Serum lactate dehydrogenase level is associated with in-hospital mortality in critically Ill patients with acute kidney injury

International Urology and Nephrology - Sixty percent of critically ill patients suffer from acute kidney injury (AKI) and 12% of them require renal replacement therapy during their ICU stay....     

Oral bisphosphonate use in the elderly is not associated with acute kidney injury

Intravenous bisphosphonates can cause acute kidney injury; however, this risk was not found with oral bisphosphonates in randomized clinical trials with restrictive eligibility criteria. In order to provide complementary safety data, we studied the risk of acute kidney injury in a population-based cohort of 122,727 patients aged 66 years and older discharged from hospital following a new fragility fracture and no history of bisphosphonate use in the prior year. Bisphosphonate treatment was identified within 120 days after discharge and event rates were measured from 90 days of therapy initiation. The primary outcome was hospitalization with acute kidney injury with secondary outcomes of new nephrology consultation and, in a subset of patients with laboratory values, acute kidney injury was defined as an increase in serum creatinine. We identified 18,286 bisphosphonate users and 104,441 non-users with a mean age of 81 years. Of 5772 patients with laboratory values, 40% had chronic kidney disease (eGFR <60?ml/min per 1.73?m(2)). Overall, there was no statistically significant difference in the risk of acute kidney injury among bisphosphonate users compared to non-users (adjusted odds ratio 1.03), and no significant differences in other outcomes or in subgroups of patients with baseline chronic kidney disease. Thus, in this older population-based cohort, oral bisphosphonate use was not associated with acute kidney injury.     

Effects of the diagnostic window and duration of acute kidney injury on 1-year mortality in elderly patients: a single-center retrospective study

Background

We evaluated the prognostic impact of AKI duration on the 1-year mortality rate in elderly patients diagnosed based on the 48-hour and 7-day changes in serum creatinine (Scr) levels recommended by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines.

Methods

This retrospective study was conducted from 2007 to 2018 on elderly patients in the Geriatric Department of the Chinese PLA General Hospital. Based on the two diagnostic criteria in the KDIGO guidelines, the patients were divided into a 48-hour diagnostic window and a 7-day diagnostic window group, and into transient AKI (lasting 1–2 days) and persistent AKI (lasting 3–6 days, and?≥?7 days) based on the time at which the Scr level returned to the baseline value. The primary outcome was the 1-year mortality rate after AKI.

Results

In total, 688 patients were enrolled, including 367 (53.3%) with a 48-hour and 321 (46.7%) with a 7-day diagnostic window. Of the 688 patients, in the 48-hour window group, 12.0% had transient AKI, 31.1% had lasting 3–6 days, and 56.9% had lasting?≥?7 days; in the 7-day window group, 5.3% had transient AKI, 24.0% had lasting 3–6 days, and 70.7% had lasting?≥?7 days. Overall, 332 patients (33.6%) died within 1 year, including 189 (51.5%) in the 48-hour and 143 (44.5%) in the 7-day diagnostic window group. After adjusting for multiple covariates, AKI duration was associated with a significantly higher 1-year mortality rate (3–6 days: HR?=?3.535; 95% CI?=?1.685–7.417, P?=?0.001;?≥?7 days: HR?=?2.400; 95% CI?=?1.152–5.001, P?=?0.019) in the 48-hour diagnostic window group, but it did not differ in the 7-day diagnostic window group (P?=?0.452).

Conclusions

Persistent AKI was common in elderly hospitalized patients, accounting for 88% and 95% of patients with 48-hour and 7-day diagnostic windows, respectively. Moreover, AKI duration was associated with different clinical outcomes depending on the diagnostic window. Further studies should focus on the mechanism underlying the relationship of AKI outcomes with diagnostic criteria.

     

Deceased-donor acute kidney injury is not associated with kidney allograft failure

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Stage 1 acute kidney injury is independently associated with infection following cardiac surgery

ObjectivesSevere acute kidney injury (AKI) is a known risk factor for infection and mortality. However, whether stage 1 AKI is a risk factor for infection has not been evaluated in adults. We hypothesized that stage 1 AKI following cardiac surgery would independently associate with infection and mortality.MethodsIn this retrospective propensity score–matched study, we evaluated 1620 adult patients who underwent nonemergent cardiac surgery at the University of Colorado Hospital from 2011 to 2017. Patients who developed stage 1 AKI by Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes creatinine criteria within 72 hours of surgery were matched to patients who did not develop AKI. The primary outcome was an infection, defined as a new surgical-site infection, positive blood or urine culture, or development of pneumonia. Secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality, stroke, and intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay (LOS).ResultsStage 1 AKI occurred in 293 patients (18.3%). Infection occurred in 20.9% of patients with stage 1 AKI compared with 8.1% in the no-AKI group (P < .001). In propensity-score matched analysis, stage 1 AKI independently associated with increased infection (odds ratio [OR]; 2.24, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37-3.17), ICU LOS (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.71–3.31), and hospital LOS (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.17-1.45).ConclusionsStage 1 AKI is independently associated with postoperative infection, ICU LOS, and hospital LOS. Treatment strategies focused on prevention, early recognition, and optimal medical management of AKI may decrease significant postoperative morbidity.     

