors of 30-day to 5-year mortality.

Conclusions: Whether the baseline renal function decreased or not, AKI strongly correlated with short- and long-term all-cause mortality in patients with AMI. Specifically, the short-term mortality of AMI patients increased with more severe AKI.     

Donor acute kidney injury and its effect on 1-year post-transplant kidney allograft fibrosis

Transplantation of kidneys from deceased donors with acute kidney injury (AKI) can expand the donor pool. We investigated the effect of donor AKI on renal function and chronic changes on protocol biopsies at 1-year post-transplant. Donor AKI was defined according to Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. Between 2013 and 2017, 333 kidneys were transplanted and subsequently biopsied after 1 year. Fifty-three kidneys from AKI donors (AKIN stage I n = 42, stage II n = 8, stage III n = 3) were compared to 280 kidneys from non-AKI donors. At 1-year follow-up, patient and graft survival were comparable. Donor AKI was not predictive of IFTA (Banff interstitial fibrosis plus tubular atrophy scores) at 1-year post-transplant biopsy (2.10 ± 1.28 in AKI, 2.09 ± 1.22 in non-AKI, P = .95). Donor AKI was also not associated with progression of IFTA from 3 to 12 months (P = .69), or inferior glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, P = .94). In a multivariate analysis, the odds of IFTA >2 were comparable between AKI and non-AKI groups. In conclusion, the transplantation of kidneys from donors with predominantly stage I AKI results in comparable function and degree of fibrosis on protocol biopsies 1-year post-transplant. Selected grafts from donors with AKI are a valuable tool for expanding the donor pool for kidney transplantation.     

Obesity,acute kidney injury and mortality in patients with sepsis: a cohort analysis

Although the prognostic effect of obesity has been studied in critically ill patients its impact on outcomes of septic patients and its role as a risk factor for acute kidney injury (AKI) is not consensual. We aimed to analyze the impact of obesity on the occurrence of AKI and on in-hospital mortality in a cohort of critically ill septic patients. This study is retrospective including 456 adult patients with sepsis admitted to the Division of Intensive Medicine of the Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte (Lisbon, Portugal) between January 2008 and December 2014. Obesity was defined as a body mass index of 30?kg/m² or higher. The Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes classification was used to diagnose and classify patients developing AKI. AKI occurred in 87.5% of patients (19.5% with stage 1, 22.6% with stage 2 and 45.4% with stage 3). Obese patients developed AKI more frequently than non-obese patients (92.8% versus 85.5%, p?=?.035; unadjusted OR 2.2 (95% CI: 1.04–4.6), p?=?.039; adjusted OR 2.31 (95% CI: 1.07–5.02), p?=?.034). The percentage of obese patients, however, did not differ between AKI stages (stage 1, 25.1%; stage 2, 28.6%; stage 3, 15.4%; p?=?.145). There was no association between obesity and mortality (p?=?.739). Of note, when comparing AKI patients with or without obesity in terms of in-hospital mortality there were also no significant differences between those groups (38.4% versus 38.4%, p?=?.998). Obesity was associated with the occurrence of AKI in critically ill patients with sepsis; however, it was not associated with in-hospital mortality.     

Characteristics and risk factors for renal recovery after acute kidney injury in critically ill patients in cohorts of elderly and non-elderly: a multicenter retrospective cohort study

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to explore the risk factors for renal nonrecovery among elderly and nonelderly patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients.MethodsA multicenter retrospective cohort of 583 critically ill patients with AKI was examined. We found the best cutoff value for predicting renal recovery by age was 63 years old through logistic regression. All patients were divided into two cohorts, age <63 and age ≥63-years old; on the basis of renal recovery at 30 days after AKI, the two patient cohorts were further divided into a renal recovery group and a renal nonrecovery group. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors affecting renal recovery in the two cohorts.ResultsThe 30-day renal recovery rate of patients aged <63 years was 70.0% (198/283), multivariate analysis showed that the independent risk factors affecting renal nonrecovery in age <63 years old included AKI stage, blood lactate level and hemoglobin level. The 30-day renal recovery rate of patients aged ≥63 years was 28.7% (86/300), multivariate analysis showed that the independent risk factors for renal nonrecovery in age ≥63-years old included diabetes mellitus, surgery with general anesthesia, AKI stage, APACHE II score, eGFR, and hemoglobin level.ConclusionsThe renal nonrecovery after AKI in critically ill patients in patients aged ≥63 years was more strongly affected by multiple risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus, surgery with general anesthesia, eGFR, and APACHE II score, in addition to hemoglobin and AKI stage.