Association of prealbumin level with mortality in patients with acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in hospitalized patients, a population with a high prevalence of malnutrition. Pre-existing malnutrition is associated with adverse outcomes in patients with AKI. This Practice Point commentary discusses a study by Perez Valdevieso et al. that examined the association between serum prealbumin level and mortality in patients with AKI. Adjusted multivariate analyses showed that a serum prealbumin level below the group median (11 mg/dl) was independently predictive of in-hospital mortality and that for every 5 mg/dl increase in serum prealbumin level, in-hospital mortality decreased by 29%. A decreased serum prealbumin concentration at the time of renal consultation for AKI independently predicted poor prognosis. It is unknown whether this adverse prognostic association is primarily caused by malnutrition, a negative acute phase response to inflammation, transcapillary leak, or a combination of factors. Serum prealbumin levels may aid prognostic stratification and clinical decision making in AKI and should be included in future studies. There is no evidence that attempting to raise low prealbumin levels through aggressive nutritional support improves outcomes in AKI.     

Acute-on-chronic kidney injury at hospital discharge is associated with long-term dialysis and mortality

Existing chronic kidney disease (CKD) is among the most potent predictors of postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI). Here we quantified this risk in a multicenter, observational study of 9425 patients who survived to hospital discharge after major surgery. CKD was defined as a baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate <45 ml/min per 1.73 m(2). AKI was stratified according to the maximum simplified RIFLE classification at hospitalization and unresolved AKI defined as a persistent increase in serum creatinine of more than half above the baseline or the need for dialysis at discharge. A Cox proportional hazard model showed that patients with AKI-on-CKD during hospitalization had significantly worse long-term survival over a median follow-up of 4.8 years (hazard ratio, 1.7) [corrected] than patients with AKI but without CKD.The incidence of long-term dialysis was 22.4 and 0.17 per 100 person-years among patients with and without existing CKD, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio for long-term dialysis in patients with AKI-on-CKD was 19.8 compared to patients who developed AKI without existing CKD. Furthermore, AKI-on-CKD but without kidney recovery at discharge had a worse outcome (hazard ratios of 4.6 and 213, respectively) for mortality and long-term dialysis as compared to patients without CKD or AKI. Thus, in a large cohort of postoperative patients who developed AKI, those with existing CKD were at higher risk for long-term mortality and dialysis after hospital discharge than those without. These outcomes were significantly worse in those with unresolved AKI at discharge.     

Chronic kidney disease is not associated with a higher risk for mortality or acute kidney injury in transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Background Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has emerged as a new therapeutic option for surgical high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). Many of these patients suffer from chronic kidney disease (CKD), which substantially increases the risk for acute kidney injury (AKI), need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) and mortality after surgical aortic valve repair. The impact of pre-existing CKD for the outcome of TAVI is still unclear. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 199 consecutive patients with symptomatic high-grade AS undergoing TAVI with the CoreValve prosthesis at our centre. We analysed incidence and predictive factors for AKI, RRT and mortality in patients with and without CKD (defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min). Results 26.8% of the patients suffered from AKI, 4.9% needed RRT and 5.5% died. All patients on chronic haemodialysis (n = 10) survived. There were no significant differences between patients with or without CKD concerning the incidence of AKI, RRT and mortality. Age, peripheral vascular disease and the need for blood transfusion were independently associated with AKI. AKI proved to be a predictive factor for mortality. Conclusions Transcatheter aortic valve replacement with the CoreValve prosthesis does not seem to bear an increased risk for patients with CKD. For surgical high-risk patients with severe AS, a more liberal consideration for TAVI as an alternative to open surgery might be justified.     

老年急性肾损伤56例临床特点分析

目的探讨老年人发生急性肾损伤（AKI）的病因、临床特点、合并症及影响预后的因素。方法对2004年1月至2009年1月在院内发生AKI患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并对相关因素进行探讨。结果老年人AKI发病率、病死率随年龄增长而增加。61～70岁、71～80岁、80岁以上的患病总人数分别是12、25、19,死亡人数分别是2、6、7,三者之间差异具有统计学意义。诱发AKI的最常见因素是严重感染（48．2％）、大手术及介入治疗（17．9％）、心源性疾病（14．3％）。药物引起的以氨基糖甙类为主。少尿是最重要的临床表现（76．7％）。治疗最有效的方法仍是肾脏替代治疗（67．5％）。结论老年人AKI以严重感染、大手术、心源性疾病为常见诱因,其发病率及死亡率较青年人高。肾脏替代治疗是影响预后的关键因素。     

老年住院患者急性肾损伤的临床特点

目的 探讨院内老年急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)患者的临床特点.方法 本研究收集2015年1月至2015年12月首都医科大学附属北京潞河医院住院期间发生AKI患者的临床资料,分析老年患者发生AKI的临床特点.结果 共纳入202例院内AKI患者,老年AKI患者103例,死亡率44.66％,非老年AKI患者99例,死亡率33.33％.肾脏缺血及感染是老年AKI患者最常见的病因.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,BNP(OR=4.531,95％ CI1.112 ～10.312,P＜0.001)、C反应蛋白(OR=1.071,95％CI1.047～ 1.096,P＜0.05)、平均动脉压(OR=2.28,95％ CI 1.761～2.983,P＜0.001)、合并脓毒血症(OR=2.28,95％ CI 1.761 ～ 2.983,P＜0.001)、合并MODS(OR=27.316,95％ CI 13.936 ～ 48.344,P＜0.001)是老年AKI患者死亡的独立危险因素.结论 老年住院患者AKI病死率高,其中BNP、低平均动脉压、高C反应蛋白、合并脓毒血症及合并MODS为住院老年AKI患者死亡的独立危险因素.     

Donor acute kidney injury and its effect on 1-year post-transplant kidney allograft fibrosis

Transplantation of kidneys from deceased donors with acute kidney injury (AKI) can expand the donor pool. We investigated the effect of donor AKI on renal function and chronic changes on protocol biopsies at 1-year post-transplant. Donor AKI was defined according to Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. Between 2013 and 2017, 333 kidneys were transplanted and subsequently biopsied after 1 year. Fifty-three kidneys from AKI donors (AKIN stage I n = 42, stage II n = 8, stage III n = 3) were compared to 280 kidneys from non-AKI donors. At 1-year follow-up, patient and graft survival were comparable. Donor AKI was not predictive of IFTA (Banff interstitial fibrosis plus tubular atrophy scores) at 1-year post-transplant biopsy (2.10 ± 1.28 in AKI, 2.09 ± 1.22 in non-AKI, P = .95). Donor AKI was also not associated with progression of IFTA from 3 to 12 months (P = .69), or inferior glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, P = .94). In a multivariate analysis, the odds of IFTA >2 were comparable between AKI and non-AKI groups. In conclusion, the transplantation of kidneys from donors with predominantly stage I AKI results in comparable function and degree of fibrosis on protocol biopsies 1-year post-transplant. Selected grafts from donors with AKI are a valuable tool for expanding the donor pool for kidney transplantation.     

原发性肾病综合征并发急性肾损伤患者甲状腺功能的变化

目的观察原发性。肾病综合征（PNS）并发急性肾损伤（AKI）患者甲状腺功能的变化及其影响因素。方法回顾性分析PNS患者77例,其中PNS并发AKI患者27例为PNS＋AKI组;PNS肾功能正常者50例为PNS组;同时设原发性慢性肾小球肾炎肾功能正常组（CGN1组）和CGN肾功能异常组（CGN2组）作为对照组,每组各40例。比较4组患者的血浆总蛋白（TP）、血清白蛋白（Alb）、血肌酐（SCr）、甘油三脂（TG）、胆固醇（TC）、24h尿蛋白定量及甲状腺功能指标游离三碘甲腺原胺酸（盯3）、游离四碘甲腺原胺酸（FT4）、促甲状腺素（TSH）。结果（1）PNS＋AKl组FT3、FT4值较各组明显降低（P〈0.05）;而TSH无明显差异（P〉0.05）。（2）PNS＋AKI组和PNS组TP、Alb、SCr有显著差异（P〉0.05）。（3）多元回归分析示Alb、SCr对FT3影响显著（P〈0.05）。结论PNS合并AKI时较PNS患者FT3、FT4明显降低,而TSH无明显变化,这种改变可能与Alb的进一步降低和肾功能损伤有关。